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PubMed2002

[Identification with an ingroup and a super-ordinate group and support provision toward outgroups: an examination in a simulated society game].

This study examined the determinants of attitudes toward intergroup support. The data was collected from the participants of a simulated society game (SIMINSOC; Hirose, 1997). The global society in the game includes rich and poor regions, and the poor regions need to obtain support from rich regions for survival. One hundred and thirty-two participants were randomly assigned to either rich or poor regions and were engaged in various activities in the game. The level of ingroup identity was manipulated by facilitating group activities in some groups but no in others. Then they answered questions regarding the identification, attributions of responsibility, and attitude toward support provision. The results indicated that the identification toward the ingroup increased attribution bias. Furthermore, the identification toward the global society increased the intent to provide support among those from the rich regions. The discussion considered the importance of including intergroup variables in the attributional approach to support provision.

Games, Experimental↗

PubMed1990

A disposable patient identification card made of a paper.

This paper describes a patient identification system with a disposable paper card. In general, total costs of cards themselves, equipments and personnel are remarkable, not negligible for the hospital management. Therefore, a disposable identification cards made of a paper were issued to out-patients in our hospital. Many order forms were integrated into only one sheet. Patient identification data were printed on this sheet by a computer system when a patient came to the reception desk, and quickly transmitted to physicians. We could save the hospital costs and printing works by physicians, and also shorten the waiting time of patients at reception desks.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗

PubMed2000

Group self-identification as a prospective predictor of drug use and violence in high-risk youth.

This study provides a 1-year prospective analysis of group self-identification as a predictor of adolescent drug use and violence. Youth identified with discrete groups. In most comparisons, 1 year later, a high-risk group reported greater levels of drug use and violence-related exposure than other groups, and the statistical relation between group self-identification and drug use or violence remained after baseline assessment of the drug use or violence measure was controlled for. This is the 1st study to demonstrate that group self-identification is a significant prospective predictor of drug use and other problem behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reducing major identification errors within a deployed phlebotomy process.

To achieve a patient-focused care environment, many hospitals are moving phlebotomy from the laboratory to the nursing units. Although this move has benefits, it also can bring an increase in error rates. The Valley Hospital in Ridgewood, New Jersey, implemented the BD Dx System patient identification system (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey) in an effort to reduce the incidence of phlebotomy errors. This article discusses how to identify key factors in deploying phlebotomy, to analyze the specimen collection process, to set baselines for identification of errors, to identify critical steps in the blood collection process for error reduction, and to reduce errors by using the new hand-held computer technology for patient and specimen identification.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗

PubMed2006

Surveying the RHIO landscape. A description of current RHIO models, with a focus on patient identification.

Across the country, new RHIOs are being formed every day. The 21 RHIOs studied by the work group illustrate the variety of purposes, funding, and record linking methods RHIOs may adopt. As this trend continues to evolve and improve, RHIOs may prove to be a valuable stepping stone on the road to a national system in which a patient's medical data will be available anywhere, anytime. Accurate patient identification and linking are the foundation of health technology that is implemented in a RHIO or any similar network that shares patient information. Without accurate patient identification, patient safety and quality of care are compromised. When high percentages of duplication or overlaying of records occurs in electronic health record databases, physician trust in the system is lost. As HIM professionals, we must be involved in addressing the security and confidentiality of RHIO databases and in defining the record linking method appropriate to the RHIO. As professionals skilled in patient identification methods and possessing significant organizational skills and personnel management experience, HIM professionals should become involved in this process at the earliest opportunity in the RHIO formation. HIM professionals can participate in long-term planning, business plan development, and organizational structure definition. Future articles will address how HIM professionals can become involved, what particular attributes and skills they can bring to the table, and job descriptions appropriate to HIM professionals in the healthcare information sharing industry. The work group urges all HIM professionals to become involved personally in this exciting new field.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Intraoral micro-identification discs.

Intraoral micro-identification discs have recently been utilized to provide a more permanent method of personal identification. A wafer of plastic or metal with a surface area of 2.5 to 5 mm2 and carrying identifying numbers and/or letters (indicia) is bonded to the buccal enamel surface of the posterior teeth. Personal identification can occur after the I.D. disc is identified and the indicia is read. Reading of photoreduced indicia requires the aid of a microscope subsequent to the removal of the microdisc. In situ reading of disc indicia is possible using low power handheld magnifiers if the size of the indicia approximates 0.3 mm. Computerization is an integral part of non-custom alpha/numeric type designs, but a custom disc carries a name, address, and other specific information unique to the manufacturer. The use of a computer improves access to the database and it decreases the amount of data placed on the disc. Microdisc bases may be fabricated using a mylar type plastic or they may be manufactured from a stainless steel blank. Plastic discs are constructed with an internal sandwich containing the photo-reduced indicia. Metal discs are marked with a photochemical etch or engraved with a computer driven YAG laser. Attachment of the disc to the enamel surface is accomplished by conventional etching and bonding techniques and are typically bonded to the buccal surface of the maxillary first permanent molar or the second primary molar. Clear composite bonding material covers the disc so that salivary contamination does not result in degradation of the indicia. Orthodontic style discs with a mesh back carry laser written information that may be cemented with conventional orthodontic bonding cement. Standardization of the indicia and overall design is considered to be an important aspect of patient and professional acceptance.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1989

Projective identification and differentiation.

A piece of psychoanalytical treatment is used to present projection or projective identification as the activation of inner experience in the recipient and as the mechanism basic to all human interaction. The patient activates inner experience in his psychoanalyst and the result of the subsequent interaction will depend both on the ability of the psychoanalyst to reorganize his own internal experience, connect it with words and consciousness and convey this new knowledge and meaning to the patient, as well as the response of the patient. This clinical material is also used to define differentiation (which involves linking) and dissociation as two opposing functions, the former being fundamental, in the author's view, to the communicative and empathetic function of projective identification and the latter to the defensive aspect of projective identification. Direct experience and recent research about the capacities of newborn babies support the author's view that the capacity to differentiate is a primary function existing from birth in the quiet, alert state. This is the fundamental structuring function in healthy emotional and intellectual evolution. Dissociation, on the other hand, is used when anxiety becomes intolerable, but if the dissociation is not excessive or too sustained then normal evolution is not disturbed.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The merits and problems with the concept of projective identification.

This paper reviewed the merits of and problems with the concept of projective identification. On the negative side, lack of universal meaning of the term was cited. Personal countertransference receives little regard, while an isomorphic reading of patient feelings may be used to gratify omnipotent symbiotic analyst and patient fantasies. On the positive side, the concept offers a framework that can lead to deeper understanding of difficult therapeutic situations. It helps the analyst process and contain distressing feelings and eschews interpretation that can be destructive to the analytic process. Proper use of projective identification should engage the patient's ego rather than foster passivity and merger wishes. Case material was presented which illustrated problems with and merits of the concept. Personal countertransference, especially therapeutic omnipotence, was shown to receive insufficient attention. The important role of complementarity in projective identification was illustrated in the treatment of depression, a disorder which can offer difficult treatment resistances. In conclusion, the concept should not be used as a justification for analyst omnipotence and avoidance of countertransference responsibility. The concept, however, can lead to a deepening of the analytic situation if it is used with caution and respect for the patient's separateness.

Countertransference↗

PubMed1987

Ego identity status, identification, and decision-making style in late adolescents.

Measures of identification with same-sex parent and decision-making style were administered to 30 male and 30 female late adolescents who had been classified by Marcia's (1964) criteria as either identity achieved, foreclosed, moratorium, or diffused. As predicted, male and female foreclosed subjects were more impulsive than were those in the other statuses, and male moratorium subjects were more reflective than others. However, female moratoriums were impulsive, and male and female diffused were reflective, findings which contradict theoretical expectation. Similarly, data on identification were mixed; female achieved subjects scored (as predicted) with higher identification than female moratorium or diffused subjects, while diffused males were highly identified with their fathers. One reason offered for the conflicting results is that identity formation is, as some have suggested, a different process for women than it is for men. Therefore, study of both genders with the same measures and hypotheses is not recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Projective identification: an alternative hypothesis.

The concept of projective identification as a primitive defense mechanism is reassessed. An alternative hypothesis is offered: that projective identification can best be understood as a compromise formation which includes as its major component an "identification with the aggressor" or a "turning of passive into active." This reversal is demonstrated within a two-tiered transference/countertransference of the analyst as powerful parent and the patient as the helpless child. On the deeper level the patient enacts the role of dominant parent and the analyst experiences the feelings which the patient had felt as a child.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Unconscious identification fantasies and family prehistory.

Discovery of the fact that a subject identifies in an obvious way with another is at first only the awareness of a present process: involuntary mimesis, obedience to early 'identifying designations' or simple imitation deliberately carried out. Much psychic work remains to be done before we can think of such phenomena as 'screen-identifications'. The psychoanalytic interpretation of these dynamic formations will lead to the resolution of genuine 'identification complexes' through the reconstruction of scenarios which I have named 'unconscious identification fantasies'. These fantasies stage characters from the infantile prehistory and family saga of a subject who may be compelled to live out in his behaviour, symptoms, dreams, or even sometimes delusions, episodes pertaining to the past existence of the 'ego's visitors' linked to the most archaic processes that constitute the personality.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Identification and its vicissitudes as observed in adolescence.

The author emphasizes two main types of identification processes: primary or narcissistic identification prevailing in self-selfobject relationships, and implying the use of idealizing libido, before the differentiation self-selfobject is achieved; secondary identification occurring at a later developmental phase, when there is a clearcut differentiation between self and object. Differing from Kohut's point of view on identity, she feels that what is described by self psychology as the feeling of 'cohesion, continuity in time and the affective colouring of the self' corresponds to the sense of identity. Adolescence is viewed, not only as a chronological phase, but primarily as a state of mind, with specific characteristics, resulting from the transformations of the self, culminating in the establishment of the sense of identity. When there is a traumatic disillusionment in the idealized self-object during early development, this leads to a fixed adolescent state of mind, independent of chronological age, which can be more clearly observed in the analysis of adult patients with self pathology. A clinical case of an adult patient illustrates the author's point and shows that the processes of idealization, de-idealization and transmuting internalizations, occurring both in adolescence and during the analytic treatment, are typical of this mental state.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

A 3 1/2-year-old boy's melancholic identification with an original object.

The paper describes a very short analysis of a 3 1/2-year-old boy. It gives clinical material to show his identification with a primal object which for inner and outer reasons keeps reverting to a damaged and accusing condition. I suggest that this constitutes a developmental impasse which can be understood in terms of Melanie Klein's theory of the depressive position as a melancholic identification which is affecting the child's current life and development, and which may put at risk his future mental health. The paper gives clinical glimpses of the cruel pressure of his superego, some of the forms taken by his underlying misery and anxiety, and the nature of his defences. In the brief time available (5 1/2 months), though he made progress, his underlying melancholic identification was not really changed.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1985

Identification and its vicissitudes.

The treatment of 'identification' in the American literature is conveniently divided into three eras: (1) The Pioneers (1915-1945). (2) The Synthesizers (1945-1975). (3) Current Commentators (1975-1985). For the Pioneers, concepts and terminology were diffuse, reflecting the diversity of clinical material, methodology and theories accompanying the rapid expansion in analytic experience over a half century. The achievement of an integrated survey by Otto Fenichel in 1945 marked the transition from a fragmentary to a synthesizing approach to identification and its inherent aspects of incorporation and ejection, introjection and projection, internalization and externalization. The Synthesizers brought to the force developmental and adaptive viewpoints which traced along longitudinal lines the processes of maturation from the earliest mother--child unit to later phases of life. The differentiation of the self (one's own person) from systemic functioning within the Freudian ego (Hartmann) and a corresponding importance accorded to reciprocal self-object relationships, proved eventful for the conceptualization of identification. A broadening of traditional analytic frameworks with respect to both normal and abnormal forms of behaviour was a correlated achievement in placing identificatory processes between the inner and outer worlds. The Commentators extended the synthesizing trends, reviewed historical perspectives accordingly, and selected such areas as individual and group identify, the correlation of direct observation with analytic reconstructions and the personal and professional functioning of the analyst himself for special study.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1979

Sex-role identity, parental identification, and self-concept of adolescent daughters from mother-absent, father-absent, and intact families.

The effects of divorce and resulting paternal or maternal absence on the sex-role identity, parental identification, and self-concept of 39 adolescent daughters were investigated. Differences among the mean sex-role identity scores and self-concept scores of the daughters of mother-absent (MA), father-absent (FA), and intact (IF) families were not found. Parental identification with the mother and the father in the IF group was greater than identification with the mother in the FA group. Fathers in the MA and IF groups did not differ on the sex-role identity measure; FA and IF mothers also did not differ on this measure. The sex-role identity scores of the daughters were not related to the sex-role identity scores of either their mothers or fathers. The results revealed no negative consequences of the father receiving custody of an adolescent daughter and, therefore, suggest that fathers of adolescent daughters should be given greater consideration in custody cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

A family study of gender identification.

Self-reports about 70 masculine and feminine behaviors were collected from 177 undergraduates and their families. These self-report scores were correlated within family pairs to assess family resemblances in masculine or feminine preferences. The obtained family correlations were compared with those predicted by a simple additive-genetic theory, an X- linkage model, and a same-sex identification theory of gender-identity acquisition. The obtained pattern of correlations (mother x daughter=.26, sister x sister=.28, father x son=.33, and brother x brother=.23, all other family correlations near 0) strongly rejects the X-linkage and simple additive-genetic models of gender-identity acquisition. On the other hand, the obtained family correlations are quite consistent with a same-sex theory of gender identification, although, of course, within-family correlations only suggest causal relations, they do not prove them. Other factors such as social class could affect sex role identification as well.

Family↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The uncovering of projective identification in the treatment of the borderline adolescent.

This paper illustrates a clinical finding from intensive family and individual therapy with borderline adolescents: The properly handled uncovering of projective identification leads to the building of parental empathy, and allows for the reopening of emotional growth for the adolescent and his parents. Projective identification is defined and applied in the context of intensive therapy, and its place is established as a link between interpersonal family relations and intrapsychic structure. The process of the uncovering of a specific object-relations conflict which had been defended by projective identification is illustrated by excerpts from the treatment situation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Accuracy of microchip identification in dogs and cats.

A study was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available microchip identification system approximately 1 year after implantation in dogs and cats. Thirty-three dogs and 16 cats in which a microchip had been implanted and 31 dogs and 18 cats in which a microchip had never been implanted were included in the study. In cats, sensitivity and specificity of microchip identification were 1.00. In dogs, sensitivity and specificity were 0.97 and 1.00, respectively. The chip had migrated in the 1 dog with a false-negative result, but the chip remained functional, and identification was established in this dog following closer physical examination and scanning.

Animal Identification Systems↗