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PubMed2006

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans).

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are increased concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitaminn D(3) in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) after exposure to UV radiation. ANIMALS: 12 yearling turtles recently removed from aestivation. PROCEDURES: Turtles were randomly allocated to 2 groups (6 turtles/group). An initial blood sample was collected from all turtles for measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) concentrations. Turtles of 1 group were then provided no supplemental lighting, whereas turtles of the other group were exposed to full-spectrum coil bulbs at a distance of 22.86 cm. The UV-A and UV-B radiation generated by the supplemental lighting was measured by use of a radiometer-photometer at weekly intervals. Measurements were collected 2.54 and 22.86 cm from the bulb surface. The study was continued for a 4-week period. At the end of the study, a second blood sample was collected from all turtles for measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). RESULTS: Mean +/- SD 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) concentrations differed significantly between turtles provided supplemental UV radiation (71.7 +/- 46.9 nmol/L) and those not provided UV radiation (31.4 +/- 13.2 nmol/L). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Appropriate husbandry recommendations for raising and maintaining red-eared slider turtles should include use of sunlight that is unobstructed by UV-B filtering material or provision of an artificial source of UV-B radiation.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[The myocardial protective effects of cardiac tissue ACE inhibition in experimental ischemia-reperfusion in isolated rat hearts].

The protective effects of captopril were evaluated in vitro on isolated perfused rat hearts after a global ischemia of 20 min. The hearts were randomly allocated in 2 groups. In the first one (n = 6) captopril was added at a concentration of 270 microM. The second one was utilized as control (n = 6). Aortic flow and minute work respectively decreased on reperfusion by 35% and 49% in captopril group and by 65% and 71% in controls (p < 0.001). No changes occurred in heart rate. Aortic systolic pressure and coronary flow decreased in the 2 groups, but not significantly. Myocardial enzyme release during reperfusion showed significant lower levels of CPK and LDH in the captopril group as compared to controls (p < 0.001 after 41 min). The occurrence of serious ventricular arrhythmias was considerably higher in controls with respect to the captopril group. Irreversible ventricular fibrillation occurred only in control hearts (50%). These data indicate that captopril exerts a protective effect during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion by preventing serious ventricular arrhythmias, reducing enzymatic release and a lower decrease in cardiac performance, without an increase in heart rate.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Ischemia, whether from ligation or torsion, causes ultrastructural changes on the contralateral testis.

OBJECTIVE: Unilateral testicular torsion results with a decrease in contralateral testicular blood flow caused by a reflexive sympathetic response. The aim of this study was to investigate whether twisting of the spermatic cord, or testicular ischemia without twisting, activates this reflex mechanism and causes ultrastructural changes in the contralateral side. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty adult male albino Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups of sham, torsion, and ligation. Right testes were twisted 720 degrees counterclockwise in the torsion group. Right spermatic cords were ligated permanently with a silk suture including the vas deferens in the ligation group. After 24 h of testicular ischemia, contralateral left testes were removed for electron microscopic evaluation. RESULTS: Contralateral testes showed similar ultrastructural changes in the torsion and ligation groups. The fibrous tunica propria enveloping the seminiferous tubule was thickened due to increased collagen fibers. The basal lamina was continuous but thickened and showed several foldings. The gap between basal lamina and the germ cells was increased because of collagen fibers. Leydig cells showed mitochondrial degeneration with the loss of its cristae. Leydig cells lost their contact with its neighborhood cells in some areas, and these gaps were filled with collagen fibers. Germ cells showed dilated cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic electron-dense bodies and clear regions. CONCLUSIONS: Similar electron microscopic findings observed in the torsion and ligation groups indicate that testicular ischemia rather than twisting of the spermatic cord is responsible for the ultrastructural changes in the contralateral side.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Protective effects of growth hormone on physeal distraction: an experimental study on rabbits.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of growth hormone on physeal distraction. We performed physeal distraction of the proximal tibia physis on 32 immature New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were randomly allocated into receiving either saline (test 1) or growth hormone (test 2), injected subcutaneously around the physis. Physeal distraction was performed from day 3 to day 28. The animals were sacrificed on day 42. Average net lengthenings achieved as compared with the non-distracted contralateral tibiae were 4+/-2 mm (test 1) and 6+/-2.8 mm (test 2). The difference was of borderline significance (P=0.07). The difference in bone mineral density (BMD) between test 1 and control 1 was -0.019+/-0.021 g/cm2 (P<0.0001). The difference in BMD between test 2 and control 2 was 0.027+/-0.017 g/cm2 (P<0.0001). Histology revealed good trabecular bone formation in all groups. Physeal fractures were present in four rabbits in the saline group (test 1). All rabbits in the growth hormone group achieved lengthening via increased physeal thickness without fracture. New bone formation could be accelerated during physeal distraction by administration of growth hormone. By enhancing physeal cellular activity, growth hormone facilitates lengthening without fracture and may reduce risk of premature physeal closure. Growth hormone may also reduce osteoporosis of the regenerate bone during physeal distraction.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Community orientated treatment compared to psychiatric hospital orientated treatment.

One hundred and twenty patients presenting for admission to a state psychiatric hospital were randomly allocated into two groups. Control patients received standard hospital care and after-care. Experimental patients were not admitted if this could be avoided; instead they and their relatives were provided with comprehensive community treatment and a 24-hour crisis service. Patients with a primary diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence, organic brain disorder or mental retardation were excluded. Most patients were suffering from psychotic disorders--more than half specifically from schizophrenia. During the 12 months study period 96% of the control patients were admitted--51% more than once. Of the experimental patients 60% were not admitted at all and only 8% were admitted more than once. Control patients spent an average of 53.5 days in psychiatric hospital, experimental patients spent an average of 8.4 days. Community treatment did not increase the burden upon the community, was considered to be significantly more satisfactory and helpful by patients and their relatives, achieved a clinically superior outcome, and cost less than standard care and after-care. The ingredients differentiating comprehensive community-based care from prevailing methods of psychiatric care are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of gardenia blue in F344 rats].

A 13-week oral toxicity study of gardenia blue was performed in male and female F344 rats at the dose levels of 5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.6 and 0% in the diet, to determine the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) for subsequent investigation of carcinogenicity. Rats were randomly allocated to 5 groups, each consisting of 10 males and 10 females. No groups showed decreases in body weight gain and food intake, and all animals survived until the end of the experiment. A dose-dependent decrease in number of platelets was observed in females treated with gardenia blue in hematological examination, but not in males. No histopathological change, relating to the treatment, in megakaryocyte which is the progenitor cell of platelets was observed in the treated-females. Serum biochemistry revealed increases in GOT and GPT in both sexes treated with the 5.0% and 2.5% gardenia blue, as compared to the control value. However, these were not considered to be specific changes because of lack of any clear dose response. In addition, no histopathological changes indicating obvious toxicity of gardenia blue were observed in the liver of both sexes treated with gardenia blue. Based on these data, the MTD of gardenia blue for both sexes in F344 rats was considered to be 5.0% or more in the diet.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed1998

Diverse effect of fish oil on the growth of aberrant crypt foci and tumor multiplicity in F344 rats.

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the amenability of preneoplastic lesions at different developmental stages to the growth-regulatory effects of two types of dietary lipids. F344 male rats were given three injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg) and fed a low-fat corn oil diet for 12 weeks to allow preneoplastic lesions or aberrant crypt foci (ACF) to develop. At this time, the colons of rats had a large number of ACF exhibiting various crypt multiplicities (number of crypts/focus). These rats were then randomly allocated to three dietary groups: high-fat corn oil (HFC), high-fat fish oil (HFF), and low-fat corn oil (LFC). The number and crypt multiplicity of ACF and adenomatous lesions were determined after 6 and 12 weeks of dietary intervention. After six weeks, the HFF group had the highest number of ACF of all crypt multiplicities and microadenomas among the dietary groups. After 12 weeks of feeding, the HFC diet increased the number of tumors without significantly changing the number of ACF. In contrast, the HFF diet increased significantly (p < 0.05) the number of ACF with higher crypt multiplicity without affecting the number of tumors. Consequently, the total number of tumors per group in decreasing order was as follows: HFC > LFC > HFF. These findings suggest that dietary lipids varying in fatty acid composition, namely corn oil and fish oil, exerted a growth-enhancing and -inhibiting effect, respectively, on different preneoplastic stages in a selective and differential manner. Most notably, transition of microscopic preneoplastic lesions to macroscopic lesions (microadenomas or adenomas) appears to be retarded by an HFF diet.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Capsaicin in albino rats prevents contralateral testis from the damaging effects posed by ipsilateral testis that underwent torsion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of capsaicin, a powerful neurotoxin selective to afferent nerves, on contralateral testicular damage in ipsilateral testicular torsion. METHODS: Forty male albino rats were randomly allocated into five groups. No operation was performed in group one. After intraperitoneal administration of 0.9% NaCl, rats underwent a sham operation in group 2 and testicular torsion in group 3. In groups 4 and 5 rats underwent sham operation and testicular torsion, respectively after intraoperitoneal capsaicin injection. Contralateral testes were harvested on the fifteenth day of the experiment and mean seminiferous tubular diameters and mean testicular biopsy scores were recorded for each testis. The values were compared through analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Turkey-Kramer multiple comparisons test and p values less than 0.05 were considered to be significant. RESULTS: Mean testicular biopsy scores and mean seminiferous tubular diameters of group 5 was significantly higher than the group 3. There was no difference between the groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 when these two parameters are concerned. CONCLUSION: Capsaicin effectively prevents contralateral testicular damage encountered following ipsilateral testicular torsion. The inhibition of afferent impulses from the ipsilateral testis under distress prevents contralateral testicular injury, and provides additional data to support the role of an autonomic reflex arc in contralateral testicular injury.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of gross and histologic tissue responses of skin incisions closed by use of absorbable subcuticular staples, cutaneous metal staples, and polyglactin 910 suture in pigs.

OBJECTIVE: To assess gross and histologic tissue responses of skin incisions closed by use of absorbable subcuticular staples, cutaneous metal staples, and polyglactin 910 suture in pigs. ANIMALS: 8 purpose-bred disease-free pigs. PROCEDURE: Pigs were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 groups from which tissues were collected after death on postoperative days (PODs) 7, 14, 21, or 42. In each pig, 4 incisions were made; 1 was closed subcuticularly with 3-0 polyglactin 910 suture, 1 was closed with metal staples, and 2 were closed with absorbable subcuticular staples. Incision sites were grossly evaluated every 3 days after closure. At necropsy, incision sites and surrounding tissues were examined histologically; a histopathologic scoring system was used to quantitate healing and tissue response directed against the closure material. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the metal staples induced a severe inflammatory response, compared with minimal inflammation associated with the suture or absorbable subcuticular staples. Histologic evaluation of incisions on PODs 7, 14, and 21 revealed less severe inflammation associated with absorbable subcuticular staples than that associated with the other materials. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that absorbable subcuticular staples induced a less severe inflammatory response in the early stages of healing in pigs, compared with other commonly used methods of wound closure. Use of absorbable staples potentially combines the benefits of subcuticular closure with the speed and precision of staple placement.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of timing of urea feeding on the yield and quality of embryos in lactating dairy cows.

High protein diets, which lead to excess production of nonprotein nitrogen such as ammonia and urea, have been associated with reduced fertility in dairy cows. In this study we test the hypothesis that diets containing high levels of quickly degradable urea nitrogen (QDN) compromise embryo development. Lactating dairy cows were fed mixed silage and concentrates twice daily. At 60 days postpartum, a synchronized estrus was induced and the cows were subsequently superovulated and inseminated using a standard protocol. On Day 7 after insemination, the uteri were flushed and embryos retrieved. At the start of treatment, cows were randomly allocated into three nutritional groups: control (CONT, n = 8), long (L-) QDN (n = 8) and short (S-) QDN (n = 9). The L-QDN cows were fed a supplement of urea from 10 days before insemination, and the S-QDN cows were fed the supplement from insemination until embryo collection. Both L- and S-QDN diets produced significant increases in plasma ammonia and urea 3 h post-feeding. The S-QDN but not the L-QDN diet was associated with a significant reduction in embryo yield. Embryo quality was also significantly reduced in the S-QDN cows. This study indicates that there is no deleterious effect on the yield and quality of embryos recovered 7 days after breeding when QDN feeding is initiated during the previous midluteal phase. However, introduction of a similar diet 10 days later, at the time of insemination, was deleterious. We suggest that QDN is toxic to embryos but cows can adjust within 10 days.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1998

The effects of ovarian hormone deficiency on wound contraction in a rat model.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effect of a deficiency of ovarian hormones on the process of wound contraction, using the oophorectomised rat model of the human menopause. DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial. POPULATION: Ninety-six adult Wistar rats were randomly allocated into either an oophorectomised group or a sham-oophorectomised control group. METHODS: Having confirmed a significant reduction in plasma oestradiol levels in the oophorectomised rats, full-thickness excised lesions were made in the flank skin of the adult rats at either two weeks or four months after oophorectomy, so that the effects of two different durations of hormone deficiency could be assessed and compared with the sham-oophorectomised controls. Following wounding, the rats were left for 3, 5, 10 or 22 days; wound contraction was assessed from photographs of the wounds taken at these intervals after injury. RESULTS: In the rats wounded four months after oophorectomy there was a slower rate of wound contraction, resulting in larger wounds at days 3, 5, 10 and 22, compared with control rats. No significant difference was observed in rats wounded two weeks after oophorectomy, indicating that the effects of ovarian hormone deficiency on this process are delayed. CONCLUSION: Due to the pivotal role of wound contraction in the process of wound healing these findings may be of clinical relevance and could have an important impact on the administration of hormone replacement therapy.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Beneficial effects of isovolemic hemodilution using a perfluorocarbon emulsion in a stroke model.

In a clinically applicable cat stroke model, 16 purpose-bred adult animals were used to evaluate the beneficial effects of two treatment regimens: isovolemic hemodilution with either a perfluorocarbon emulsion or dextran 40 (a glucose polymer). Animals that received these treatment regimens were then compared with a control group of untreated animals. Focal cerebral infarctions were produced by transorbital ligation of the left middle cerebral artery. The randomly allocated treatment arms of the study were instituted 3 hours after ligation of the middle cerebral artery, thereby simulating a human clinical situation. In vivo mitochondrial metabolic activity of the peri-infarct cerebral tissue was continually assessed by means of a multiwavelength near-infrared spectrophotometer. This allowed measurement of cellular oxygenation at the cytochrome aa3 level, the terminal member of the cytochrome chain. Sequential proton-based magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure intracerebral water in vivo. Cardiac output, oxygen consumption/delivery, chemical, histologic, and rheologic parameters were also assessed. The data collected were analyzed by group means and standard statistical analyses, which revealed that the group treated with the perfluorocarbon emulsion had both less brain edema in the early post-infarct period (p less than 0.05), as well as a higher level of oxidation of cytochrome aa3 (p less than or equal to 0.025). This evidence supports the premise that isovolemic hemodilution with an oxygen-carrying hemodiluent may be beneficial in the treatment of ischemic strokes.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Increased release of serotonin in the spinal cord during low, but not high, frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in rats with joint inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the release pattern of serotonin and noradrenaline in the spinal cord in response to transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) delivered at low or high frequency. DESIGN: Prospective randomized allocation of 3 treatments. SETTING: Research laboratory. ANIMALS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight range, 250-350 g). INTERVENTION: Knee joints of rats were inflamed with a mixture of 3% carrageenan and 3% kaolin for 24 hours prior to placement of push-pull cannulae into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Push-pull samples were collected in 10-minute intervals before, during, and after treatment with low-frequency TENS (4 Hz), high-frequency TENS (100 Hz), or sham TENS. TENS was applied to the inflamed knee joint for 20 minutes at sensory intensity and 100-mus pulse duration. Push-pull samples were analyzed for serotonin and noradrenaline by high performance liquid chromatography with coulemetric detection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spinal concentrations of serotonin and noradrenaline. RESULTS: Low-frequency TENS significantly increased serotonin concentrations during and immediately after treatment. There was no change in serotonin with high-frequency TENS, nor was there a change in noradrenaline with low- or high-frequency TENS. CONCLUSIONS: Low-frequency TENS releases serotonin in the spinal cord to produce antihyperalgesia by activation of serotonin receptors.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative modification of the testicular structure in pigs fed with anabolic doses of clenbuterol.

Morphological and structural data of the testes of thirty male pigs were recorded in order to evaluate the effects of an anabolic clenbuterol treatment. Pigs aged 6 months were randomly allocated to one of three experimental groups. In two treated groups, the animals were fed with anabolic doses of clenbuterol (1 ppm); in the CLB group (n = 10) clenbuterol was given until they were slaughtered (treatment period = 3 months) whereas in the CLBW group (n = 10) the clenbuterol was withdrawn two weeks before slaughter (treatment period = 2.5 months); clenbuterol was not given to the pigs of the control group (n = 10). Stereological estimations of the tissular volume fraction and tubular volume density were applied to quantify the structural constituents of the testes. The results showed an increased volume fraction of the testicular interstitium especially in the Leydig cell population, as a result of the clenbuterol treatment. The increase in the nuclear volume fraction of the Leydig cells was the more persistent change in the variations recorded in both treated groups with respect to the control. A regression of the seminal epithelium was also recorded in the treated animals. The rest of the structural parameters were closer to the normal figures in the CLBW group, suggesting a recovery of the testicular structure when clenbuterol was withdrawn.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMed1995

Effect of intravenous glucose infusion on metabolism of portal-drained viscera in sheep fed a cereal/straw-based diet.

This experiment investigated the effect of intrajugular infusion of glucose on whole-body glucose metabolism and the absorption of nutrients by the portal-drained viscera of four Suffolk-cross sheep, average BW 46 +/- 7 kg, fed a cereal/straw-based pelleted diet. Each sheep received by random allocation 0 (control), 1.0, or 2.0 mg of glucose.kg BW-1.min-1 for 8 h infused into the jugular vein. Glucose irreversible loss rate, measured by simultaneous infusion of 6-[3H]-glucose, increased approximately stoichiometrically during glucose infusion (.51, .75, and 1.09 error mean square [EMS] .032 mmol/min for control, 1.0, and 2.0 mg of glucose infused.kg BW-1.min-1, respectively). Utilization of glucose increased in portal tissues (P = .089) as a result of glucose infusion (.17, .18, and .33 EMS .008 mmol/min) and was a constant proportion of glucose irreversible loss (.28). Portal blood flow was not affected by glucose infusion (overall mean 1.13 L/min EMS .034). Net portal absorption of acetate increased during glucose infusion although ruminal VFA concentrations were not affected. In contrast, net free amino acid absorption by portal-drained tissues was reduced during glucose infusion (291, 115, and 4 EMS 33,816 mumol/min, P = .054). These results show that metabolism of nutrients across the gut wall is influenced by glucose availability to gastrointestinal tissues and affects the pattern of nutrients available to the liver and peripheral tissues.

Absorption↗

PubMed2005

Immunisation with a combination of two complementary feline calicivirus strains induces a broad cross-protection against heterologous challenges.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is characterised by a high degree of antigenic variation potentially compromising vaccine efficacy. Inclusion of several FCV strains or antigens in current vaccines could be a means to improve protection against antigenically distinct isolates. This study evaluated the synergy between two FCV strains (FCVG1 and FCV431) by comparing immunity induced by either strain with that provided by a combination of the two strains against an heterologous challenge with antigenically distant FCV strains (FCV393 and FCV220). Thirty-two SPF kittens were randomly allocated to four groups of eight cats in each group. Groups B, C and D cats were vaccinated once subcutaneously with strains FCVG1, FCV431, and FCVG1 + FCV431, respectively. Each kitten received a total dose of 10(3.4) CCID50 of FCV. Control group A was not immunised. On day 31, four cats from each group were challenged oronasally with FCV220 and four cats with FCV393. Following challenge, the cats were monitored for clinical signs, viral shedding and antibody responses. FCV220 and FCV393 induced severe clinical signs in control cats typical of FCV infection. Immunisation with both strains mixed together induced higher neutralizing antibody titres against FCV220 and FCV393 strains on average. Protection was observed in all groups, however combination of the two strains resulted in a better clinical protection and reduction of virus shedding after heterologous challenge. A moderate correlation was observed between neutralizing antibody titres at the time of challenge and protection against clinical signs. These results indicated that vaccines combining antigens from different FCV strains may induce a broader heterologous protection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1993

A comparison of lincomycin hydrochloride and clindamycin hydrochloride in the treatment of superficial pyoderma in dogs.

Thirty dogs with superficial pyoderma were randomly allocated to treatments with either lincomycin hydrochloride (22 mg/kg twice daily) or clindamycin hydrochloride (11 mg/kg once daily), initially for three weeks. Samples were taken from pustules, from adjacent apparently uninvolved skin, and from the nares. These were submitted for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing. The dogs were re-examined after three weeks treatment and samples for bacteriology were taken from the nares, from any pustules that were present or from skin in the area that was previously affected; the treatment was extended if necessary. Seventy-one per cent of the dogs given lincomycin hydrochloride responded within three weeks compared with 81 per cent of the dogs treated with clindamycin hydrochloride. The overall response rates, including those given longer courses of treatment were 93 per cent for those treated with lincomycin hydrochloride and 94 per cent for those treated with clindamycin hydrochloride, and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups either after three weeks treatment or after extended treatment. The microbiological results demonstrated that Staphylococcus intermedius was present on the skin adjacent to pustules and suggested that the nasal carriage of S intermedius was a result of cutaneous colonisation.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1993

The effect of biliary decompression on bacterial translocation in jaundiced rats.

Patients with obstructive jaundice are prone to septic complications after biliary tract operations. Restoring bile flow to the intestine may help to decrease the complication rate. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effect of biliary decompression on bacterial translocation in jaundiced rats. Sixty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to six groups subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) and transection (groups 2-6) or sham operation (group 1). In groups 1 and 2 the incidence of enteric bacterial translocation was determined 2 weeks after sham operation or CBDL. In groups 3-6, biliary decompression was achieved by performing a choledochoduodenostomy after 2 weeks of biliary decompression. Bacterial translocation was then studied 1, 2, 3 and 5 weeks following biliary decompression. The rate of bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes in obstructive jaundice was significantly higher as compared with controls and decreased with time to nil three weeks following biliary decompression. The incidence of bacterial translocation was closely correlated (r = 0.844; p = 0.034) with serum alkaline phosphatase activity and seemed to fit with the morphological changes noted in the small intestine. The decrease in bacterial translocation, however, lags behind the recovery of liver function as measured by routine liver function tests and antipyrine clearance. Obstructive jaundice thus promotes bacterial translocation in the rat. Biliary decompression gradually decreases the rate of bacterial translocation.

Animals↗