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Results for “ADRENAL GLAND DISEASES”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

State-of-the-art MR imaging of the adrenal gland.

The authors discuss the appearances of adrenal diseases characterizable with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (pheochromocytomas, hemorrhage, cysts, adenomas, myelolipomas, and metastases), new imaging techniques, and differentiation of benign from malignant lesions. Most pheochromocytomas appear markedly hyperintense relative to the liver on T2-weighted images. However, this appearance is not specific, since adrenal metastases and adenomas may have similar features. Occasionally, pheochromocytomas may be iso- or hypointense to the liver on T2-weighted images. One of the new techniques for MR imaging of the adrenal gland, fat suppression, reduces cardiac and respiratory motion-induced artifacts, accentuates small differences in tissue contrast, and eliminates chemical shift artifacts. These advantages far outweigh the disadvantages of inhomogeneity of fat suppression and the fewer sections obtained per acquisition. Differentiation of adrenal metastases from adrenal adenomas with MR imaging is problematic with the use of signal intensity ratios (33% overlap) or T2 calculations. The future of discriminating between adrenal metastases and adenomas may rest with chemical shift MR imaging, which uses in-phase and out-of-phase gradient-echo pulse sequences. This approach relies on the fact that adrenal adenomas contain fat whereas metastases do not. The reported accuracy of chemical shift imaging in differentiating adrenal adenomas from metastases is 96%-100%.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1976

Acute murine adrenalitis induced by reovirus 3. An ultrastructural study.

Reovirus 3 infection of neonatal mice, although characterized primarily by encephalitis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis, also induces an adrenalitis. Histologically, the latter is characterized initially by foci of coagulative necrosis which later enlarge and become surrounded by leukocytic infiltration. Ultrastructurally, the virus was shown to replicate in the paranuclear region of mainly adrenocortical cells but also medullary and endothelial cells. Apoptosis is the most common form of necrosis exhibited and is quickly followed by an infiltration of mononuclear phagocytes which eventually ingest the virus and the cellular debris.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Imaging of adrenal gland disorders.

In recent years, diagnostic imaging has become an important adjunct to conventional endocrine testing in the evaluation of adrenal gland dysfunction. This article discusses the role of imaging in the diagnostic workup of the following adrenal gland disorders: hypercatacholaminism, hyperaldosteronism, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypoadrenocorticism. The strengths and limitations of radiography, ultrasonography, scintigraphy, CT scanning, and MR imaging are addressed.

Adrenal Cortex Diseases↗
PubMed1995

Magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal gland.

The authors review their experience with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the adrenal gland and discuss the appearance of adrenal diseases where MRI is clinically useful. A basic description of some of the newer pulse sequences is provided. Fat-suppressed MRI is advantageous because of reduction of cardiac and respiratory motion induced artifacts, accentuation of small differences in tissue contrast, and elimination of chemical shift artifacts. These advantages far outweigh the disadvantages of inhomogeneity of fat suppression and the fewer slices obtained per acquisition. Chemical shift imaging is used to differentiate benign from malignant adrenal diseases based on a gradient echo phase cycling technique. Detailed descriptions of MRI findings in adrenal pheochromocytomas, hemorrhage, cysts, adenomas, myelolipomas, and metastases are provided. Most pheochromocytomas appear markedly hyperintense to the liver on T2-weighted images. However, this appearance is not specific as adrenal metastases and adrenal adenomas may occasionally produce a similar appearance. In addition, pheochromocytomas may occasionally be isointense or hypointense to the liver on T2-weighted images. Differentiation of adrenal metastases from adrenal adenomas with MRI is problematic using signal intensity ratios (33% overlap) or T2 calculations. The future of discriminating between adrenal metastases and adenomas may rest with chemical shift MRI, which uses in- and out-of-phase gradient echo pulse sequences for differentiation. This approach relies on the fact that adrenal adenomas contain fat, while adrenal metastases do not. The reported accuracy of chemical shift imaging in differentiating between adrenal adenomas and adrenal metastases ranges from 96 to 100%. An algorithmic approach to differentiating benign from malignant adrenal diseases is presented that relies on an initial noncontrast CT with CT attenuation values obtained from the adrenal mass. If CT attenuation values are less than zero, the mass is characterized as benign. If the mass remains indeterminate after CT, chemical shift MR is performed. If the mass remains indeterminate after MR, biopsy is required.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in a case of adrenal tuberculosis and acute Addison's disease.

A case of adrenal tuberculosis with acute Addison's disease is presented. The case showed diagnostic and therapeutic problems, the latter concerning the untoward effects due to metabolic interferences and pharmacologic interactions among antitubercular drugs, substitutive corticosteroid therapy and hepatic metabolism. The side-effects, interactions and metabolism of drugs used during the course of disease are discussed.

Acute Disease↗