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PubMed2026

Multi-omics evidence reveals robust airborne-human resistome connectivity driven by high-risk ARGs and mediated by Staphylococcus.

Airborne microbiomes are considered an important source of human antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exposure, yet multi-omics evidence linking airborne and human nasal resistomes remains limited. Here, we integrated metagenomic sequencing and whole-genome sequencing of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus isolates to investigate the connectivity between air and human nasal resistomes in dairy farm environments. Metagenomic taxonomic profiling showed that Staphylococcus was prominent in total suspended particles (TSP) and consistently detected across all samples. Among environmental reservoirs, TSP resistomes exhibited the strongest similarity to human nasal resistomes. This connectivity was supported by multiple lines of evidence, including highly similar resistome profiles, extensive homologous antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) pairs, strain-level similarity of resistant Staphylococcus isolates, and conserved mobile ARG genetic contexts. Notably, this connectivity was primarily driven by high-risk ARGs, while Staphylococcus was frequently associated with mobile ARGs and represented the only shared pathogenic genomes carrying both ARGs and virulence factor genes between airborne and nasal samples. Although lower ARG diversity, nasal resistomes exhibited higher ARG burden, risk scores, antibiotic-resistant bacterial genome abundance, and prevalence of resistant Staphylococcus. Occupational exposure further increased total and high-risk ARG burdens among farm workers. Together, these findings indicate that TSP can serve as an important route of occupational AMR exposure, with high-risk ARGs and Staphylococcus contributing to connectivity between airborne and nasal resistomes. Incorporating the host microbiome may therefore provide a more complete assessment of human-associated AMR exposure within a One Health framework.

Airborneresistome↗

PubMed2025

Influence of antimicrobial consumption (AMC) on the detection of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in urban wastewater.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, causing over 1.27 million deaths annually and linked to an additional 4.95 million. AMR transmission occurs beyond clinical settings, with wastewater serving as a sentinel of community-level spread. This study investigated how temporal changes in antimicrobial consumption (AMC) correlate with the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater, using wastewater surveillance (WS) to monitor resistance trends in Quebec, Canada. METHODOLOGY: AMC data (January 2019-May 2023) were obtained from the Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ) under a license from IQVIA Solutions Canada Inc. Wastewater samples (September 2020-September 2022) were obtained from three WWTPs and screened for 11 ARGs, including blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaNDM, blaOXA-1/30, qnrA, qnrB, mphE, and mefA. Analyses assessed temporal and spatial associations between AMC and ARGs. RESULTS: Total prescriptions declined from 537 to 392 per 1000 inhabitants between 2019 and 2020 (-27 %), likely due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This shift created a contrast that allowed us to better capture the signal of AMC through the noise in wastewater composition. β-lactams, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones were the most prescribed classes. ARGs were consistently detected in all 41 samples, with macrolide resistance genes being the most abundant. Strong correlations were observed between AMC and ARG prevalence in wastewater, particularly for β-lactams and fluoroquinolones (Spearman R = 0.80 and 0.81, p < 0.05). Spatial patterns showed uniform AMC but variable ARG levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the correlation between AMC and ARG. WS shows promise for real-time AMR monitoring.

Wastewater↗

PubMed2025

Integrated metagenomic, culture-based, and whole genome sequencing analyses of antimicrobial resistance in wastewater and drinking water treatment plants in Barcelona, Spain.

The misuse and overuse of antimicrobials drive the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a critical global health concern. While wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for removing microorganisms and contaminants, they also serve as hotspots for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), facilitating their persistence and dissemination. This study investigated AMR in two WWTPs and one drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in the Baix Llobregat area of Barcelona, Spain. Four sampling campaigns were conducted during winter and summer 2023 across different treatment stages. Due to drought conditions, reclaimed water from the Baix Llobregat WWTP was discharged upstream of the DWTP intake to supplement water resources for indirect potable reuse. A total of 991 cultivable ARB were obtained, enabling phenotypic and genotypic characterisation. The most prevalent included Aeromonas spp. (44.3 %), Enterobacterales (27.9 %), Pseudomonas spp. (19.1 %), Acinetobacter spp. (4.8 %), Shewanella spp. (2.2 %), Stenotrophomonas spp. (1 %), and others (0.7 %). Among these, 57.3 % were multidrug-resistant and 2.7 % were extensively drug-resistant. Furthermore, 34.6 % produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, 14.1 % harboured carbapenemase genes, and 2.9 % exhibited colistin resistance. Shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed high taxonomic diversity, without dominant genera across treatment stages. The resistome was dominated by ARGs conferring resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and macrolides, alongside genes linked to biocide resistance and heavy metal tolerance. Spearman correlation analysis of selected sequenced strains suggested a weak to moderate co-occurrence between ARGs and biocide or heavy metal tolerance genes. These findings underline WWTPs as AMR hotspots and reinforce the need to monitor DWTP source water within the One Health framework.

Wastewater↗

PubMed2005

Polystyrene-type resin used for peptide synthesis: application for anion-exchange and affinity chromatography.

This paper deals with an unusual application for a copolymer of styrene-1% divinylbenzene bearing high amount of aminomethyl groups for anion-exchange and affinity chromatography. The so-called aminomethyl resin (AMR), to date only employed for peptide synthesis, swelled appreciably in water and was used successfully to purify negatively charged peptides. By correlating swelling degree of beads with pH of the media, it was possible to estimate that the AMR amino group pK(a) is approximately 5.5. In addition, the synthesized acetyl-(NANP)3-AMR succeeded in the affinity interaction with large antibody molecules related to malaria transmission and raised previously against this dodecapeptide sequence.

Anion Exchange Resins↗

PubMed2025

Global diversity and evolution of Salmonella enterica serovar Panama: a genomic epidemiology study.

BACKGROUND: Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a globally important bacterial pathogen, typically associated with foodborne gastrointestinal infection. Some non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars can also colonise typically sterile sites in people to cause invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease. Salmonella enterica serovar Panama is responsible for a substantial number of cases of human bloodstream infection, but despite its global dissemination, numerous outbreaks, and a reported association with invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease, S enterica serovar Panama (S Panama) is understudied. We aimed to describe the genomic epidemiology and evolutionary history of S Panama to provide a vital baseline of understanding for this globally important serovar. METHODS: In this genomic epidemiology study, we analysed S Panama genomes derived from historical collections, national surveillance datasets, and publicly available epidemiological and whole-genome sequencing data which span the years 1931-2019. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylodynamic approaches were used to investigate population structure and evolutionary history and to infer geotemporal dissemination. A combination of different bioinformatic approaches with short-read and long-read data were used to characterise geographical and clade-specific trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and genetic markers for invasiveness. FINDINGS: We analysed 836 S Panama genomes, of which 559 (67%) were sequenced as part of this study. The collection represents all inhabited continents and includes isolates collected between 1931 and 2019. We identified the presence of four geographically linked S Panama clades (C1 [ie, the Latin America and the Caribbean clade; n=338], C2 [ie, the European clade; n=124], C3 [ie, the Martinique clade; n=131], and C4 [ie, the Asia and Oceania clade; n=104]) and regional trends in AMR profiles. Most isolates (715 [86%] of 836) were pan-susceptible to antibiotics and belonged to clades circulating in Latin America and the Caribbean (64%, n=458). Most antibiotic-resistant isolates in our collection (113 [93%] of 121) fell within clades C4 (ie, the Asia and Oceania clade) and C2 (ie, the European clade), the latter of which had the highest invasiveness index values based on the conservation of 196 extraintestinal predictor genes. INTERPRETATION: This first large-scale phylogenetic analysis of S Panama has revealed important information about the population structure, AMR, global ecology, and genetic markers of invasiveness of the identified genomic subtypes. Our findings provide an important baseline for understanding S Panama infection. The presence of multidrug-resistant clades with elevated invasiveness index values should be monitored through ongoing surveillance, as such clades could pose an increased public health risk. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation Global Challenges Research Fund and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, John Lennon Memorial Scholarship, Institut Pasteur, Santé publique France, Fondation Le Roch-Les Mousquetaires, Investissement d'Avenir Programme, and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Whole-genome sequencing reveals hidden antimicrobial resistance genes in phenotypically susceptible probiotic candidate lactic acid bacteria.

Phenotypic assays commonly used to evaluate probiotic safety may fail to detect clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance (AMR), potentially allowing genetically concerning strains to appear acceptable based on MIC testing alone. To explore this issue, we applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates previously identified as probiotic candidates based on acid and bile tolerance, antagonism against enteric pathogens, and biofilm formation in vitro: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L25F and L22F (from pigs) and Ligilactobacillus salivarius AF2319 (from a chicken). Genome annotation identified extensive repertoires of probiotic-associated genes (46-47 per strain) linked to stress tolerance, adhesion, immunomodulation, and quorum sensing, supporting functional potential. The two L. plantarum strains exhibited broader predicted metabolic capacities than L. salivarius AF2319. However, genomic analysis revealed acquired AMR genes with complex genotype-phenotype relationships not fully apparent from phenotypic testing. The L. plantarum strains harbored lnu(A) (99.79% identity) on extrachromosomal DNA, conferring the L-phenotype (lincomycin resistance, clindamycin susceptibility); clindamycin MICs (1 mg/L) were concordant with this genotype, though lincomycin MICs were not determined. L. salivarius AF2319 carried tet(M), tet(L), and erm(C) (99.48%, 99.49%, and 99.45% identity by ResFinder, respectively) on extrachromosomal DNA; notably, the erythromycin MIC (1 mg/L) was precisely at the EFSA breakpoint (≤ 1 mg/L), representing borderline genotype-phenotype discordance potentially due to silent gene expression. Under current EFSA QPS criteria, these acquired ARGs would preclude all three strains from approval as probiotic feed additives despite favorable functional profiles, underscoring the indispensable role of WGS-based AMR gene detection in modern probiotic safety evaluation.

Probiotics↗

PubMed2000

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation reduces excess mortality in type 1 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic renal disease continues to be the most significant cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States. Renal transplantation improves diabetic ESRD patient survival; however, the diabetic state remains associated with poor patient survival. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation can restore normoglycemia and thus may improve outcomes. METHODS: We assessed the impact of SPK on age-range-matched type 1 diabetic patients who underwent renal transplantation at a single center. The observed/expected life span and annual mortality rates (AMRs) were used as measures of survival. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to analyze the impact of potential variables on mortality in SPK recipients. RESULTS: SPK transplantation (N = 335) increased the observed/expected life span compared with diabetic cadaveric (DM-Cad, N = 147) and live-donor (DM-Live, N = 160) transplant recipients (P = 0.004) and significantly reduced the AMRs (SPK, 1. 5%; DM-Cad, 6.27%; DM-Live, 3.65%, P = 0.008, SPK vs. other DM). Moreover, the SPK observed/expected life span and AMR were not significantly different from that of age-range-matched nondiabetic transplant recipients (N = 492). The only variable that was significantly associated with patient survival was discharge serum creatinine (relative risk 1.16, P < or = 0.0154). CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that SPK improves the ability for type 1 diabetic patients to live more of their expected life span. This suggests that glycemic control, even as a late intervention in a diabetic patient's lifetime, may beneficially affect survival.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

A leakage-aware genomic prediction pipeline for meropenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae using transformer-based resistome representation learning.

MOTIVATION: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae, particularly to carbapenems such as meropenem, is a major global health problem. Machine learning is increasingly used to predict resistance from genomic markers; however, many models fail to capture high-level gene-gene interactions and may exhibit inflated performance due to lineage-biased prediction. Existing genomic prediction models largely rely on flat feature representations that fail to capture epistatic gene interactions, and commonly suffer from inflated performance estimates due to phylogenetic data leakage. To address these limitations simultaneously, a leakage-aware hybrid TabTransformer-CatBoost pipeline was developed, combining self-attention-based resistome representation learning with gradient boosting classification under clade-aware data partitioning. A self-attention encoder converts sparse gene presence-absence profiles into contextualized latent embeddings, which are subsequently classified using gradient boosting to capture lineage-aware AMR patterns. RESULTS: The proposed architecture outperformed classical baselines including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, and optimized CatBoost models. Internal accuracy reached 92.59% for the Chained Hybrid configuration (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUROC = 0.8670, F1 = 0.8537). Performance gains primarily originated from the embedding stage, as confirmed by ablation analysis. External validation across independent multinational cohorts (n = 305) demonstrated generalizability (AUROC = 0.8105; F1 = 0.7552). Permutation testing produced near-zero Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) = 0.0091, indicating predictions reflect genuine biological signal rather than noise. These results establish attention-based genomic embedding with gradient boosting as a scalable, interpretable, and leakage-aware framework for clinical AMR prediction. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code for the TabTransformer-CatBoost framework, including preprocessing pipelines and pre-trained embeddings, is available at https://github.com/SibelKervanci/kp-meropenem-tabtransformer.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

ALPAR: automated learning pipeline for antimicrobial resistance.

SUMMARY: The field of machine learning in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) research has experienced rapid growth, fueled by advancements in high-throughput genome sequencing and the growing capacity of computational resources. However, the complexity and lack of standardized data preparation and bioinformatic analyses present significant challenges, especially for newcomers to the domain. In response to these challenges, we introduce ALPAR (Automated Learning Pipeline for Antimicrobial Resistance), a comprehensive AMR data analysis tool covering the entire process from processing of raw genomic data to training machine learning models to interpretation of results. Our method relies on a reproducible pipeline that integrates widely used bioinformatics tools, presenting a simplified, automatic workflow specifically tailored for single-reference AMR analysis. Accepting genomic data in the form of FASTA files as input, ALPAR facilitates the generation of machine learning-ready data tables and both the training of machine learning and the execution of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) experiments. Additionally, our tool offers supplementary functionalities such as phylogeny-based analysis of the distribution of mutations, enhancing its utility for researchers. The tool has also proven its performance in competitive benchmarks, winning the 2024 CAMDA Anti-Microbial Resistance Prediction Challenge and placing third in the 2025 edition. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: ALPAR is open-source and freely accessible via GitHub (https://github.com/kalininalab/ALPAR). The pipeline is fully reproducible and can be easily installed as a Conda package (https://anaconda.org/kalininalab/ALPAR).

Machine Learning↗

PubMed2026

Antimicrobial resistance analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections based on a random forest algorithm: a longitudinal study based on data from tertiary hospitals in China from 2012 to 2023.

BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae pose a significant global health burden, complicated by rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to characterize resistance patterns, identify predictors of carbapenem resistance, and develop a machine learning model to predict patient outcomes. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis of 109 279 K. pneumoniae BSIs from tertiary hospitals in China (2012-2023), 11 000 isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models identified predictors of 30-day mortality and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP), respectively. A random forest model predicted AMR trends and outcomes, evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall, and ROC-AUC using R Studio (R Studio, Inc., Boston, MA, USA). RESULTS: Carbapenem resistance occurred in 32.3% of isolates, with rates of 41.9% for third-generation cephalosporins and 41.2% for fluoroquinolones. Among sequenced isolates, ST11 with blaKPC was the dominant CRKP genotype (12.0%). blaKPC (OR 3.97, 95% CI 3.10-5.11) and blaNDM (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.07-3.71) strongly predicted carbapenem resistance; ICU admission predicted 30-day mortality (HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.80-2.46, p<0.001). Mortality was higher in CRKP (40.2%) vs. susceptible cases (21.5%). The random forest model achieved 89.2% accuracy and 0.92 ROC-AUC, with drug share, age, and CRKP status as top predictors. CONCLUSIONS: CRKP, especially ST11-blaKPC, drives excess mortality. Key predictors highlight the urgency for enhanced AMR surveillance and targeted therapy.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Persistent antimicrobial resistance during soil remediation driven by residual heavy metal co-selection.

Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil is a global priority, particularly as reclaimed land increasingly intersects with urban development and human exposure. However, the ecological consequences of soil remediation, especially its impact on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a global health threat, have remained poorly understood. Here, we combined single-cell Raman-D₂O probing with genome-resolved metagenomics to monitor the dynamics of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to metals and antibiotics during a 120-day remediation of soils with three contamination levels from a lead-zinc smelting site. Although chemical remediation substantially reduced bioavailable metals (by 42%-65%), AMR was not diminished. Instead, both phenotypic activity and gene abundance of metal- and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms increased, resulting in a two- to three-fold increase in AMR-associated health risks. Among 76 metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) from phenotypic resistance communities, all Cd resistance-associated MAGs harbored multidrug resistance genes, half of which were colocalized with metal resistance determinants, and their prevalence continued to rise with remediation. These findings reveal that although remediation alleviates acute metal toxicity, residual low-concentration bioavailable metals sustain evolutionary selection for resistance, highlighting a disconnect between chemical recovery and biological safety. Moreover, the improved soil nutrient and physiochemical properties of remediated soils further promoted the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study offers new ecological insights into the unintended consequences of anthropogenic interventions, underscoring the need to integrate biological safety into soil health and safety assessments.

Soil Microbiology↗

PubMed1992

Identification and characterization of the cis-elements regulating the rat AMOG (adhesion molecule on glia)/Na,K-ATPase beta 2 subunit gene.

We have identified a positive regulatory cis-acting element of the adhesion molecule on glia (AMOG)/Na,K-ATPase beta 2 subunit gene as GAGGCGGGG at position -87 to -79 by transient transfection assay using B103 cells (rat neuroblastoma cell line). The newly identified AMOG regulatory element (AMRE) enhanced the promoter activity in a mutually compensating manner with the Sp1 element at position -147 to -142. AMRE acts as a positive regulatory element not only in B103 cells but also in 3Y1 (rat embryo cell line) cells to roughly the same extent and in MDCK (canine kidney cell line) cells to a lesser extent. AMRE also enhances other gene promoters, such as myelin basic protein (MBP) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) gene promoters. The element is not a typical enhancer element because when it is introduced downstream of the HSV TK promoter, it has no enhancing activity.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed2002

High-dose amrinone is required to accelerate rewarming from deliberate mild intraoperative hypothermia for neurosurgical procedures.

BACKGROUND: Since the time available to provide the cooling and rewarming is limited during deliberate mild hypothermia, the technique to accelerate the cooling and rewarming rate of core temperature has been studied. Amrinone has been reported to accelerate the cooling rate but not the rewarming rate of core temperature during deliberate mild hypothermia. The failure of amrinone effect on the rewarming rate might be due to an insufficient dose of amrinone during hypothermic conditions. The authors therefore tested whether higher doses of amrinone can accelerate the rewarming rate of core temperature during deliberate mild hypothermia for neurosurgery. METHODS: After institutional approval and informed consent, 30 patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Patients in the control group (n = 10) did not receive amrinone; patients in the AMR 15 group (n = 10) received 15 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) amrinone with a 1.0-mg/kg loading dose of amrinone at the beginning of cooling; and patients in the ReAMR group (n = 10) received 5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) amrinone with 1.0-mg/kg loading and reloading doses of amrinone at the beginning of cooling and rewarming, respectively. Administration of amrinone was started just after the induction of cooling and continued until the end of anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen, propofol, and fentanyl. After induction of anesthesia, patients were cooled, and tympanic membrane temperature was maintained at 34.5 degrees C. After completion of the main surgical procedures, patients were actively rewarmed and extubated in the operating room. RESULTS: The cooling and rewarming rates of core temperature were both significantly faster in both amrinone groups than in the control group. During the cooling and rewarming periods, forearm minus fingertip temperature gradient was significantly smaller in both amrinone groups than in the control group. During the rewarming period, heart rate and mean arterial pressure in the AMR 15 group were significantly faster and lower, respectively, than in the control group. Systemic vascular resistance in the AMR 15 group was smaller than in the control group throughout the study; on the other hand, only the value after the start of rewarming in the ReAMR group was smaller than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Amrinone at an infusion rate of 15 or 5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) with a reloading at the beginning of rewarming accelerated the rewarming rate of core temperature during deliberate mild hypothermia. This suggests that high-dose amrinone is required to accelerate rewarming from deliberate mild intraoperative hypothermia for neurosurgical procedures.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Presence of globally prominent multidrug-resistant genotypes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in New York State, 2016-2023.

The human-restricted enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of the life-threatening typhoid fever. Although S. Typhi incidence is relatively low in the USA, routine surveillance of S. Typhi is critical to track the emergence and spread of high-risk lineages in non-endemic areas. In this study, we analysed 151 genomes of S. Typhi isolates from patients who were clinically confirmed with typhoid fever across New York State between 2016 and 2023. We used the GenoTyphi classification scheme and identified established multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant lineages. We detected the presence of the globally widespread genotype 4.3.1 (haplotype 58) and its derivative 4.3.1.1.P1, which recently emerged in Pakistan, as well as the Bangladesh-restricted lineages 3.3.2.Bd1 and 3.3.2.Bd2 in our dataset. Ten mutations and 14 acquired genes associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were present across the entire population, with 86.8% of the genomes possessing at least one of these AMR determinants. The gyrA S83F mutation conferring quinolone and triclosan resistance was the most frequently detected (94 genomes). Combinations of dfrA7+catA1 (resistance to trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, respectively) and sul2+aph(3″)-Ib+aph(6)-Id (resistance to sulphonamide and aminoglycosides, respectively) co-occurred frequently and were associated with IncQ and IncY plasmid replicons. Phylogenetic contextualization against a global dataset of 1,643 genomes from 20 countries across five continents, including other parts of the USA, from the same time period showed geographic intermingling, suggesting the spread of high-risk genotypes of international origins to New York State. Altogether, these findings reveal the presence of globally dominant resistant genotypes that are likely facilitated by human travel in New York State, where typhoid fever is not endemic. Long-term genomic surveillance is critical to AMR profiling, identifying genotypic shifts in regional S. Typhi populations, monitoring transmission routes and guiding effective public health interventions.

Salmonella typhi↗

PubMed2005

Large tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in (Ga,Mn)As nanoconstrictions.

We report a large tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR) in (Ga,Mn)As lateral nanoconstrictions. Unlike previously reported tunneling magnetoresistance effects in nanocontacts, the TAMR does not require noncollinear magnetization on either side of the constriction. The nature of the effect is established by a direct comparison of its phenomenology with that of normal anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) measured in the same lateral geometry. The direct link we establish between the TAMR and AMR indicates that TAMR may be observable in other materials showing room temperature AMR and demonstrates that the physics of nanoconstriction magnetoresistive devices can be much richer than previously thought.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Clinically Relevant Enterococcus From Faecal Samples of Conservation-Priority Captive Ungulates in a United Arab Emirates Urban Zoo: A Cross-Sectional Baseline Study.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a One Health challenge driven by microbial exchange among humans, animals and the environment. Zoological institutions offer useful settings for environmental AMR surveillance. This single-zoo cross-sectional study examined the occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic characteristics of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) and clinically relevant Enterococcus spp. in faecal samples from 101 clinically healthy captive ungulates representing seven conservation-priority species at a major urban zoo in the United Arab Emirates. NTS was detected in 4/101 samples (3.9%), including serovars Schwarzengrund (n = 2), Kentucky (n = 1) and Chester (n = 1). Among the four recovered NTS isolates, all met the study MDR definition within the tested panel, including a Salmonella Kentucky ST198 isolate carrying multiple resistance genes and quinolone-associated mutations. Enterococcus spp. were detected in 77/101 samples (76.2%), dominated by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus (each 41.5%). Among 33 E. faecium/Enterococcus faecalis isolates tested phenotypically, resistance was generally low, with erythromycin and ciprofloxacin resistance each observed in 9.1%. One clinically important E. faecium isolate showed glycopeptide resistance and genetic markers associated with reduced daptomycin susceptibility. These single-institution cross-sectional data provide an initial regional baseline for AMR-relevant enteric bacteria in conservation-managed ungulates and identify priorities for broader longitudinal and interface-based surveillance.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Microbiological and epidemiological studies of Enterococcus faecium resistant to amoxycillin in a university hospital in eastern France.

Over 3 years, during six 1-month periods of surveillance, 69 cases of Enterococcus faecium colonisation or infection were detected in a university hospital in eastern France. Thirty-two cases involved strains resistant to amoxycillin (crude incidence of 0.21/1000 patient-days). The risk of infection with E. faecium was higher if the patient was hospitalised in a haematology ward and/or treated with cephalosporins. Amoxycillin-resistant isolates (AmRE) were isolated from different wards and time periods, and none of the characteristics studied were associated significantly with amoxycillin resistance. Amoxycillin-sensitive and -resistant isolates were characterised by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Three epidemic patterns were identified which contained 87.5% (28/32) of the AmRE isolates, indicating that clonal spread was responsible, at least partially, for the high incidence of AmRE in this hospital.

Amoxicillin↗

PubMed2006

Immunoadsorption in severe C4d-positive acute kidney allograft rejection: a randomized controlled trial.

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) frequently causes refractory graft dysfunction. This randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate whether immunoadsorption (IA) is effective in the treatment of severe C4d-positive AMR. Ten out of 756 kidney allograft recipients were included. Patients were randomly assigned to IA with protein A (N = 5) or no such treatment (N = 5) with the option of IA rescue after 3 weeks. Enrolled recipients were subjected to tacrolimus conversion and, if indicated, 'anti-cellular' treatment. All IA-treated patients responded to treatment. One death unrelated to IA occurred after successful reversal of rejection. Four control subjects remained dialysis-dependent. With the exception of one patient who developed graft necrosis, non-responders were subjected to rescue IA, however, without success. Because of a high graft loss rate in the control group the study was terminated after a first interim analysis. Even though limited by small patient numbers, this trial suggests efficiency of IA in reversing severe AMR.

Adult↗