[Possibilities and methods in the surgical treatment of peripheral blood-vessel injuries under war conditions].
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Amputation, Surgical↗
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Results for “BLOOD VESSELS, PERIPHERAL”
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Relation in rat hind-limb blood vessels between nervous vasomotor tone and the response to vasoconstrictor drugs.
When the nervous component of the vasomotor tone of the blood vessels of the innervated rat hind limb perfused with blood was reduced by ganglion blockade, by section of the nerves to the hind limb, or by the indirect effect of drugs, the vasoconstrictor response of the blood vessels to noradrenaline was immediately increased. This increased peripheral response was observed only when the blood perfusing the hind limb was from the same animal or from a genetically similar animal. Reduction of the nervous component of the vasomotor tone also increased the constrictor response of the hind-limb blood vessels to adrenaline, ephedrine, tyramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, but did not increase the response to angiotensin, vasopressin or S-methyl isothiourea. Pre-treatment with reserpine increased the hind-limb response to noradrenaline but reduced the response to ephedrine, tyramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The results suggest that, in rats, activity in the sympathetic nervous system directly influences the reactivity of peripheral blood vessels to noradrenaline and other sympathomimetic drugs.
Animals↗
[ALLOPLASTIC BLOOD VESSEL SUBSTITUTION IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES].
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Blood Substitutes↗
Effects of diadenosine polyphosphates on systemic and regional hemodynamics in anesthetized rats.
Diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap4A, Ap5A, Ap6A) induce vasodilatation or vasoconstriction in various isolated vessels and influence central and peripheral hemodynamics. The influence of diadenosine polyphosphates on hemodynamics was studied in anesthetized rats in vivo. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) measured in the carotid artery decreased with Ap4A, Ap5A, and Ap6A. Renal blood flow (RBF), femoral blood flow (FBF) and cardiac output (CO) were evaluated by an ultrasonic transit-time method. Renal superficial blood flow (RSBF) was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. CO, RBF and RSBF were decreased initially by all three diadenosine polyphosphates. FBF was also slightly decreased. Total peripheral (TPR), renal (RVR) and femoral (FVR) vascular resistances were calculated. TPR was transiently increased by the dinucleotides following by a decrease. RVR and, to a lesser extent, FVR were also increased. These data show that diadenosine polyphosphates have effects on both the heart and the peripheral blood vessels. The effects on the heart and MABP were dominated by bradycardia and hypotension. In the kidney, diadenosine polyphosphates induced a predominant vascoconstriction. The effects on skeletal muscle blood flow were much smaller. Thus, the three diadenosine polyphosphates studied differ in the effects on heart and peripheral vessels.
Animals↗
[The characteristics of the central and peripheral hemodynamics in patients with disseminated sclerosis].
Tetrapolar rheography and rheovasoplethysmography were used to examine the central and peripheral hemodynamics in the v course of complex treatment in 37 patients suffering of multiple sclerosis. At early stages of the disease with a remitting course and at the phase of remission the patients showed a hyperkinetic type of blood circulation, increase of the vascular tone of the peripheral blood vessels. Severe forms of the disease, progressive course and the exacerbation phase was characterized by the hypokinetic type of blood circulation, dystonic and atonic state of extremity blood vessels. Examination of the central and peripheral hemodynamics allows to objectivize the condition of patients with multiple sclerosis and treatment efficacy.
Adolescent↗
An ultrastructural study of developing extracellular matrix in vitelline blood vessels of the early chick embryo.
This investigation was designed to describe the morphological events in embryonic development of peripheral blood vessels (vasculogenesis) and to relate this process to the appearance of extracellular matrix (ECM) during growth and maturation of these tissues. Extraembryonic vitelline vessels of the early chick embryo were chosen for this study and light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out on vessels excised from chick embryos (Hamburger-Hamilton stages 8 through 23). Our data show that early (stage 10) vessels are composed of two distinct epithelial layers, an inner layer of presumptive endothelium surrounded by a layer of splanchnopleuric mesoderm. During development, the inner layer gives rise to mature vascular endothelium while splanchnopleuric mesoderm differentiates to form primitive vascular smooth muscle. Ultrastructural studies show the presence of collagen and basal lamina in the extracellular space between these two layers during initiation of endothelial and smooth muscle cytodifferentiation. Furthermore, ruthenium red-positive material is present on basal surfaces of developing vascular endothelium at this time, indicating possible glycosaminoglycans (GAG) or other polyanionic components of the ECM. These data suggest that the sequential production of basal lamina, collagen (s), and/or GAG's by developing peripheral vessel wall epithelia may be critical to their final differentiation.
Animals↗
Specific, vascular localization of GABA-transaminase in the guinea pig lung.
The occurrence and distribution of 4-aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T) activity were examined in the guinea pig lung using biochemical and enzymehistochemical methods. Specific GABA-T reactivity was confined primarily to the arteries and to a lesser extent to the veins. No activity could be observed in association with bronchi, alveoli and nerve fibers. Our findings indicate that the GABA-T activity in the lung is specifically located in blood vessels. This study is the first to demonstrate GABA-T activity in peripheral blood vessels.
4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase↗
Blood flow patterns in painful diabetic neuropathy.
Peripheral blood flow is known to be qualitatively increased in diabetic patients with neuropathy. We have measured the actual blood flow in the feet of diabetic patients with neuropathy using non-invasive mercury strain gauge plethysmography and Doppler sonogram techniques and shown that it is increased on average five times above normal at an ambient temperature of 20 degrees-22 degrees C. Moreover, reduction of this high flow by sympathetic arousal stimuli proved possible in those with severe painful neuropathy contrasting strongly with failure to reverse it in those with severe non-painful sensory neuropathy. Reduction of blood flow was associated with reduction in neuropathic pain. We studied 22 diabetic patients with severe sensory neuropathy and eight with painful neuropathy. High resting foot blood flows were demonstrated in both groups with neuropathy. The big toe flow in those with severe sensory neuropathy was 29.3 +/- 9.2 ml X min-1. 100 ml-1 (mean +/- SD) and in the painful neuropathy group, 25.9 +/- 7.5, compared with 5.2 +/- 2.4 ml X min-1 X 100 ml-1 in the non-diabetic control subjects (p less than 0.001). High foot skin temperatures were also recorded in the groups with neuropathy, reflecting the high blood flow. The subjects with painful neuropathy retained the ability to constrict peripheral blood vessels in response to arousal stimuli, and reduce peripheral flow on average by 32% compared with the patients with sensory neuropathy who responded on average by only 10%. The demonstration of a peripheral sympathetic defect, responsible for the high blood flow and the potential reversal of such flow in painful neuropathy may be important in our further understanding of the aetiology of such pain and its treatment.
Adult↗
Plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine constricts equine digital blood vessels in vitro: implications for pathogenesis of acute laminitis.
Cumulative concentration response curves to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; 10(-10)-10(-4) mol/l) were constructed using isolated rings of equine digital, facial, tail and coronary arteries (endothelium intact). 5-HT was 17.7 and 41 times more potent as a vasoconstrictor of digital arteries than facial and tail arteries respectively. Removal of the endothelium increased the vasoconstrictor potency of 5-HT in the facial artery by 3.7-fold (P<0.05) but did not alter the sensitivity of digital arteries to 5-HT. Coronary arteries failed to contract to 5-HT. Coronary arteries pre-contracted with U44069 showed concentration dependent relaxation to 5-HT, a response which was partially dependent on the presence of the endothelium. No vasorelaxant effects were found in the digital or facial arteries. The concentration of 5-HT in platelet poor and platelet rich equine plasma was found to be 6.70+/-1.1 x 10(-8) mol/l and 1.77+/-0.36 x 10(-6) mol/l (mean +/-s.e.) respectively by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plasma which contained no detectable platelets had a 5-HT concentration of 1.12+/-0.48 x 10(-8) mol/l. Isolated digital arteries constricted when exposed to dilutions of platelet poor and platelet depleted equine plasma. These plasma induced contractions were almost completely inhibited by 5-HT receptor antagonists, ketanserin and methiothepin. The change in isometric tension in rings of equine digital artery in vitro was therefore used as a bioassay for plasma 5-HT and the results obtained by this method showed an excellent correlation (r2 = 97.2%, P<0.001) with the concentration estimated by HPLC. Circulating free concentrations of 5-HT in normal horses may be sufficient to constrict digital blood vessels partially in vivo but are well below the threshold for contraction of other peripheral blood vessels examined.
Animals↗
Interleukin 1beta and GABA-transaminase activity in rat thymus.
The occurrence and distribution of 4-aminobutyrate:2 oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-t) activity were examined in the rat thymus of normal and immunostimulated rats using biochemical and histoenzymatical methods. Specific GABA-t reactivity was confined primarily to the arteries and, to a lesser extent, to the veins. Only a few activities could be observed in association with the subcapsular and medullar part of the parenchyma and nerve fibers. GABA-t was considered a linking enzyme between the immune and the nervous system and it was studied with the aim of analyzing the relationships between these two systems. Our findings indicate that the GABA-t activity in the thymus is specifically located in the wall of the blood vessels. Moreover, our results demonstrate the presence of a GABA-t activity in the peripheral blood vessels. Treatment with interleukin 1beta induces an increase of protein content of the amounts of GABA-t biochemically assayed and of the levels of histoenzymatically stained GABA-t. Furthermore, staining of the different structures of the thymus in treated or untreated rats shows that the significant modifications concern the parenchyma, the structures resembling nerve fibers and finally, the whole thymus. On the contrary, the highest activity of the GABA-t is located in the walls of arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels.
4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase↗
The selective inhibition of serotonin-induced contractions of rabbit cerebral vascular smooth muscle by calcium-antagonistic dihydropyridines. An investigation of the mechanism of action of nimodipine.
I studied the role of calcium in the activation of isolated rings of saphenous and basilar arteries of the rabbit by comparing the effect of calcium withdrawal with the effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine [isopropyl(2-methoxyethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate]. Serotonin-induced contractions of both vessels were inhibited quickly by incubation in calcium-free solution, showing the contractions of both vessels to be dependent on extracellular calcium. Potassium-induced contractions of both vessels were inhibited markedly by nimodipine (basilar: ID50 = 1.7 X 10(-10) mol/liter; saphenous: ID50 = 2.6 X 10(-10) mol/liter), showing depolarization-induced calcium influx (probably through "potential sensitive channels", PSCs) to be sensitive to nimodipine. In the basilar artery the sustained, tonic phase of serotonin-induced contractions (probably through "receptor operated channels," ROCs) was potently inhibited (ID50 = 7.3 X 10(-10) mol/liter) by nimodipine. However, the initial short-lived phase of this contraction of the basilar artery was relatively unaffected (ID50 = 2 X 10(-6) mol/liter), indicating that the inhibitory action of nimodipine on tonic contractions of the basilar artery was not due to antagonism at the serotonin receptor level. In contrast, in the saphenous artery the serotonin-induced contractions were unaffected by nimodipine in doses up to 2.4 X 10(-5) mol/liter. It is postulated that the selective inhibition of the sustained tonic contraction of the basilar artery is due to a selective inhibition by nimodipine of calcium movement through ROCs in this vessel. Agonist-induced activation of ROCs in peripheral blood vessels does not seem to be affected by calcium antagonists.
Animals↗
Pharmacology of nimodipine. A review.
The major pharmacological findings with nimodipine reviewed in this chapter are summarized in TABLE 3. On the basis of these findings, the following conclusions appear to be justified: 1. Nimodipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine with Ca2+ channel antagonist properties. It is more lipophilic than nifedipine and its distribution volume in the brain of rats is higher than that of nifedipine. 2. Nimodipine dilates cerebral vessels at considerably lower concentrations than required for dilatation of peripheral blood vessels. It can, therefore, improve cerebral blood flow at doses that do not reduce systemic arterial pressure. 3. Nimodipine inhibits 45Ca uptake into vascular smooth muscle and neuronal cells. 4. Nimodipine antagonized postischemic cerebral hypoperfusion in cats and prolonged life of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats at doses that have little if any effect on arterial blood pressure. 5. Nimodipine reduced neurological deficits in dogs and monkeys with global cerebral ischemia. In focal ischemia (MCA occlusion) nimodipine reduced infarct size and neurological deficits and normalized intracellular brain pH. 6. In addition to its cerebral vasodilator effect, nimodipine appears to have a direct neuronal action. The suggested evidence for the neuronal site of action of nimodipine includes: a. Presence of nimodipine binding sites in brain. b. Blockade by nimodipine of Ca2+ channels in single nerve cells and in endocrine cells under conditions of sustained depolarization. c. Interactions with centrally acting drugs. d. Effects on release of various neurotransmitters from neuronal tissue or endocrine cells. e. Demonstration of anticonvulsant action of nimodipine. f. Blockade of behavioral effects of Ca2+ channel agonists by calcium channel antagonists.
Animals↗
Dependence of cardiac filling pressure on cardiac output during rest and dynamic exercise in dogs.
At rest, central venous pressure (CVP) falls when cardiac output (CO) rises. This can be attributed to flow-dependent redistribution of blood volume from central to peripheral blood vessels. In contrast, CVP rises during dynamic exercise despite a rise in CO. Therefore peripheral circulatory changes during exercise must counteract the factors that lower CVP when CO rises during rest. Our objectives were to determine the importance of blood flow, the muscle pump, and reflexes on changes in ventricular filling pressure during dynamic exercise. In seven dogs with a surgically produced atrioventricular (AV) block, normal relationships between CO and CVP were established by AV-linked pacing (normal heart rates) during rest and exercise. Cardiac output was altered during rest and treadmill exercise (4 miles/h at 0, 10, or 20% grade) by changing ventricular pacing rate to establish curves relating delta CVP to delta CO. These curves were displaced rightward (higher CO) and upward (higher CVP) by exercise because of the muscle pump. Changing CO by pacing during rest and exercise revealed a constant slope for delta CVP/delta CO of -2.7 mmHg.l-1.min-1. Blockade of reflex vasoconstriction and venoconstriction with hexamethonium at rest and during mild exercise (to isolate effects of the muscle pump) did not alter these slopes or the displacement of the curves by exercise, although CVP was 4.3 mmHg lower at a given CO after blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Chemical sympathectomy favours vimentin expression in arterial smooth muscle cells of young rats.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether sympathectomy could influence the relative expression of two intermediate filament proteins, desmin and vimentin, two markers of differentiation, in arterial smooth muscle cells of the young rat. Newborn rats were treated with either repeated guanethidine or saline injections. Sections of the abdominal aorta, the femoral artery, the basilar and the middle cerebral arteries were processed simultaneously for immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies against desmin and vimentin and were then examined under either a conventional or a confocal laser-scanning microscope. In both cases, the mean optical density of the muscle layer staining was estimated by computerized image analysis. All artery sections from guanethidine-treated animals showed a significantly higher vimentin expression (108-119% of control values). Desmin expression was not significantly different except in the femoral artery after sympathectomy, where it was decreased by 6%. The relative increase of vimentin expression in sympathectomized blood vessels observed in the present study directly confirms previous morphometric and ultrastructural studies indicating that the sympathetic innervation of cerebral and peripheral blood vessels influences the phenotypic features of smooth muscle cells during post-natal development.
Animals↗
[Microroentgenography of transplantable tumors].
The results of microroentgenographic study of vascularisation of Ehrlich's carcinoma in albino mice 2, 24 and 48 hrs after implantation are discussed. Pronounced reorganisation of blood vessels occurs in muscles, bone lymph nodes, skin and subcutaneous fat within the first hours after tumor implantation. Venous collectors of peripheral blood vessels become dilated due to the formation of arterio-venous anastamoses and the by-passing of capillary beds. The formation of arterio-venous shunts is a biological factor which is conducive to hypoxia development at tumor site.
Animals↗
[Color Doppler sonography of focal abdominal lesions].
Color Doppler sonography (CDS--spectral, color and power), harmonic imaging techniques (THI, PHI), possibility of 3D analysis of picture, usage of contrast agents, have raised the values of ultrasound as a diagnostic method to a very high level. THI--non-linear gray scale modality, is based on the processing of higher reflected frequencies, that has improved a picture resolution, which is presented with less artifacts and limiting effects of obesity and gases. Ultrasound contrast agents improve analysis of micro and macro circulation of the examined area, and with the assessment of velocity of supply in ROI (wash in), distribution and time of signal weakening (wash out), are significantly increasing diagnostic value of ultrasound. Besides the anatomical and topographic presentation of examined region (color, power), Color Doppler sonography gives us haemodynamic-functional information on vascularisation of that region, as well as on pathologic vascularisation if present. Avascular aspect of a focal pathologic lesion corresponds to a cyst or haematoma, while coloration and positive spectral curve discover that anechogenic lesions actually represents aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms or AVF. In local inflammatory lesion, abscess in an acute phase, CDS shows first increased, and then decreased central perfusion, while in a chronic phase, a pericapsular vascularisation is present. Contribution of CDS in differentiation of hepatic tumors (hemangioma, HCC and metastasis) is very significant. Central color dots along the peripheral blood vessels and the blush phenomenon are characteristics of capillary hemangioma, peritumoral vascular ring "basket" of HCC, and "detour" sign of metastasis. The central artery, RI from 0.45 to 0.60 and radial spreading characterize FNH. Hepatic adenoma is characterized by an intratumoral vein, and rarely by a vascular hallo. Further on, blood velocity in tumor defined by Color Doppler, distinguishes malignant from benign lesion, where 40 cm/s is a rough border value. Values of DPI (Doppler perfusion index) over 0.3 and tumor index over 1.0 characterize primary, and lower values characterize secondary liver malignancies. In differentiation of benign and malign tumors of kidneys, besides the aspect of vascularisation, the maximal frequency altitude in tumor artery (the limit around 2.5 kHz) is very important. However, peripheral and penetrating blood vessels are most usually seen in RCC, less often in AML and bigger oncocytomas. CDS with contrast agent is very useful in making differential diagnosis of the focal lesions with 95% specificity for some lesions.
Abdomen↗
Color Doppler assessment of blood flow in endometrial cancer.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the location and intensity of angiogenesis as well as selected flow parameters by transvaginal color Doppler (TVCD) and to evaluate the relation of myometrial invasion, histological grading, lymph nodes, and omental and adnexal metastasis on blood flow characteristics in endometrial cancer. METHODS: Transvaginal colour Doppler and pulsed Doppler ultrasound were performed on 90 women with endometrial cancer. The degree of invasion as well as adnexal, omental, and pelvic lymph node metastasis was evaluated. Location of the blood vessels (peripheral, central, mixed) and vascular density as well as selected Doppler blood flow indices: PSV, RI of neoplastic infiltration was assessed. RESULTS: The median age of the 90 women was 63.3 +/- 12.3 years (range 32 to 86 years); of these 92.2% were postmenopausal. Cancer concerned only the endometrium (E), with superficial (S) and deep infiltration (D) established in 14.4%, 45.6% and 40%, respectively. The histological maturity was as follows: G1 - 17.6%, G2 - 66.7%, G3 - 16.6% of cases. Adnexal, omental and lymph node metastasis was found in 12.2%, 3.3% and 16.6%, respectively. Abnormal low impedance and high velocity flow (mean RI 0.38 +/- 0.09, PSV 20.45 +/- 9.6 cm/sec) were found in 88.9% of cases. In types E, S, D in 61.5%, 92.7% and 94.4%, respectively (p = 0.003). Differences in RI and PSV between groups with high and low vascular density were statistically significant (p = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). In all cases peripheral and mixed vascularity were found more frequently (p < 0.05). A positive significant correlation between vascular density increase and surgicopathological stage of cancer was found more frequently (p < 0.005). There were significant differences in vascular density, Doppler blood flow indices and vascular location in each type of histological malignancy (p < 0.05). No significant differences in each flow parameter in hematogenous-adnexal/omental metastatic and non metastatic cases were found, whereas pelvic lymph node involvement and vascular density were shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.02). There were significant differences in vascular density in lymph-node positive cases whereas the remaining flow parameters did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that TVCD evaluation of endometrial cancer is a reliable method for assessing endometrial angiogenesis. Our results indicate that blood flow rates correspond with increased angiogenesis in endometrial cancers, and might potentially be used as a good prediction factor for tumor progression and metastasis in affected women. Preoperative ultrasound examination should be seen as an important tool in the establishment of individualized treatment programs for women with endometrial cancer.
Adult↗
Clinical application of vascular closure staple clips for blood access surgery.
We investigated the usefulness of nonpenetrating titanium vascular closure staple (VCS) clips developed for anastomosis of peripheral blood vessels. VCS clip applier systems (Autosuture; United States Surgical Corporation, Norwalk, CT) were used for 10 patients on hemodialysis who needed peripheral vascular anastomoses for blood access. Two arteriovenous (AV) fistulas, one closure of a fistula with reconstruction of the radial artery, six vascular graft implantations, and one vascular graft closure were performed. Medium clips were used for AV fistulas and large clips for vascular graft implantation. It took 12 min, on average, for vascular access graft anastomoses and 8.5 min, on average, for the AV fistulas. In two patients, bleeding from the anastomosed site occurred after declamping and additional sutures were required; however, neither hematoma nor wound infection occurred at 9 to 12 months after surgery. In one patient, stenosis of the graft-venous junction was found and was successfully treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The VCS clip applier is easy to manipulate, is as safe as hand-suture methods, and has time saving potential. We conclude that these VCS clips are useful for vascular anastomoses of blood access.
Anastomosis, Surgical↗