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PubMed2005

[Clinical and pathological staging of prostate cancer].

In Japan, UICC TNM staging system is widely accepted and used for clinical and pathological classification of prostate cancer. "General rule for clinical and pathological studies on prostate cancer" was also edited by Japanese urological association and the Japanese society of pathology. In this book, clinical staging system modified from Jewett staging system is demonstrated. Though both staging systems are widely used in clinical practice to select treatment and speculate prognosis after treatment, there still exists many limitations and unreasonable problems that must be solved in the future. In this paper, these staging systems with their specific problems and new grouping trials will be introduced.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Medications of elderly institutionalized incontinent females.

The purpose of the study was to explore drug use of elderly incontinent female nursing home residents, to identify potential drug--drug interactions, and to identify the number and categories of drugs taken having the potential to cause urinary incontinence. The medication administration records of 84 female residents were examined. The drugs were categorized by therapeutic classification as designated by the American Hospital Formulary Service. Potential drug--drug interactions were identified using The Hansten Drug Interaction Knowledge Base Program, a microcomputer version of Hansten's (1985) book Drug Interactions. Data were computer-coded and analysed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). A total of 454 drugs was taken by the 84 subjects, with an overall average of 5.40 drugs per person. The most frequently taken drugs were gastrointestinal drugs, central nervous system agents, electrolytic, caloric, and water balance drugs, and cardiovascular drugs. Fifty per cent (n = 42) of the subjects were identified as having 119 potential drug-drug interactions. Seventy per cent (n = 59) of the subjects were taking a drug having the potential to cause urinary incontinence. Suggestions for future research are presented.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The plant cover of Russia in the area of the Braun-Blanquet syntaxonomy: the development of an approach and the results].

Theoretical basis of ecologo-floristic classification according to Braun-Blanquet approach is discussed with the special attention to the contribution of Russian scientists. Principal results concern presentation of vegetation continuum in discrete classification units: polymodal conception of plant communities, principle of plural syntaxonomic decisions, pragmatic approach to classification, method of homological rows of plant communities, etc. Current ecologo-floristic classification of vegetation in Russia consists of 77 classes. This system is a good basement for estimation of rarity of plant communities and biodiversity protection. The first variant of "Red Book" of plant communities of Russia and other eastern European countries is discussed.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2001

[The characteristics of official and personal formulary in the Song dynasty].

The development of prescription books reached its peak in the Song dynasty. There were two kinds of the book: official and personal. The former was characterized by its abundant contents, authentication and rich set -- prescriptions, while the latter was characterized by paying attention to practices, conscience and careful classification in different special areas. The two types of formulary embody the sense of splendor stage in the Song dynasty from various viewpoints. So it is useful to the development of modern pharmacology of TCM by studying the two types of formularies.

China↗
PubMed2000

[A study on evolution of the term impotence and its classification and diagnosis].

Called "bu qi" (unable to erect) in the pre-Qin period, it was called "yin wei" (yin flabbiness) during Qin-Han to Jin-yuan dynasties, and called "yang wei" (yang flabbiness) since the Ming dynasty, though a few books called it Yin-flabbiness, but both Yang- and Yin- flabbiness didn't appear simultaneously in the same work. It was categorized under seven-injuries, kidney disorders, consumptive diseases, five non-masculine and sexual diseases before the Tang dynasty, and categorized under miscellaneous diseases since Jin dynasty. It was typed into bu ju (non erected), bu jian (non hardened) and bu jiu (non persistent). Some classified on the basis of etiology. It was pointed out that this disorder refers to inability to errect though the patient has a desire to erect, instead of unwilling to erect. The changes of the idea reflect the different levels of recognition in different historical periods.

China↗
PubMed2002

Noninvasive reduction of open-book pelvic fractures by circumferential compression.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy and optimal application parameters of circumferential compression to reduce external rotation-type pelvic fractures. DESIGN: Biomechanical investigation on human cadaveric specimens. SETTING: Biomechanics laboratory. INTERVENTION: Partially stable and unstable external rotation injuries of the pelvic ring (OTA classification 61-B1 and 61-C1) were created in seven human cadaveric specimens. A prototype pelvic strap was applied subsequently at three distinct transverse levels around the pelvis. Circumferential pelvic compression was induced by gradual tensioning of the strap to attempt complete reduction of the symphysis diastasis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Pelvic reduction was evaluated with respect to strap tension and the strap application site. The effect of circumferential compression on intraperitoneal pressure and skin-strap interface pressure was measured. RESULTS: A successive increase in circumferential compression consistently induced a gradual decrease in symphysis diastasis. An optimal strap application site was determined, at which circumferential compression most effectively yielded pelvic reduction. The minimum strap tension required to achieve complete reduction of symphysis diastasis was determined to be 177 +/- 44 Newtons and 180 +/- 50 Newtons in the partially stable and unstable pelvis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Application of circumferential compression to the pelvic soft tissue envelope with a pelvic strap was an efficient means to achieve controlled reduction of external rotation-type pelvic fractures. This study derived application parameters with direct clinical implication for noninvasive emergent management of traumatic pelvic ring disruptions.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

The challenge of managing patients with polyarteritis nodosa.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this short review we focus on the problems faced by clinicians caused by the changing definitions of polyarteritis nodosa. RECENT FINDINGS: The term polyarteritis nodosa has been used for more than 100 years as a diagnostic term for patients with systemic vasculitis; however, specific vasculitides have been singled out like branches being chopped off a tree. Now, so little is left of the trunk of that tree that it is questionable to what extent we can trust older literature with respect to clinical features, natural history and response to treatment. Many authors of case reports, as well as authors of reviews and book chapters, claim they adhere to the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference definition of polyarteritis nodosa, yet still cite almost exclusively studies using older definitions without highlighting this dilemma. In the past year, two proposals affecting classification have been published: one stating that cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis-associated polyarteritis nodosa are diseases distinct from classical polyarteritis nodosa, and one providing an algorithm to separate microscopic polyangiitis from classical polyarteritis nodosa. SUMMARY: There is hope that a wide acceptance of the new classification principles will lead to a more uniform way to diagnose classical polyarteritis nodosa, which will facilitate clinical studies and eventually improve management.

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic↗
PubMed1995

[Galen's oncology].

"Claudius Galenus" is the Author of "De tumoribus praeter naturam". The book was studied on the original Greek text with Latin version edited by K.G. Kühn ("Opera omnia Claudii Galeni": VII, 705-732). This Galen's clinical and pathological oncology was examined as far as categorization, classification, morphology, etiology, pathogenesis, morphogenesis, topography, behaviour (with related therapeutic and prognostic implications) and terminology are concerned. Problems, aspects and concepts, more or less clarified by Galen, were extensively discussed with special reference to the Galen's scientific knowledge and compared with the modern oncology.

History, Ancient↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of food on the relative bioavailability of rapidly dissolving immediate-release solid oral products containing highly soluble drugs.

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that rapidly dissolving immediate-release (IR) solid oral products containing a highly soluble and highly permeable drug [biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class I] are bioequivalent under fed conditions. Metoprolol and propranolol (BCS class I) as well as hydrochlorothiazide (BCS class III) were selected as model drugs. The relative bioavailability of two FDA approved (Orange Book AB rating) solid oral dosage forms of metoprolol and propranolol/hydrochlorothiazide (combination tablets) was evaluated in human volunteers under fed conditions using a two-way crossover design. Equal numbers of male and female volunteers were recruited, and racial and/or ethnic minorities were not excluded. The plasma concentrations of metoprolol, propranolol, and hydrochlorothiazide were determined using validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Eighteen subjects completed the metoprolol study while 17 subjects completed the propranolol/hydrochlorothiazide combination tablet study. In the metoprolol study, the 90% confidence intervals of Cmax and AUC(inf) were 98-118% and 92-115%, respectively. For propranolol, the 90% confidence intervals of Cmax and AUC(inf) were 91-121% and 89-117%, and for hydrochlorothiazide, the 90% confidence intervals for Cmax and AUC(inf) were 96-107% and 97-106%, respectively. These study results appear to support the hypothesis that rapidly dissolving IR solid oral products containing a BCS class I drug are likely to be bioequivalent under fed conditions. In addition, BCS class III drugs may have the potential to be bioequivalent under fed conditions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An overview about biopharmaceutics in Europe.

In Europe, the concept of biopharmaceutics was first introduced at the end of the 70s by various highly informed young Europeans who took into full account the publications and studies carried out by the first generation of explorers in this area in the United States such as John Wagner, Gerhard Levy, and W.A. Ritschel, amongst others. Their primary aim was to develop bioavailability studies for the registration of generics or new dosage forms. They then worked on setting up a new system for drug dissolution in vitro, including in vitro and in vivo correlations to better define the formulations. All this research led to the publication of numerous reports on different congresses, the most important of these being the European Congress of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, which is held once every two years in a European country and includes a large number of participants with an attendance ranging from 300 to 500 persons. During this same period, books were published in French and other European languages such as English, German and Spanish, with the result that updated information was efficiently circulated throughout all European countries. In the near future, the introduction of the biopharmaceutical classification as well as new in vitro models will certainly make a positive contribution to the further development of research in this area.

Biological Availability↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The obstetric performance of United Kingdom asylum seekers from Somalia: a case-control study and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Little published research exists regarding obstetric performance of immigrant women in the United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to evaluate the obstetric performance and fetal outcomes of Somalian women who received prenatal care and requested to deliver at a teaching hospital in North London. METHOD: This is a case-control study in which consecutive Somalian women were identified as index cases and the subsequent British-born Caucasian women listed in the delivery book served as controls. RESULTS: 69 index and 69 control cases were analyzed. Fifty-five percent of the Somalian women spoke little or no English. Half (50%) had undergone circumcision, the majority being type I WHO classification of female genital circumcision, which did not require significant surgical intervention prior to labor; 13% had cesarean sections, 13% instrumental vaginal deliveries, and 74% had vaginal deliveries. The Somalian women had higher parity (2.35 vs. 1.18) and were more likely to be grand multiparous (9/69 vs. 1/69) compared to controls. Epidural use was less frequent in Somalian women, but otherwise there were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to maternal age, rates of induction of labor, cesarean sections, duration of labor, premature deliveries, instrumental deliveries, and birth weights. CONCLUSIONS: The demographic characteristics of the Somalian female population appear to exert minimal effect on obstetric and fetal outcomes. This may be due to the increased vigilance exercised by health professionals as well as to the fact that recent arrivals are from more urban and westernized areas in Somalia.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Outcomes of patients with pelvic-ring fractures managed by open reduction internal fixation.

The purpose of this multiple-subject case report is to describe the physical impairments, disabilities, and handicaps of patients with multiple traumas and pelvic-ring fractures after management with open reduction internal fixation. Nineteen men and 12 women, with a mean age of 38+/-16 years (chi+/-SD), were interviewed and examined at least 1 year (chi+/-14.5 months) after sustaining multiple traumas, including an unstable pelvic-ring fracture that was repaired by open reduction internal fixation. Disabilities and handicaps were assessed using the Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Assessments of physical performance consisted of lift capacity, the amount of forward bending, and gait. A descriptive analysis by age and pelvic fracture classification is reported. The < or = 50-year-old group had the best physical testing scores, except for the lifting test. The > 50-year-old group had the lowest scores. Subjects with B1-class "open-book" pelvic fractures had a tendency to score higher in individual SIP categories. The average SIP scores of 9.34+/-7.47 for the total SIP score, 7.79+/-6.93 for the physical dimension, and 8.24+/-9.61 for the psychosocial dimension represent mild disability. The mean Oswestry score of 13.26%+/-15.41% also represents mild disability. Some subjects demonstrated impairments, disabilities, and handicaps 1 year postoperatively, but for the most part the subjects recovered almost all lost function. The data and clinical management information can be used as a basis of comparison for treatment and research with these types of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Maude Abbott: a biography.

Maude Abbott was a pediatrician and cardiologist who spent her life working as a pathologist at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec and published over 100 articles. Her magnum opus was The Atlas of Congenital Heart Disease, which listed a classification of cardiac disease based on 1000 pathological cases. Her work as a pathologist and her correlation of pathological samples with physical symptoms provided a foundation of the classification of heart disease and the medical-surgical interventions. She also predicted causation and prevention. She introduced the use of pathological specimens to medical teaching. In addition to her papers on pathology, Abbott also published articles and books on the history of medicine. In January 2000, Canada Post produced a stamp as a tribute to her work.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

[Surgery in De Medicina of Celsus].

Rediscovered during the Renaissance, Celsus' work (1st Century AD) is the first latin encyclopaedia. We only have his medical works, and we are indebted to him for his classification of diseases according to treatment: by diet, by drugs and manually, that is by surgery. Although surgery was described in Hippocrate's works, Celsus gave the first latin presentation, outlining, general and localised operations, in the VIIth book of De Medicina. The VIIIth book is devoted to orthopaedic operations which are sometimes quite different from Hippocrate's descriptions. For the first time, he describes many surgical instruments, most of which have been found by archaeologists. Finally, ethical considerations widen the epistemological field of surgery and separate it as autonomous specialty.

Encyclopedias as Topic↗
PubMed1986

The history of pediatric surgery in France.

In 1741, Nicolas Andry, counsellor of King Louis XV, published a book about "orthopedics," inventing this word. The book is interesting as the author refers to beliefs and habits of the time. In 1864, Guersant published Notes About Pediatric Surgery, a real textbook which was translated into English and German and dealt with the importance of children's psychological training, anesthesia, and water or mother's milk after the operation, and also described tracheotomy, draining of cervical adenitis, and lithotrity. The classification of bone affections was still very confused. Tuberculosis and syphilis have an important place; hypospadias is not treated by surgery. In 1905, Froehlich published Pediatric Surgery Studies dealing exclusively with visceral surgery and demonstrating progress compared to Guersant's study. In 1906, Kirmisson published Pediatric Surgical Textbook, containing the first discussion of radiology and the description of the pathology of the omphalomesenteric duct and of other congenital malformations. Osteomyelitis was given its proper name, and cervical fistulas were explained. In 1914, A. Broca achieved further progress describing treatments of megacolon, intussusception, and the operation of Fredet Ramstedt. The book by Ombredanne, already out of date at the time of its publication, showed that he was not aware of the wartime, progress achieved by Ladd and Gross in the USA. French publications have diminished since then, and French pediatric surgery is still trying to find a precise identity.

France↗
PubMed2006

[Western psychiatric literature in Eastern Europe: the publication programme of the Global Initiative on Psychiatry].

Global Initiative on Psychiatry (GIP) foundation was set up in 1980 as a reaction to the misuse of psychiatry for political purposes. After the revolutions in Eastern Europe, GIP devoted itself to the reform of the mental healthcare in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Here, GIP makes a special effort to eliminate the arrears in comparison with world psychiatry. More than 30,000 books and journals have been collected internationally and delivered to Eastern Europe from the Netherlands in convoys with relief supplies. These gifts still represent the heart of the extensive library of the Ukrainian Psychiatric Society. Via a translation and publication programme in Russian and later also in other languages (Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Albanian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Georgian and Azerbaijani), handbooks such as the International Classification of Diseases of the WHO (ICD-10) and other standard works have been published. In addition, since 1998 a unique journal has been published: the Review of Contemporary Psychiatry, a journal for psychiatrists and other professionals in which a selection of the most interesting articles in the Western psychiatric literature is offered in Russian translation, without advertising from the pharmaceutical industry.

Books↗
PubMed1987

Occupational risks for meningiomas of the CNS in Sweden.

Using the Cancer-Environment Registry of Sweden, which links cancer incidence (1961 to 1979) with census information (1960) for all employed individuals in Sweden, a systematic, population-based assessment was made of the occurrence of meningiomas of the CNS according to industrial and occupational classifications. Statistically significant standardized incidence ratios (SIR) between 5 and 6 for meningioma were observed among glass, porcelain, or ceramic workers of both sexes. SIRs of similar magnitude were also found for men employed in the headwear fabrication and book publishing industries. Significantly elevated two- to three-fold risks were observed for men employed in health care, railroad and trolley construction, sheet and plate metal fabrication, and as moving equipment operators. Some of the findings of this descriptive survey may have arisen as a result of multiple comparisons, but several are consistent with earlier observations for brain cancer from other countries and deserve further study.

Central Nervous System Diseases↗