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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Assessment of self-control behavior: validity analyses on a Japanese version of the self-control schedule.

To investigate the validity of a Japanese translation of Rosenbaum's Self-Control Schedule (SCS), 338 Japanese undergraduates were administered the scale. Construct validity of the SCS subscales, Constructive Self-Control and Ineffective Self-Control, in this study was achieved by correlations with coping responses. In addition, multiple regression analyses showed that Constructive Self-Control contributed to a negative prediction of future depression and psychosomatic symptoms, and Ineffective Self-Control predicted future depression and psychosomatic symptoms. These findings indicated that the Japanese version of the SCS employed in this study appeared to be a valid and promising measure of self-control.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Uncertainty-based competition between prefrontal and dorsolateral striatal systems for behavioral control.

A broad range of neural and behavioral data suggests that the brain contains multiple systems for behavioral choice, including one associated with prefrontal cortex and another with dorsolateral striatum. However, such a surfeit of control raises an additional choice problem: how to arbitrate between the systems when they disagree. Here, we consider dual-action choice systems from a normative perspective, using the computational theory of reinforcement learning. We identify a key trade-off pitting computational simplicity against the flexible and statistically efficient use of experience. The trade-off is realized in a competition between the dorsolateral striatal and prefrontal systems. We suggest a Bayesian principle of arbitration between them according to uncertainty, so each controller is deployed when it should be most accurate. This provides a unifying account of a wealth of experimental evidence about the factors favoring dominance by either system.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of clonidine and some alpha-adrenergic antagonists alone and in combination on schedule-controlled behavior in pigeons and mice.

Schedule-controlled responding was maintained under multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedules in pigeons and single fixed-ratio schedules in mice. In pigeons, clonidine, an alpha 2-receptor agonist, produced dose-related decreases in responding under both fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules; fixed-interval responding was decreased at a lower dose than fixed-ratio responding. Low to intermediate doses of yohimbine, and alpha 2-receptor antagonist, increased responding under the fixed-interval schedule without appreciably affecting responding under the fixed-ratio schedule; higher doses decreased responding under both schedules. In mice, both clonidine and yohimbine produced dose-related decreases in responding under fixed-ratio schedules. Decreases in response rates produced by clonidine were antagonized by low to intermediate doses of yohimbine. Decreases in response rates under fixed-ratio schedules produced by yohimbine were antagonized only slightly, if at all, by clonidine. Under the fixed-interval schedule, clonidine potentiated the response-rate increasing effects of intermediate doses of yohimbine and slightly antagonized the rate-decreasing effects. Although some effects of clonidine were antagonized by yohimbine, at no dose combination did performances completely resemble control performances. Prazosin, an alpha 1-receptor antagonist, was ineffective both when administered alone and as an antagonist of the effects of clonidine. The behavioral effects of clonidine appeared to be mediated by alpha 2 rather than alpha 1 receptors. Additionally, yohimbine appears to have significant behavioral effects other than alpha 2-antagonist actions.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1979

Behavioral influences on tolerance to the effects of morphine on schedule-controlled behavior.

Responding of pigeons was maintained under a multiple fixed interval, fixed ratio schedule of food delivery, and 10 mg/kg morphine was administered daily. Responding during both schedule components was initially decreased and measurable tolerance developed to this effect after four daily injections. However, the rate of tolerance development differed depending on whether or not presence of the drug coincided with performance during experimental sessions. Tolerance developed more rapidly when morphine was given before daily experimental sessions than when morphine was given daily but animals did not perform daily in experimental sessions. Tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of morphine depended on relations between presence of the drug and exposure to experimental sessions.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Community intervention. Creating opportunities and support for cancer control behaviors.

Much of the potential for reducing cancer mortality is dependent on the adoption of new behavioral patterns. Such changes demand application of the behavioral-social sciences. A shift from univariate reductionist models of causation toward multivariate systems models is needed. Decisions (and behavior) are the focus of much of the behavioral-social sciences. Determinants of decisions are delimited by controlling systems. Health care is only one of many possible influences on controlling systems, and its influence is only marginal for the behavior of the general public. Thus, community interventions that address multiple determinants within controlling systems are needed to influence most behaviors. Belief saliency hierarchies appear to psychologically mediate controlling systems. Changes in these saliency hierarchies lead to changes in behaviors. Person-valued beliefs, social-valued beliefs, and feasibility beliefs serve as the informational basis for the hierarchies. Needs activation is a primary means by which hierarchies shift. Changing environmental cues and signals also impart such shifts. Experience, persuasive communication, and value extracted from the environment also change hierarchies. Needs activation, community presence, persuasive communication, facilitation, inhibition, and experience-based interventions are discussed for tobacco use control, dietary change, and breast and cervical cancer screening behavior. Emphasis is given to how the health care system can become a part of the controlling system that influences community behavior. Issues concerning successful implementation of community education programs are raised.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1975

Contrasting effects of morphine on schedule-controlled behavior in the chimpanzee and baboon.

Schedule-controlled key pressing was maintained in two chimpanzees and three baboons under a multiple 10-minute fixed-interval (FI 10-min) 30-response fixed-ratio (FR 30) schedule of food delivery. Characteristic rates and patterns of responding were maintained under the FI and FR schedules, and the performance of the two species differed in no systematic way. The acute i.m. administration of morphine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) prior to selected 2-hour sessions increased mean rates of responding under the FI schedule in the chimpanzee, but decreased responding in the baboon. At a dose of 3.0 mg/kg of morphine, responding under the FI schedule in the chimpanzee increased 4-fold and responding in the baboon decreased to less than 25% of control levels. Mean response rates under the FR schedule were also increased by morphine in the chimpanzee, but responding under the FR schedule was little affected in the baboon except at the higher doses which decreased response rates below control levels. Respiratory rate in the chimpanzee was markedly depressed at 5.6 mg/kg of morphine and one chimpanzee died. A similar depression of respiration was not observed in the increase responding in a nonhuman primate, the chimpanzee, and that the behavioral effects of morphine in the chimpanzee are qualitatively different from the effects in monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Interactions of clonidine and naloxone on schedule-controlled behavior in opioid-naive mice.

Schedule-controlled responding was maintained under a fixed-ratio schedule in mice. Administered alone, clonidine, morphine and naloxone produced dose-related decreases in rates of responding, with clonidine about 100 times more potent than morphine which was about ten times more potent than naloxone. Decreases in response rates produced by high doses of naloxone were antagonized by clonidine (0.003-0.1 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner; however, decreases in response rates produced by clonidine (0.3 mg/kg) were not antagonized by naloxone (1.0-100 mg/kg). Effects of high doses of naloxone (100 mg/kg) were not antagonized by morphine (1.0-100 mg/kg) whereas effects of morphine (17.0 mg/kg) were antagonized by naloxone (0.01-1.0 mg/kg). Thus, clonidine can reverse behavior-disrupting effects of naloxone in non-dependent subjects, indicating that at least some of the interactions of these two drugs are not specific to the opioid-dependent state.

Animals↗