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PubMed1995

School breakfast improves verbal fluency in undernourished Jamaican children.

School feeding programs exist in many countries, but few have been properly evaluated. In this study, the short-term effects of breakfast on children's cognitive functions were examined. The subjects were 97 undernourished (weight-for-age < or = -1 SD of reference) and 100 adequately nourished (weight-for-age > -1 SD) children in four primary schools in rural Jamaica. The children were randomly assigned to a group provided with breakfast or a group given a quarter of an orange as a placebo, and then given a battery of four cognitive function tests. After a few weeks the treatments were reversed and the tests repeated. Undernourished children's performance improved significantly on a test of verbal fluency when they received breakfast, whereas that of the adequately nourished children did not change (breakfast x group interaction, P < 0.05). There were no other effects of breakfast on test scores. The findings extend those of a previous Jamaican study conducted under more controlled conditions, and support the targeting of school meals to undernourished children.

Child↗

PubMed2004

A national evaluation of school breakfast clubs: evidence from a cluster randomized controlled trial and an observational analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To measure the health, educational and social impacts of breakfast club provision in schools serving deprived areas across England. DESIGN: A cluster randomized controlled trial and an observational analysis. SETTING: England, the UK. INTERVENTION: funding to establish a school-based breakfast club vs. control (no funding). MAIN RESULTS: Intention to treat analysis showed improved concentration (Trail Making Test Part A) amongst the intervention group at 3 months. Fewer pupils within the intervention group reported having skipped classes within the last month and fewer pupils within the intervention group reported having skipped 1 or more days of school within the last month at 1 year. Observational analysis at 1 year showed a higher proportion of primary-aged breakfast club attendees reported eating fruit for breakfast in comparison to non-attendees. A higher proportion of breakfast club attendees had borderline or abnormal conduct and total difficulties scores (primary-aged pupils) and prosocial score (secondary-aged pupils). CONCLUSIONS: Analyses revealed a mixed picture of benefit and apparent disbenefit. This study illustrated the challenges of evaluating a complex intervention in which the evaluators had less control than is usual in randomized trials over recruitment, eligibility checking and implementation. If the impact of new policy initiatives is to be assessed using the most robust forms of evaluation, social policy needs to be organized so that evaluations can be constructed as experiments. This is likely to prove most difficult where the perceived value of implementing an intervention rapidly is high.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2005

The effect of the glycemic index of an evening meal on the metabolic responses to a standard high glycemic index breakfast and subsequent exercise in men.

The present study investigated the effect of the glycemic index of an evening meal on responses to a standard high glycemic index (HGI) breakfast the following morning. The metabolic responses to exercise 3 h after breakfast were also investigated. Seven active males completed 2 trials. In each trial, participants were provided with an evening meal on day 1, which was composed of either HGI or LGI (high or low glycemic index) carbohydrates. On day 2, participants were provided with a standard HGI breakfast and then performed a 60 min run at 65% VO(2max) 3 h later. Plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations following breakfast were higher in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial (P < 0.05). During exercise, there were no differences in substrate utilization. The results suggest that consuming a single LGI evening meal can improve glucose tolerance at breakfast but the metabolic responses to subsequent exercise were not affected.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Diet, breakfast, and academic performance in children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether nutrient intake and academic and psychosocial functioning improve after the start of a universal-free school breakfast program (USBP). METHODS: Information was gathered from 97 inner city students prior to the start of a USBP and again after the program had been in place for 6 months. Students who had total energy intakes of <50% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) and/or 2 or more micronutrients of <50% of RDA were considered to be at nutritional risk. RESULTS: Prior to the USBP, 33% of all study children were classified as being at nutritional risk. Children who were at nutritional risk had significantly poorer attendance, punctuality, and grades at school, more behavior problems, and were less likely to eat breakfast at school than children who were not at nutritional risk. Six months after the start of the free school breakfast programs, students who decreased their nutritional risk showed significantly greater: improvements in attendance and school breakfast participation, decreases in hunger, and improvements in math grades and behavior than children who did not decrease their nutritional risk. CONCLUSION: Participation in a school breakfast program enhanced daily nutrient intake and improvements in nutrient intake were associated with significant improvements in student academic performance and psychosocial functioning and decreases in hunger.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed1989

Plasma glucose and insulin, urinary catecholamine and cortisol responses to test breakfasts with high or low fibre content: the importance of the previous diet.

A 60-hour high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet or a 36-hour low-carbohydrate (low-CHO) diet was followed by 24 healthy women in a cross-over design to modify liver glycogen content. Thereafter each subject was given a high-sucrose breakfast, a high-protein, high-fibre breakfast or no breakfast. The two different breakfasts evoked larger plasma glucose responses following the low-CHO diet than when following the high-CHO diet. When the two breakfasts followed the same pre-period diet, no significant differences were observed. We conclude that the composition of the previous diet influences the postprandial response to meals and that a standardised diet shortly before test meal studies is of importance for the results in this type of studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Breakfast food patterns among urban and rural Croatian schoolchildren.

The aim of this study was to report breakfast food patterns among the rural and urban Croatian schoolchildren in the post-war socioeconomic changes. A quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used. Subjects were 7-18 year old schoolchildren (815 from urban and 375 from rural areas). The average energy intake was 27.5 and 23.0% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) in the urban and rural area respectively. Urban subjects tend to choose healthier options when older, while the rural subjects displayed the opposite (significantly correlated age with energy intake (% RDA) and dietary fibre intake (% of 'age + 5' rule). The same applied to age versus iron intake (urban positive, rural negative correlation). Breakfasts providing 20-30% RDA for energy and more than 300 mg of calcium were consumed by 20.7 and 32.4% of the urban and rural subjects respectively. Cereal products and milk and dairy products were the major breakfast constituents everywhere. Meat and its products, and eggs seem to be uncommon breakfast foods. The urban subjects had a more adequate energy intake at breakfast, but better food choices were observed among rural subjects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Nutrient intakes in relation to style of breakfast and taste preferences.

Style of breakfast (western- or Japanese-style) and taste preferences were associated with various diseases in some epidemiological studies in Japan. To evaluate what are measured by asking these dietary behaviors, we administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) and asked style of breakfast and taste preferences to a subsample of residents in Takayama City, Gifu, Japan. Style of breakfast and total diet were studied in a random sample of 346 residents. There were no statistically significant differences in the nutrient intakes estimated from SFFQ between those with western- and Japanese-style of breakfast except for crude fiber. Taste preferences were asked to 555 men and 1,130 women who attended a health check-up program in the community. Salt intakes were slightly higher (< 3%) in those who had a favor for salty food than the others in both sexes. Fat or carbohydrate intake was similar between those stratified by preference for greasy or sweet foods. The data suggest that western-style of breakfast is not associated with western diet, in general, i.e., high-calorie and high-fat diet. Intakes of salt, fat, or carbohydrate appear to be unrelated to preferences for salty, greasy or sweet foods, respectively.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Breakfast consumption and intelligence in elderly persons.

The relationship between breakfast cereal consumption and intelligence was examined in a sample of 205 adults aged between 60 and 79 years. Those who consumed breakfast cereal every day had a higher mean score (38.4) on the National Adult Reading Test, known to correlate highly with intelligence, than that (M = 34.7) for the irregular breakfast eaters (WAIS predicted IQs for breakfast cereal everyday 118 and for irregular breakfast eaters 115).

Aged↗

PubMed1993

The last resort? Bed and breakfast accommodation for mentally ill people in a seaside town.

There have been few studies about the seaside hotel accommodation provided for mentally ill people in the United Kingdom, despite its extensive use. This paper reports the findings of a survey in Southend, which compared living conditions and residents in bed and breakfast accommodation with those in sheltered accommodation for mentally ill adults. The results show that the mentally ill residents of bed and breakfast accommodation were living in less attractive and less well maintained surroundings. They were not only more likely to have been recently discharged from a psychiatric unit, but also had less contact with the range of community mental health services. Residents in bed and breakfast accommodation were, however, closer to local amenities, such as day centres and parks, than the control group. Staff practices were less restrictive in bed and breakfast accommodation than in the majority of sheltered homes; homes employing psychiatric nurses allowed residents the most freedom. These findings support the need for more accommodation of an acceptable standard for those people discharged from psychiatric units. Local liaison schemes between health workers responsible for the continuing care of mentally ill people and the landlords of bed and breakfast accommodation could improve the quality of life for these residents.

England↗

PubMed2002

[Breakfast practice of students in four cities in China].

In order to investigate the breakfast practice of Chinese students in four cities, and to provide scientific basis for developing School Breakfast Program, self-administrated questionnaire is administrated among 7,617 elementary and junior students in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Jinan and Haerbin. The results showed that 18.9% junior students and 16.6% elementary students did not have breakfast everyday and, the nutrition of their breakfasts is inadequate. It is suggested that further recognition should be given to the improvement of the breakfast of the students.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[The frequency of consuming first and second breakfasts among children in rural areas].

The investigation included 1,154 schoolchildren at the age of 7-15 who come from rural areas. With the aid of an interview information was obtained concerning the consumption of first breakfast, beverage and second breakfast on the day before the investigation. Almost one fifth of the interviewed children did not eat first breakfast on the day of the investigation. There was a greater percentage of schoolchildren who did not drink any beverage during their stay at school, and children who did not eat regularly the meals under investigation. The interviewed girls used to consume meals more regularly than boys. Girls ate their second breakfast more often, however, they had beverages more rarely during their stay at school. Dependence was found between the level of the education of mother and the frequency of the consumption of second breakfast and beverages at school as well as the regularity of the consumption of meals among the interviewed schoolchildren. A more regular consumption was associated with better grades achieved by the investigated schoolchildren.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Nutritional surveillance in Tuscany: eating habits at breakfast, mid-morning and afternoon snacks among 8-9 y-old children.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is rapidly increasing in many countries. For that it has been interesting to investigate the eating habits of 8-9 y-old Tuscany children by paying attention to their meals frequency per day and their food choices in total and in relation to children's Body Mass Index (BMI) classes. In addition we considered some environment factors that could affect the children eating behaviours, such as mother's BMI and their education level. METHODS: A statistical sample of 3076 (1583 males, 1493 females), 8-9 year-old school-children was collected; weight and height were measured using standardized personnel and instruments. BMI classes were calculated using Cole et al.'s cutoff for children and adolescents. In order to evaluate the consumption frequency of individual meals and various foods, a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used, which was completed by the children themselves at school. A self-administered questionnaire revealed the weight and height of parents and their educational levels. Three educational levels were established: high, medium and low. RESULTS: The results showed that 92.3% of children ate breakfast from 4-7 times a week, the vast majority at home, while only 3% declared consuming breakfast never or almost never The most preferred breakfast consisted of milk and biscuits for all children's BMI classes. 95.9% of children reported having midmorning snack at school; fruit juice and tea are the most frequently consumed liquid foods, and pizza, salami sandwiches and pre-packaged snacks are the most frequently consumed solid foods in all BMI classes. 93.6% ate afternoon snack for the most part at home, even if 12% of children reported consuming it elsewhere; fruit juice and tea with pizza, sandwiches and pre-packaged snacks are still the most highly consumed foods by all children's BMI classes. The consumption frequency of breakfast (P < 0.001), mid-morning (P < 0.05) and afternoon snack (P < 0.05) of 8-9 y-old Tuscany children decrease with increase the children's BMI classes. The same tendency may be noted for the consumption frequency of breakfast in relation to mother's BMI (P < 0.05) and their education level (P < 0.05). This data strengthens the thesis that some home environments can affect the children's eating behaviours. CONCLUSION: No substantial differences in food choices at the meals analyzed were determined among normal weight, overweight and obese children. Children of normal weight had a greater tendency to consume meals more regularly. Mother's BMI and their education level can have influence on children's eating behaviours.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed1983

[Breakfast tolerance test: application to the detection of gestational diabetes].

There is general agreement that diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy is requisite but the means of achieving it are still under discussion. The plasma glucose, insulin and C peptide responses to an oral glucose tolerance test were compared with the intravenous glucose tolerance test and a standardized breakfast tolerance test in 26 pregnant women, in order to define a simple diagnostic criterion for gestational glucose intolerance. The results of the oral glucose tolerance test distinguished between a group of 19 normal women and a group of 7 diabetic women with abnormal glucose tolerance tests. The breakfast tolerance test used (84 g carbohydrates, 22,6 g protein, 9,4 g fat, 690 calories) was followed by blood glucose modifications very similar to those observed with the oral glucose tolerance test, but the insulin response was significantly greater. The consistency between the breakfast tolerance and intravenous glucose tolerance tests was confirmed by the existence of correlations between the glucose area of the breakfast tolerance test and the coefficient K in the two groups studied. Our results suggest that the breakfast tolerance test could be as sensitive as the oral glucose tolerance test for detecting glucose intolerance; the most discriminative glycemic value appeared to be that at the 180 th minute, usually under 1 g/l in the normal pregnant women. This test could be proposed as an easy and economic method for diagnosing gestational diabetes. These preliminary results require confirmation by a study in a larger population.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prolonged, but not diminished, zidovudine absorption induced by a high-fat breakfast.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a high-fat breakfast on single-dose, zidovudine (ZDV) pharmacokinetics. DESIGN: Open-label, randomized, crossover study. PATIENTS: Eighteen asymptomatic subjects (12 men, 6 women) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (mean CD4 cell counts of 512 +/- 178/mm3). INTERVENTIONS: Subjects received single 100-mg oral doses of ZDV as follows: after an 8-hour fast (treatment A), with a high-fat breakfast (treatment B), and 3 hours after a high-fat breakfast (treatment C). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The high-fat breakfast significantly reduced the mean (coefficient of variation) maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) from 806 (55%) ng/ml with treatment A to 341 (47%) and 424 (42%) ng/ml with treatments B and C, respectively. The time to Cmax was significantly prolonged from 0.68 (30%) hours with treatment A to 1.7 (54%) and 1.3 (42%) hours with treatments B and C, respectively. Area under the plasma ZDV concentration-time curve (AUC) was not statistically different across the study treatments. Men had significantly lower (35%) renal clearances of both ZDV and its glucuronide metabolite than women. CONCLUSIONS: When ZDV was given either with or 3 hours after a high-fat breakfast, its absorption was prolonged and Cmax was reduced relative to fasting. However, systemic exposure, as indicated by AUC, was unchanged.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

Bioavailability of modified-release methylphenidate: influence of high-fat breakfast when administered intact and when capsule content sprinkled on applesauce.

Ritalin, an immediate release form of racemic methylphenidate hydrochloride, has been available in the USA since 1955 and is used for the treatment of ADHD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of modified-release methylphenidate (highest single dose), Ritalin LA, when administered under fasting condition, with a high-fat breakfast, and when sprinkled on applesauce in healthy adult subjects. Blood samples were drawn for 24 h following a 40 mg oral administration. Most subjects appeared to produce a bimodal methylphenidate plasma concentration profile. In all three treatment groups, methylphenidate was rapidly absorbed with an initial average t(max(0-4)) of 1.3-2.4 h and an average peak plasma concentration [C(max(abs))] of 14.4-15.2 ng/ml. On average, both the rate [C(max(abs)) and t(max(abs))] and the extent of absorption (AUC(0- infinity)) of methylphenidate were similar when the capsule was given with a high fat breakfast and when the capsule contents were sprinkled onto applesauce, compared with the fasting state. No dose dumping was observed when the capsule was given with a high fat breakfast or when sprinkled onto applesauce. The dose was safe and generally well tolerated. Coadministration of a single oral dose of 40 mg methylphenidate capsule whether administered intact with a high-fat breakfast or sprinkled on applesauce did not affect the overall rate or extent of absorption of methylphenidate compared with the fasted condition.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1985

Sucrose or honey at breakfast have no additional acute hyperglycaemic effect over an isoglucidic amount of bread in type 2 diabetic patients.

Exclusion of simple sugars from the diabetic diet is not always followed by patients and may not even be as crucial as was hitherto thought. We tested three types of mixed breakfasts (400 kcal, 50 g HCO) including an isoglucidic amount either of white bread (30 g), honey (20 g) or sucrose (15 g), at the critical morning period i.e. for breakfast, in a group of 21 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (6 well- and 15 badly controlled). Mean plasma glucose and insulin levels were comparable on the three occasions: respectively with bread, sucrose and honey, peak glucose values were 18 mmol/l, 17.7 mmol/l and 17.5 mmol/l in the uncontrolled group versus 13.9 mmol/l, 12.8 mmol/l and 12.7 mmol/l in the well-controlled group. Peak insulin values were 33.6 mU/1,34.0 mU/l and 36.3 mU/l (p greater than 0.05) in uncontrolled patients against 57.5 mU/l, 54.8 mU/l and 52.5 mU/l in well-controlled subjects (p greater than 0.05). The mean increment in peak plasma glucose values for the three breakfasts was as follows: 6.9 mmol/l, 6.3 mmol/l and 6.2 mmol/l for the uncontrolled group against 7.2 mmol/l, 5.9 mmol/l and 6.2 mmol/l in well-controlled subjects; the mean increment in peak plasma insulin levels was 21.8 mU/l,22.0 mU/l and 24.2 mU/l in the controlled group versus 38.2 mU/l, 32.0 mU/l and 34.7 mU/l in the well-controlled subjects, all values being non-significantly different (p greater than 0.05). We conclude that, in acute conditions, simple sugars have no additional hyperglycaemic effect over an isoglucidic amount of bread in well-and in badly controlled Type 2 diabetic patients, even at breakfast.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Improved effect of glibenclamide on administration before breakfast.

In an attempt to assess whether intake of glibenclamide before meals would improve its therapeutic capacity, the present investigation compared the effect of glibenclamide 2.5 mg t.i.d. given before and together with meals. In addition, these effects were compared with that of glibenclamide given as a single morning dose of 7.5 mg. The subjects studied were six Type 2 diabetics not previously exposed to sulphonylurea drugs. Irrespective of dosage and mode of administration, addition of glibenclamide to a standardized breakfast, lunch and dinner enhanced plasma IRI concentrations and reduced blood glucose concentrations as compared to administration of meals without the drug. The different modes of glibenclamide administration did not differ significantly with respect to IRI responses. However the blood glucose reduction after breakfast was significantly greater when glibenclamide 2.5 mg had been given before the meal than when 2.5 or 7.5 mg were given with the meal; a similar, but non-significant tendency was observed after lung; no consistent difference was seen after dinner. Food intake did not affect glibenclamide kinetics. It appears that administration of glibenclamide 2.5 mg before breakfast improved glucose utilization following the breakfast load, due to earlier attainment of an effective concentration of glibenclamide.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Study of wheat breakfast rolls fortified with folic acid. The effect on folate status in women during a 3-month intervention.

BACKGROUND: Folate has come into focus due to its protective role against child birth defects such as neural tube defects (NTD). Swedish authorities recommend all fertile women to increase their folate intake to 400 microg/day by eating folate-rich foods. Because not all women follow these recommendations, there is a discussion today about whether Sweden should introduce folic acid fortification in wheat flour and sifted rye flour. This decision needs knowledge about the bioavailability of folic acid from fortified foods. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate effects of two folic acid fortification levels on folate status in healthy female volunteers and to study the folic acid stability during the baking procedure and storage of the fortified breakfast rolls. METHOD: Twenty-nine healthy women were recruited. Folic acid-fortified wheat breakfast rolls were baked with the purpose to contain 200 microg folic acid/roll (roll L) and 400 microg folic acid/roll (roll H). Fourteen women were given one roll/day of roll L (group L) and 15 one roll/day of roll H (group H) during 12 weeks of intervention. Fasting venous blood samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 90. Serum homocysteine concentrations were determined using an immunoassay. Serum and erythrocyte folate concentrations were analysed using a protein-binding assay with fluorescent quantification. The folic acid concentration in the breakfast rolls was analysed by HPLC on days 0, 30, 60 and 90. Total folate concentration was measured with microbiological assay on day 45. RESULTS: Group L Group L had initially an average erythrocyte folate concentration of 577 +/- 93 nmol/L. After 90 days of intervention, an increase of 20 % (p < 0.05) was observed. At day 0, mean serum folate concentrations were 16.9 +/- 4.3 nmol/L. The mean serum folate concentrations increased by 30 % (p < 0.001) after 90 days. At day 0, mean serum homocysteine concentrations were 9.1 +/- 2.0 micromol/L, which decreased by 20 % (p < 0.01) after 30 days. Group H Group H had an initial erythrocyte folate concentration of 784 +/- 238 nmol/L. After 90 days, an increase of 26 % (p < 0.05) was observed. Serum folate increased at least 22 % after 30 days, from a level of 18.7 +/- 4.8 nmol/L at day 0. Thereafter, all women of group H had serum concentrations at or above the upper limit of quantification (23 nmol/L). At day 0, mean serum homocysteine concentrations were 8.4 +/- 1.7 micromol/L, which decreased by 16 % (p < 0.05) after 30 days. The baking procedure resulted in 20-25 % loss of fortified folic acid in the rolls used in the present study. The size of the rolls affected the retention of folic acid during baking. No significant loss was seen in folic acid concentration in the rolls during the intervention period. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that in healthy women, subjected to a 12-week intervention with breakfast rolls fortified with either 166 microg or 355 microg folic acid, serum homocysteine concentration decreased (p < 0.05) and erythrocyte folate increased (p < 0.05). The lower level of fortification seems to be sufficient to improve the folate status. Together with the average daily intake of natural folates, these women reach the recommended intake of 400 microg/day. Folic acid is stable in fortified bread for 90 days storage at -20 degrees C.

Adult↗