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PubMed1955

The menopause.

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Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Do we need the concept of male climacteric?].

The female menopause is considered to be a result of a decrease in the endocrinal metabolic activity of the ovaries. Although the male lacks such a highly visible sign as the cessation of the menstrual flow, the amount of testosterone produced by the aging male does in fact decrease. Recent studies, such as the Massachusetts Male Aging Study show that, between the ages of 40 to 70 years, the mean testosterone level decreases annually by about 1%. Chronic diseases and the use of drugs have a comparable effect. Although it is generally believed that sexual impotence is a major symptom of male menopause, recent investigations have shown that sexual functionability may be preserved into the ninth and tenth decade of life. Sexuality is not merely an instinct or a psychological expression, but is deeply anchored within the personality. Even when, with increasing age, the frequency of sexual dysfunction increases, such changes do not correlate with the decrease in testosterone levels. None of these phenomena take place within an age span that marks them off from the involution processes in other organs. The expression midlife crisis commonly met with in the English literature points up the psycho-social implications. Impotence or a loss of sexuality is not a sequel of aging, but of attitude towards sexuality. The latter is preserved if it is not neglected throughout the course of a lifetime.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of bone in the management of postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVES: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is becoming a major problem for healthcare institutions as it has a growing social and economic impact. The incidence of osteoporotic fractures is constantly increasing due to the increase in life expectancy. The gynaecologist plays an important role in establishing a "biological zero" in each perimenopausal patient, and controlling the rate of bone loss during postmenopausal period. RESULTS: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been widely used for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis and represents a strong risk factor for fractures, but it presents several limitations with regards to diagnosis, treatment follow-up and differential diagnosis of secondary osteoporosis. In these last years quantitative ultrasound (QUS) technique has been introduced for the evaluation of bone status in postmenopausal women and several in vitro and clinical studies have demonstrated the reliability of the examination in terms of: reproducibility, evaluation of fracture risk, treatment follow-up, differential diagnosis. QUS has proven to be equally capable in the prediction of future osteoporosis related fractures in comparison to DXA. Large-scale cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have demonstrated the applicability of QUS in screening the female population during the climacteric period. QUS technique seems to be very efficient in identifying "fast losers", identifying subjects at risk for osteoporosis requiring second-level investigation (DXA, X-ray), diagnosing secondary osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: If QUS is used in a systematic and rational manner in clinical practice, it is a valid technique for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Bone and Bones↗