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PubMed2005

Epidemiological relationships between the common cold and exacerbation frequency in COPD.

Higher exacerbation incidence rates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with more rapid decline in lung function and poorer quality of life, yet the mechanisms determining susceptibility to exacerbation remain ill-defined. The same viruses responsible for common colds are frequently isolated during exacerbations. The current authors hypothesised that exacerbation frequency may be associated with an increased frequency of colds, and investigated whether increased exacerbation frequency was associated with increased acquisition of colds, or a greater likelihood of exacerbation once a cold has been acquired. A total of 150 patients with COPD completed diary cards recording peak expiratory flow, and respiratory and coryzal symptoms for a median 1,047 days. Annual cold and exacerbation incidence rates (cold and exacerbation frequency) were calculated, and the relationships between these variables were investigated. This analysis is based on 1,005 colds and 1,493 exacerbations. Frequent exacerbators (i.e. those whose exacerbation frequency was greater than the median) experienced significantly more colds than infrequent exacerbators (1.73 versus 0.94.yr(-1)). The likelihood of exacerbation during a cold was unaffected by exacerbation frequency. Patients experiencing frequent colds had a significantly higher exposure to cigarette smoke (46 versus 33 pack-yrs). Exacerbation frequency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with an increased frequency of acquiring the common cold, rather than an increased propensity to exacerbation once a cold has been acquired.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Antibiotics for the common cold.

BACKGROUND: The common cold is caused by viruses which cannot be helped by antibiotics. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of antibiotics for the common cold. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Family Medicine Database, and reference lists of articles, and we contacted principal investigators. The most recent search was in December 1998. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials comparing any antibiotic therapy with placebo in acute upper respiratory tract infections. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: Main results: Seven trials involving 2056 people aged between six months and 49 years were included. The overall quality of the included trials was variable. People receiving antibiotics did not do better in terms of cure or improvement than those on placebo (odds ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.70 to 1.28 fixed effects model). One study found a significant benefit for antibiotics compared with placebo for runny nose (clear or purulent). The only other study to evaluate purulent nasal discharge found no significant benefit for antibiotics. Only one study reported work time lost with 22% of those on antibiotic treatment and 25% of those on placebo but this was not significant. Patients treated with antibiotics had a significant increase in side effects (odds ratio 2.72, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 7.27, random effects model). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence of important benefits from the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections with antibiotics and there is a significant increase in adverse effects associated with antibiotic use.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

Antipyretic activity of gingyo-san, a traditional medicine, in influenza virus-infected mice.

Gingyo-san is composed of 10 crude drugs and used as a traditional antipyretic medicine for the treatment of the common cold and influenza virus infection. In a murine intranasal influenza infection model, fever produced by the infection has been demonstrated to be reduced by suppressing interferon-induced interleukin (IL)-1 alpha production. Thus, we focused on the serum level of IL-1 alpha which produces such novel antipyretic activity, and evaluated the relationship between defervescence and the suppression of IL-1 alpha production by Gingyo-san in influenza virus-infected mice. Fever was produced in the infected mice 33-44 h after infection. Oral administration of a hot water-extract of Gingyo-san (8.9-12.5 mg/0.25 ml/mouse x 3 per day) significantly reduced fever production and suppressed the rise in IL-1 alpha production to the level in uninfected mice. No apparent toxicity by Gingyo-san was observed in infected mice. When the hot water-extract of each 10 of the crude components of Gingyo-san (an unknown amount extracted from 6.25 mg/0.25 ml/mouse x 3 per day for Saigae Tataricae Cornu and 3.5 mg/0.25 ml/mouse x 3 per day for the other 9) was orally administered to infected mice, 6 showed significant antipyretic activity. Of these 6, Saigae Tatricae Cornu significantly suppressed the rise in IL-1 alpha production to the basal level while the other 5 did not affect serum IL-1 alpha. Thus, of the 10 crude components of Gingyo-san, Saigae Tataricae Cornu simultaneously exhibited antipyretic and IL-1 alpha-regulatory activities. The novel antipyretic action of Gingyo-san may be mainly mediated by Saigae Tataricae Cornu which regulates the elevated serum IL-1 alpha level produced by influenza infection.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed1987

Interferon for the treatment of infections.

Interferon, both natural and recombinant, has been shown in controlled clinical studies to be effective against herpes simplex virus infections, herpes zoster, the common cold caused by rhinoviruses, and some papilloma virus infections. In some cases, it is in competition with other antivirals, and in others its precise clinical indication is still unclear. Thus, further work and developments are required before interferon becomes a clinically recognized antiviral agent.

Common Cold↗
PubMed1978

Viral causes of sensorineural hearing loss.

Many viruses, even the common cold, are capable of producing sensorineural hearing loss. Treatment so far available is ineffective in correcting these losses. However, as the technology of vaccination advances, it is hoped that these can be prevented. Poliomyelitis and smallpox have been virtually eliminated from this country. Measles, rubella, and mumps are coming under control. Perhaps in the future we will be able to completely control influenza and the common cold and thus prevent many of the sensorineural hearing losses that we see today.

Cochlea↗
PubMed2003

An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France.

The 2 groups of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) represented by the prototype strains HCoV 229E and HCoV OC43 are mostly known as viruses responsible for common cold syndrome. HCoVs are difficult to detect, and epidemiological data are rare. From October 2000 through April 2001, we tested 1803 respiratory samples for HCoV by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. From 8 February through 27 March 2001, HCoV OC43 was detected in samples obtained from 30 (6%) of 501 patients. The other viruses detected were respiratory syncytial virus (6.1%), parainfluenza virus 3 (1%), influenza virus A (7.8%), influenza virus B (7.2%), rhinovirus (6.4%), enterovirus (1%), and adenovirus (2%). Infection with HCoV OC43 was detected in patients of all age groups. The following clinical symptoms were noted: fever (in 59.8% of patients), general symptoms (in 30%), digestive problems (in 56.8%), rhinitis (in 36.6%), pharyngitis (in 30%), laryngitis (in 3.3%), otitis (in 13.3%), bronchitis (in 16.6%), bronchiolitis (in 10%), and pneumonia (in 6.6%). This study shows that an outbreak of HCoV OC43 respiratory infection was responsible for the lower respiratory tract symptoms observed in nearly one-third of patients identified by active surveillance for coronavirus infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Managing viral upper respiratory infections.

The epidemiology of the common cold is reviewed with the aim of providing helpful advice for patients. Future management will include limiting the spread of the cold virus by attention to the mode of transmission and the development of anti-viral drugs, of which interferon holds the most promise.

Common Cold↗
PubMed1999

Parental knowledge about common respiratory infections and antibiotic therapy in children.

BACKGROUND: Widespread antibiotic use has fostered the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Parental expectations have been cited as one reason for physicians to overprescribe antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine parental knowledge about antibiotics and their use for common respiratory tract infections. METHODS: A survey was administered to 100 adults at a rural pediatric office. RESULTS: Many respondents had misconceptions about the etiology of common respiratory tract infections and the effects of antibiotic therapy. Only 54% knew that a virus is the usual cause of the common cold, and 33% thought that a virus causes strep throat. Almost half (46%) believed that antibiotics kill viruses, while 17% were not sure whether antibiotics kill viruses. Most respondents (60%) had never heard about antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION: Parental knowledge about common respiratory tract infections and about antibiotic therapy is often lacking. Improved parent education may alter parents' expectations concerning antibiotic therapy for their ill children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The common cold: current therapy and natural history.

Despite its prevalence, the common cold is complicated and can be difficult to treat, even symptomatically. There is still no cure for the myriad of viruses that cause the common cold. Many of the most popular remedies are either ineffective or counterproductive. This paper reviews the causes and course of upper respiratory infections, and discusses treatment options, including a new anticholinergic aqueous formulation for controlling rhinorrhea.

Common Cold↗
PubMed1985

Virology and immunology of the common cold.

The common cold is a complex infectious syndrome caused by any one of a large number of antigenitically distinct viruses found in four groups. These groups are the myxo- and paramyxoviruses, the adenoviruses, the rhinoviruses and the coronaviruses. The members of the different groups differ in their physical, biochemical, and immunologic characteristics. With currently available methods, it is possible to determine the cause of 60-70% of colds. The large rhinovirus group is the most important of the known common cold viruses, accounting for approximately 30% of colds. These small RNA viruses have a genome of 7000 nucleotides, which shares considerable homology with poliovirus. The capsid of the rhinovirus is loosely packed, resulting in a relative acid sensitivity compared to the enteroviruses. Although there are at least 89 different antigenic types, all rhinoviruses attach to either one of two cellular receptors. Immunity to rhinovirus is type-specific and associated with neutralizing antibody in nasal secretions and serum. There is a steady acquisition of antibody to the rhinoviruses during childhood and adolescence. The rhinoviruses may be undergoing slow antigenic drift.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗