PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

The contraceptive profile of a new oral contraceptive with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic effects.

Yasmin (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany), a new oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol combined with 3 mg drospirenone, effectively inhibits ovulation, as demonstrated by measurement of plasma hormone levels (follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone), and echographic evaluation of follicular ripening. Like other low-dose oral contraceptives, the combination of ethinylestradiol and drospirenone markedly limits cervical function, spinnbarkeit and degree of crystallization, resulting in a hostile environment for sperm penetration. Two large, randomized, multicenter, open-label clinical studies have compared the contraceptive efficacy of ethinylestradiol/drospirenone with that of Marvelon, a well-established contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 150 microg desogestrel. Both preparations provided effective contraception and good cycle control. There were no negative effects on hemostatic parameters, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism. However, in both studies, ethinylestradiol/drospirenone had a more favorable effect on body weight than ethinylestradiol/desogestrel, with mean body weight remaining lower in the ethinylestradiol/ drospirenone group, the difference between the two preparations being statistically significant. Pre-existing acne and seborrhea were improved by ethinylestradiol/ drospirenone and blood pressure was essentially unchanged. These studies show that ethinylestradiol/drospirenone provides effective oral contraception, excellent cycle control and good tolerability, with effects on body weight and skin condition that are likely to confer a significant beneficial effect on compliance, especially in women with a tendency to gain weight under oral contraceptives due to water retention.

Androstenes↗
PubMed1981

Changes in insulin receptors during oral contraception.

Combined estrogen/progestagen oral contraceptives (OC) have been reported to be associated with a deterioration of glucose tolerance and a decrease in insulin sensitivity; thus, since it has been suggested that steroids affect insulin receptor properties, the influence of OC on insulin receptors was investigated. The study groups were composed of nine normal menstruating women (controls), nine pill users, and two healthy women on OC for the first time. Insulin receptors on monocytes were evaluated at 7-day intervals during the 28 days between menses. Insulin receptor concentration and/or affinity did not show any variation in pill users during the test period and did not differ from values observed in controls in the luteal phase; consequently, the insulin receptor concentration in pill users is lower than that during the follicular phase or in men. The physiological variation of insulin receptor concentration and the increase of receptor affinity in the midfollicular phase, which characterize the normal menstrual cycle, are therefore abolished by OC. This effect occurs rapidly because it was also evident in the two women on OC for the first time. No difference was observed in fasting blood glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin concentrations between control subjects and pill users. The present data appear to confirm that sex steroids affect the insulin receptor and lend further support to the concept that caution must be used in clinical studies of insulin receptors when women are included. In addition, the results suggest that insulin receptors may play a role in the glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity which have been described in pill users.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Hormone levels and anogenital swelling of female chimpanzees as a function of estrogen dosage in a combined oral contraceptive.

A combined oral contraceptive consisting of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) in three dosages (50, 100, and 400 micrograms) and norethindrone (0.5 mg) was given to female chimpanzees to determine the effect on endogenous sex hormone levels and anogenital swelling. Serum levels of EE2 increased with increasing dosages of EE2, estradiol decreased, and luteinizing hormone, progesterone and testosterone were maintained at approximately midfollicular phase levels. Urinary levels of EE2 glucuronide increased with the increasing dosages of EE2, whereas estrone and pregnanediol glucuronide were essentially undetectable. The cyclic increase in female anogenital swelling was abolished when the norethindrone was combined with 50 micrograms of EE2 and relatively constant and low levels of swelling were recorded. Relatively constant but successively higher levels of swelling were recorded when the norethindrone was combined with the higher dosages of EE2. These effects of oral contraceptives on female genital tissues are relevant to our laboratory studies of sexual behavior in chimpanzees given oral contraceptives and could also have implications for women taking oral contraceptives.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2006

Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using a contraceptive transdermal patch and oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol.

CONTEXT: There is concern that a new transdermal contraceptive patch containing ethinyl estradiol (EE) and the progestin norelgestromin increases the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to previously marketed oral contraceptives (OCs). OBJECTIVE: Quantitative information was obtained on the risk of nonfatal VTE in women using the contraceptive patch in comparison to women using OCs, norgestimate (either monophasic or triphasic) and 35 microg EE (norgestimate-35), an OC that has been marketed for over a decade. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Nested case-control design based on information from PharMetrics, a US-based company that collects and organizes information on claims paid by managed care plans. The study was nested among all women aged 15 to 44, who started either the contraceptive patch or norgestimate-35 after April 1, 2002. Cases were women with current use of one of these two study drugs and a documented diagnosis of VTE in the absence of identifiable clinical risk factors (idiopathic VTE). Up to four controls were matched to each case by age and calendar time. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios (ORs) comparing the risk of nonfatal VTE in new users of the two contraceptives and incidence rates of nonfatal VTE for new users of each of the study contraceptives. RESULTS: We identified 68 newly diagnosed, idiopathic cases of VTE in the study population. In the case-control analysis, the OR comparing the contraceptive patch to norgestimate-35 was 0.9 (95% CI 0.5-1.6). The overall incidence rate for VTE was 52.8 per 100,000 women-years (95% CI 35.8-74.9) among users of the contraceptive patch and 41.8 per 100,000 women-years among users of norgestimate-35 (95% CI 29.4-57.6), and the age-adjusted VTE incidence rate ratio (IRR) for current use of the contraceptive patch vs. norgestimate-35 was 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.8). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of nonfatal VTE for the contraceptive patch is similar to the risk for OCs containing 35 microg ethinylestradiol and norgestimate.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1990

Relative bioavailability of ethinyl estradiol from two different oral contraceptive formulations after single oral administration to 18 women in an intraindividual cross-over design.

Two low-dose oral contraceptives, both containing the same dose of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) but different progestins (gestodene and desogestrel, respectively), were compared with respect to the relative bioavailability of EE2. After single-dose administration of both formulations to 18 women in an intraindividual cross-over design, there was no difference in the target variables for EE2 (Cmax, tmax and AUC). With respect to EE2, both formulations were bioequivalent. The observation of others, reporting higher EE2 levels in the serum of women taking the gestodene-containing formulation as compared to those taking the desogestrel-containing formulation, was not confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Influence of dietary lipids on iron and copper levels of rats administered oral contraceptives.

Interrelationships between oral contraceptives and dietary lipids on iron and copper levels in plasma and tissues were investigated in rats. Diets containing either 20% (by weight) safflower oil or hydrogenated coconut oil with and without cholesterol (0.5%) were fed to weanling, female, Wistar-strain rats for a period of 19 weeks. Three types of oral contraceptive agents differing in estrogen/progesterone ratios were administered during weeks 16 through 19 of the experiment. Control rats received the dietary treatment without oral contraceptives. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, red blood cell counts, mean cell hemoglobin and hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell volume values were similar among the various dietary and drug-treatment groups. Elevated levels of copper were found in livers of drug-treated animals fed diets containing cholesterol and safflower oil, whereas levels of copper or iron in spleen and kidney were not influenced by oral contraceptives. Dietary safflower or coconut oil had no influence on levels of iron or copper in plasma. However, iron levels were higher in liver, spleen, and kidneys of rats fed coconut oil compared with those fed safflower oil. Cholesterol-fed rats had reduced levels of iron in plasma and tissues and increased levels of copper in plasma and liver. Iron deficiency in cholesterol-fed rats was indicated by low levels of iron in plasma, liver, spleen, and kidney. In experiment 2, animals were fed the 20% safflower oil diet, with and without sodium glycocholate or cholesterol, to determine whether the apparent malabsorption of iron resulted from sodium glycocholate or cholesterol. Sodium glycocholate resulted in a marked increase in the absorption of iron, whereas cholesterol depressed absorption.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in young women. Results from the Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women.

The objective of this study was to assess the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) associated with the use of new and old combination oral contraceptives (OC). A matched case-control study in 16 centers in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Austria, and Switzerland explored the association of current use of combination OC with the occurrence of MI. Our subjects were 182 women aged 16-44 years with MI; the controls were 635 women without MI (at least one hospital control and one community control per case) matched for 5-year age group and region. The main outcome measures were odds ratios comparing current use of a specific group of OC against current use of other groups or against no current use. The adjusted overall odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence intervals) for MI for second generation OC versus no current use was 2.35 (1.42 to 3.89) and 0.82 (0.29 to 2.31) for third generation OC (low dose ethinyl estradiol, gestodene, and desogestrel). A direct comparison of third generation users with second generation users yielded an OR of 0.28 (0.09 to 0.86). In subgroup analyses, the odds ratio for the UK alone was 1.25 (0.36 to 4.29), while for continental Europe it was 0.10 (0.02 to 0.48). For hospital controls, the risk estimated was 0.98 (0.22 to 4.44), and 0.18 (0.04 to 0.65) for community controls. The independent risk of MI among current smokers adjusted for OC use was 7.21 (4.58 to 11.36). Among users of third generation OC, the OR for current smokers was 3.75 (0.65 to 21.74) and among users of second generation it was 9.50 (2.93 to 30.96). A comparison of OC use in the UK for the time before and after regulatory action was taken in October 1995 shows that the likelihood of a control (last control accrued June 1996) being treated with second generation OC is seven times higher after 1 November 1995 than it was before. Third generation OC are the first to be associated with no excess risk of MI. A significantly lower risk of MI is found when comparing use of third generation OC with use of second generation OC. There seems to be an impressive amelioration of risk among smokers using newer OC. An impact of regulatory action in the UK was found in the OC use spectrum of controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The effect of a contraceptive vaginal ring and oral contraceptives on the vaginal flora.

Premenopausal women seeking a steroid contraceptive method were allowed to choose between a contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR) containing levonorgestrel and estradiol used in a 3-week in, 1-week out regimen (n=20) and an oral contraceptive (OC) containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol in a 28-day regimen (n = 10). Cultures from the posterior vaginal fornix were obtained before therapy in both groups and monthly for 6 months for the CVR group and after 1, 3, and 6 months for the OC group. These cultures were streaked on specific media to provide quantitative aerobic and anaerobic, lactobacillus, Candida sp., Gardnerella vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae counts in micro-organisms per milliliter. A comparison of the number and types of organisms isolated from vaginal cultures obtained initially and at 6 months demonstrated no statistically significant differences in colony counts between CVR and OC users. The results of this study suggest that the use of the CVR is not associated with a greater growth of pathogens than is oral administration of a progestin and estrogen combination.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Oral contraceptive (OC) pills are effective, but poor compliance increases rates of pregnancy during treatment. OBJECTIVE: To compare the contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, compliance, and safety of a transdermal contraceptive patch and an OC. DESIGN: Randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial conducted October 1997 to June 1999. SETTING: Forty-five clinics in the United States and Canada. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1417 healthy adult women of child-bearing potential. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to receive a transdermal contraceptive patch (n = 812) vs an OC (n = 605) for 6 or 13 cycles. Patch treatment consisted of application of 3 consecutive 7-day patches followed by 1 patch-free week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall and method-failure Pearl Indexes (number of pregnancies/100 person-years of use) and life-table estimates of the probability of pregnancy were calculated. Cycle control, compliance, patch adhesion, and adverse events were also assessed. RESULTS: Overall and method-failure Pearl Indexes were numerically lower with the patch (1.24 and 0.99, respectively) vs the OC (2.18 and 1.25, respectively); this difference was not statistically significant (P =.57 and.80, respectively). The incidence of breakthrough bleeding and/or spotting was significantly higher only in the first 2 cycles in the patch group, but the incidence of breakthrough bleeding alone was comparable between treatments in all cycles. The mean proportion of participants' cycles with perfect compliance was 88.2% (811 total participants, 5141 total cycles) with the patch and 77.7% (605 total participants, 4134 total cycles) with the OC (P <.001). Only 1.8% (300/16 673) of patches completely detached. Both treatments were similarly well tolerated; however, application site reactions, breast discomfort, and dysmenorrhea were significantly more common in the patch group. CONCLUSION: The contraceptive patch is comparable to a combination OC in contraceptive efficacy and cycle control. Compliance was better with the weekly contraceptive patch than with the OC.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1982

Carbohydrate metabolism during treatment with estrogen, progestogen, and low-dose oral contraceptives.

The combination oral contraceptives have generally been shown to have an adverse effect on carbohydrate metabolism with resultant elevations of both blood glucose and insulin in users. Studies of the individual steroid components suggest that the estrogen is not at fault. The 19-norprogestins can produce these carbohydrate changes and seen to act at the insulin receptor level. Norgestrel, ethynodiol diacetate, and norethindrone alter carbohydrate metabolism, but norgestrel produces the most marked changes. Use of oral contraceptives containing less than 50 microgram of estrogen resulted in fewer metabolic changes than were seen with the drugs containing higher doses of estrogen.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2003

Communication about contraception and knowledge of oral contraceptives amongst Norwegian high school students.

Communication about contraception and specific knowledge of oral contraceptives (OCs) were examined in a sample (n = 4,650) of Norwegian high school students. Data were collected through a 44-item questionnaire especially developed for the study. The response rate was 73% and data from a total of 1,714 girls and 1,389 boys were eligible for analyses. More females (83%) than males (54%) discussed contraception at least monthly. Discussions were predominantly held with peers and not adults. Females were far more knowledgeable about OCs than males. Respondents knew more about side effects and the pill's relative efficacy than about risks of cancer and tromboembolism. The most significant predictors of high knowledge scores were gender and OC use (females). Also predictive of high knowledge scores were frequent discussions about contraception with peers. Talks about contraception with health workers were unrelated to knowledge scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Prescribing oral contraceptives.

The combined oral contraceptive pill is the most popular method of contraception worldwide, with modern low-dose formulations significantly improving tolerability. Breakthrough bleeding is the most significant adverse event associated with the low-dose combined oral contraceptives. Monophasic, biphasic, triphasic and progestogen-only preparations are available, and the choice of formulation should be tailored to best suit the patient. Any areas of uncertainty or concern that the patient has should be addressed, and the patient should be clearly informed of how to use the oral contraceptive effectively, the likely initial adverse effects and what to do if a pill is missed.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1990

Oral contraceptives.

Management of oral contraception requires an understanding of the relationships between the method's effectiveness, noncontraceptive benefits, and hormonal adverse effects. The new multiphasic combinations or OCs containing 35 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol and 0.5-1.0 mg of norethindrone or equivalent result in a maximum combination of efficacy and safety for the patient with minimal annoying problems for the patient and the prescriber. Patient education regarding early warning symptoms of adverse effects, breakthrough bleeding, and lack of withdrawal bleeding adds an additional margin of safety and reduces patient questions and uncertainties.

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal↗
PubMed1988

Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.

Of 47,000 women followed since 1968, those who had used oral contraceptives (ever-users) had a significantly higher incidence rate of cervical cancer than never-users. After standardisation of rates by age, parity, smoking, social class, number of previously normal cervical smears, and history of sexually transmitted disease, the excess was 41 per 100,000 woman-years for carcinoma-in-situ and 8 per 100,000 woman-years for invasive cervical cancer. Incidence increased with increasing duration of use: the standardised incidence rate for cervical cancer in women who had taken the pill for more than 10 years was four times than in never-users. Ever-users had a lower incidence of other uterine cancers (deficit 5 per 100,000 woman-years); a lower incidence of ovarian cancer was also found (deficit 4 per 100,000), but was not statistically significant. Overall, ever-users had an excess incidence for genital tract cancers 37 per 100,000 woman-years. This excess was mainly from carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix; the excess incidence of invasive cervical cancer was offset by the deficits in other uterine and ovarian cancers. Standardised mortality rates from genital cancer were similar in ever-users and never-users. Of relevance to clinical practice is the substantially different distribution of primary cancer sites: cervical cancer accounted for 75% of the invasive genital cancers and 74% of deaths from genital cancer in ever-users, but only 31% of the invasive cancers and 30% of deaths in never-users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives: the influence of combined oral contraceptives on risk of neoplasms in developing and developed countries.

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in eight developing and three developed countries to determine whether use of combined oral contraceptives alters risks of various cancers. An observed trend of increasing risk of invasive cervical cancer with duration of use may not represent a causal relationship and is the subject of further study. Decreased risks of ovarian and endometrial carcinomas in users likely indicate a protective effect of oral contraceptives, the degree of which was similar in developing and developed countries. A small increase in risk of breast cancer in recent and current users was found to be somewhat greater in developing than developed countries. Both causal and non-causal interpretations of this finding have been offered. No associations were found between oral contraceptives and in situ cervical, hepatocellular, cholangio, or gallbladder carcinomas, or uterine sarcomas; but the power of this study to detect alterations in risks of these neoplasms in long-term users was low.

Breast Neoplasms↗