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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

The regulation of transmitter expression in postembryonic lineages in the moth Manduca sexta. II. Role of cell lineage and birth order.

The expression of GABA is restricted to the progeny of only six of the 24 identified postembryonic lineages in the thoracic ganglia of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Witten and Truman, 1991). It is colocalized with a peptide similar to molluscan small cardioactive peptide B (SCPB) in some of the neurons in two of the six lineages. By combining chemical ablation of the neuroblasts at specific larval stages with birth dating of the progeny, we tested whether the expression of GABA and the SCPB-like peptide was determined strictly by cell lineage or involved cellular interactions among the members of individual clonal groups. Chemical ablation of the six specific neuroblasts that produced the GABA-positive neurons (E, K, M, N, T, and X) or of the two that produced the GABA + SCPB-like-immunoreactive neurons (K, M) prior to the generation of their lineages resulted in the loss of these immunoreactivities. These results suggest that regulation between lineages did not occur. Ablation of the K and M neuroblasts after they had produced a small portion of their lineages had no effect on the expression of GABA, but did affect the pattern of the SCPB-like immunoreactivity. Combining birth-dating techniques with transmitter immunocytochemistry revealed that it was the position in the birth order and not interactions among the clonally related neurons that influenced the peptidergic phenotype. These results suggest that cell lineage is involved in establishing the GABAergic phenotype and that both cell lineage and birth order influence the determination of the peptidergic phenotype.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Bcl-2 counters apoptosis by Bax heterodimerization-dependent and -independent mechanisms in the T-cell lineage.

The effect of the cell death inhibitor Bcl-2 in relation to its capacity to dimerize with apoptosis promoter Bax or its homologs at their physiological expression levels was explored in the T-cell lineage. Transgenic mice expressing a BH1 mutant Bcl-2 (Bcl-2 mI-3), which fails to heterodimerize with proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, such as Bax, were generated. Bcl-2 mI-3 protected immature CD4+8- thymocytes from spontaneous, glucocorticoid and anti-CD3-induced apoptosis and altered T cell maturation, resulting in increased percentages of CD3(hi) and CD4-8+ thymocytes. In contrast, apoptosis of peripheral T-cells was unaffected by transgene expression. This correlated with their high Bax expression level and insensitivity to the caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk, a functional hallmark of Bax-like activity. Thus, within the T-cell lineage Bcl-2 can inhibit apoptosis independent of its association with Bax or its homologs; yet, above a threshold level of their physiologic proapoptotic activity, the capacity of Bcl-2 to heterodimerize with Bax or its homologs appears essential for it to counter cell death.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Lectin-binding properties of oligodendrocyte lineage cells aid in defining functionally important surface proteins.

Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system. They develop from migratory and proliferative precursor cells, which differentiate to mature myelinating cells. As a first step toward investigating the expression of cell surface glycoproteins by oligodendrocyte lineage cells, we tested 14 different lectins for their binding to oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) was the only lectin used that showed a differentiation stage-dependent binding to oligodendrocytes. PNA-binding molecules are specifically expressed by oligodendrocyte precursor cells, downregulated with differentiation, and reexpressed by mature oligodendrocytes. It was additionally observed that PNA stimulates the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. PNA may therefore be a useful tool for isolating and characterizing important cell surface glycoproteins expressed by oligodendrocyte lineage cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Germ and somatic cell lineages in the developing gonad.

The germ cell lineage in the mouse becomes lineage-restricted about 7.2 days post coitum. Its progenitors have migrated from the proximal region of the epiblast, where they were subject to a predisposing signal from the adjacent extra-embryonic ectoderm. It appears that this and other signals determine the emergence of germ cells: unlike in some other organisms, this event is not pre-determined. After about 24 h in their initial extraembryonic location, the primordial germ cells migrate back into the embryo and make their way into the region of the developing gonad. Less is known about the origin of the various somatic cell lineages in the gonad, but some are known to derive from cells that migrate in from the mesonephros and others from the coelomic epithelium. Within the developing gonad, numerous interactions occur between the germ and somatic cell lineages. These are particularly important for the establishment of the spermatogenic lineage in the testis and for the differentiation of somatic tissue in the ovary. This paper will describe first the development of the germ cell lineage, up until about the time of birth, then the various somatic components of the gonad and finally the interactions that are known to occur between lineages. Unless otherwise stated, all the information refers to the mouse.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Raphé neural cells immortalized with a temperature-sensitive oncogene: differentiation under basal conditions down an APUD cell lineage.

Dividing cells from the midline of the ventral rhombencephalon and medulla oblongata have been transduced with a modulatable oncogene, (ts)SV40-T, using retroviral gene transfer. At the permissive temperature of the oncogene (33 degrees C), cells replicated and were isolated as individual, homogeneous clones. The effects of simply raising the temperature to the oncogene's non-permissive value, namely 39 degrees C, were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods. In one clone in particular (921202-6), cells ceased replication and started to differentiate. Certain neuronal characteristics became apparent: neurone-specific enolase-like immunoreactivity developed, as did the ability to take up exogenously applied 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). In addition, the cells took up exogenous 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), and subsequently decarboxylated it to 5HT. However, they were unable to synthesize immunohistochemically detectable amounts of 5HT using L-tryptophan as a precursor. No 5HT uptake was found either in mitotic cells of this clone held at 33 degrees C, or in several other neuronal clones differentiating at 39 degrees C. Neither the neuronal nor the serotoninergic characteristics of clone 921202-6 developed in the presence of retinoic acid. It is concluded that 921202-6 cells differentiate under basal conditions down a neuronal pathway typical of an APUD cell, and that the choice of this pathway is made prior to the end of cell cycling. Furthermore, predisposition of the precursor cells to the neuronal/APUD phenotype can be overridden by extraneous epigenetic factors.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗

PubMed2001

Polymorphism and evolution of vulval precursor cell lineages within two nematode genera, Caenorhabditis and Oscheius.

BACKGROUND: The cell lineage of nematodes is mostly invariant for a given species, but varies between species. One can thus wonder how a cell lineage varies during evolution. We have started a microevolutionary approach within two genera by observing lineage variations of vulval precursor cells in different natural nematode populations of the same and closely related species. RESULTS: In Caenorhabditis elegans, the P3.p cell lineage is variable within a genetically homogeneous population and polymorphic between wild strains. Irrespective of its division pattern, P3.p is competent to form vulval tissue in different C. elegans strains, whereas it is not competent in C. briggsae. In Oscheius sp. 1, P4.p and P8.p lineages are strongly polymorphic. Within each genus, these intraspecies polymorphisms in cell lineages are amplified between closely related species. In Oscheius sp. 1, the large polymorphisms in P4.p and P8.p lineages allowed us to undertake a genetic analysis of the variation between two pairs of strains. Multiple loci are involved in cell lineage differences, and variation at one locus appears to have a relatively strong effect. In addition to these large lineage variations in cells that do not normally contribute to the vulva, we find minor variations (errors) in vulval lineages, which represent the precision level of the vulval-patterning process and point to a selection pressure for maintenance of a large vulval equivalence group. CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms in vulval cell lineage are found within a given nematode species, and could be instrumental in explaining evolutionary variations between closely related species.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

AKR murine thymic leukemias are from a distinct thymic cell lineage and do not express the beta chain of the T-cell antigen receptor.

Characterization of tumors that arise spontaneously in the AKR mouse indicates that they are derived from cells of a distinct T-cell lineage. Cells in this subclass bear surface antigens, designated Tpre, Tthy, Tind, and Tsu, which are encoded by genes in the Tsu linkage group on murine chromosome 12. We have examined the rearrangement and expression of genes encoding the T-cell alpha, beta, and gamma chains in these tumors. Although these cells contain alpha-chain mRNA, they do not produce a normal-sized beta-chain mRNA. Most of them also lack gamma-chain mRNA. Each thymic leukemia was derived from a cell arrested at a different stage of development as defined by their expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and Thy-1 mRNA. The data presented here are consistent with a model in which thymocytes expressing Tpre, Tthy, Tind, or Tsu undergo somatic development parallel to the development of other T cells. However, these thymocytes do not appear to differentiate into cells bearing alpha-beta heterodimers of the T-cell antigen receptor.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Presence of cells in B-cell lineage in mixed (GEMM) colonies from murine marrow cells.

Recent progress in clonal cell culture techniques makes it possible to detect pluripotent hemopoietic precursors from murine marrow cells. The precursors can proliferate, differentiate and form mixed colonies containing erythroblasts, granulocytes, macrophages and often megakaryocytes in viscid culture medium. In the present investigation, the presence of cells of B-cell lineage in mixed colonies was investigated. Experiments on colonies containing cIgM, cIgG, sIgM and sIgG bearing cells using goat IgG fluorescein-conjugated anti-mouse IgM, goat F(ab')2 fraction fluorescein-conjugated anti-mouse IgG and immunobeads revealed the presence of cytoplasmic IgM bearing cells in 47% of the colonies and surface IgM bearing cells in 74-84% of the colonies. Mixed colonies, however, did not contain either cIgG bearing cells or sIgG bearing cells. The results may indicate that some CFU-MIX proliferate and differentiate along B-cell lineage to sIgM or cIgM bearing cells in vitro.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Phenotype properties of a novel spontaneously immortalized odontoblast-lineage cell line.

Here we report on the spontaneous immortalization upon serial passages of mouse fetal dental papilla cells, which present odontoblast phenotype features. The cells named odontoblast-lineage cell (OLC) produced dentin extracellular matrix proteins, such as DSP and DMP1, and maintained transcripts of various matrix components as osteopontin, BMP-4, procollagen-1, and MEPE. The addition of osteogenic differentiation medium with beta-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid was effective for inducing calcification and mineralization in vitro in cell cultures for up to 28 days. For the first time, we investigated the expression of Lhx6 and Lhx7 genes during induced biomineralization, since these new members of LIM homeodomain proteins have been recently proposed tracking odontoblastic phenotypes. Our results indicate that beta-glycerophosphate treatment of OLC cultures decreases Lhx6 transcript levels in vitro. Our findings proved odontoblast phenotype-specificity, which demonstrates that this novel odontoblast-lineage cell line is a valuable tool for future experiments in odontology.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

From cell lineage to developmental genetics.

One of the bases of developmental genetics resides in the alliance of clonal analysis and genetic analysis. But the study of cell lineage--cells which have their genealogical relationship--and the study of the cellular labelled progeny, have their own history. We have tried to follow it since its foundation with C.O. Whitman (1878) and E.B. Wilson (1892). A.H. Sturtevant (1929) and C. Stern (1936) the first tools to study the 'cell lineage' in Drosophila. We stress the contribution of the pioneer work realised around 1940. In the following period we witness the emergence of developmental genetics in Drosophila mainly with E. Hadorn (1949-1966), C. Stern (1954-1968) and E.B. Lewis (1963-1964). We conclude with A. Garcia-Bellido's view of compartments: supra-cellular units of development (1973). A postscript presents the most recent publications and some critical focuses.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit proliferation, induce reversible differentiation and prevent cell death in astrocyte lineage cells.

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) induce the differentiation of Serum-free Mouse Embryo (SFME) cells into astrocytes (D'Alessandro et al., 1994) as demonstrated by change in morphology, increase in Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) content and classification as both type 1 and 2 astrocytes. Further analyses showed that in the presence of BMP, cells which had differentiated into astrocytes were inhibited from proliferation. Moreover, removal of BMP resulted in a resumption of proliferation accompanied by a loss of GFAP expression over time, indicating that under these in vitro conditions the differentiation was reversible. Since EGF is absolutely required for the survival of SFME cells, we examined the effect of its removal in the presence of BMP. Cell survival was > 80% in the presence of BMP-2, 7 or 2/7 and < 10% in the presence of TGF-beta 1. These data demonstrate that BMPs have effects on the proliferation, differentiation and survival of cells in the astrocyte lineage.

Activins↗

PubMed1993

Cross-linking of B cell receptor-related MB-1 molecule induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation in early B lineage cells.

Cross-linking of surface B cell Ag receptor (BCR) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of BCR-associated components through a receptor-mediated signal transmission pathway. B cell-specific mb-1 and B29 genes encode the alpha/beta components of the BCR-associated complex in mature sIgM+ B cells. Here, we studied the involvement of the mb-1 gene product, MB-1, in the BCR-related structure of immature B cells. Affinity-purified anti-MB-1 antibody coprecipitated mu chain/20-kDa/15-kDa proteins together with monomer MB-1 and Ig-alpha/Ig-beta heterodimer components from digitonin lysates of the pre-B cell line 18.81. The monomer MB-1 and Ig-alpha in the pre-B cell line were shown to migrate with identical patterns in nonequilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis/SDS-PAGE. Western blot analysis showed that MB-1 protein is coprecipitated with mu chain from the pre-B cell line. We studied the tyrosine phosphorylation response of bone marrow B lineage cells as well as spleen B cells after cross-linking of BCR-related components with anti-mu, anti-kappa, and anti-MB-1 antibodies. We identified the activation of tyrosine kinase by direct cross-linking of MB-1 expressed on the surface of early B lineage cells. Anti-mu antibody stimulation induced the activation of tyrosine kinase in early (5- to 10-min) and late (30- to 120-min) responses in bone marrow early B lineage cells. Anti-MB-1 mAb (11-18-5) induced the late response exclusively but anti-kappa antibody induced only the early response. These results clearly indicate that MB-1 acts in the BCR-mediated signal transmission in early B lineage cells. To explore the molecular mechanism of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in bone marrow B lineage cells, we studied associated components of the BCR complex by using an in vitro kinase reaction and observed the phosphorylation of a 60-kDa protein in pre-B cell lines. The 60-kDa phosphoprotein coprecipitated with MB-1 and the BCR-related complex is very similar to the Src-type Fyn tyrosine kinase or a Fyn-related protein.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Crucial roles of mesodermal cell lineages in a murine embryonic stem cell-derived in vitro liver organogenesis system.

Recent studies in the field of regenerative medicine have exploited the pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate a variety of cell lineages. However, the target has always been only a single lineage, which was isolated from other differentiated cell populations. In the present study, we selected sublines with a high capability for differentiation to contracting cardiomyocytes and also produced germ-line chimeric mice from a parent ES line. We also succeed in establishing embryoid bodies prepared from the ES cells that differentiated into not only hepatocytes but also at least two mesodermal lineages: cardiomyocytes that supported liver development and endothelial cells corresponding to sinusoids. This allowed the development of an in vitro system using murine ES cells that approximated the events of liver development in vivo. The expression of albumin was significantly higher in cardiomyocytes that had arisen in differentiated ES cells than in those that had not. Our in vitro system for liver organogenesis consists of a blood/sinusoid vascular-like network and hepatocyte layers and shows higher levels of hepatic function, such as albumin production and ammonia degradation, than hepatic cell lines and primary cultures of murine adult hepatocytes. This innovative system will lead to the development of second-generation regenerative medicine techniques using ES cells and is expected to be useful for the development of bioartificial liver systems and drug-metabolism assays.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2005

A gene network model for developing cell lineages.

Biological development is a remarkably complex process. A single cell, in an appropriate environment, contains sufficient information to generate a variety of differentiated cell types, whose spatial and temporal dynamics interact to form detailed morphological patterns. While several different physical and chemical processes play an important role in the development of an organism, the locus of control is the cell's gene regulatory network. We designed a dynamic recurrent gene network (DRGN) model and evaluated its ability to control the developmental trajectories of cells during embryogenesis. Three tasks were developed to evaluate the model, inspired by cell lineage specification in C. elegans, describing the variation in gene activity required for early cell diversification, combinatorial control of cell lineages, and cell lineage termination. Three corresponding sets of simulations compared performance on the tasks for different gene network sizes, demonstrating the ability of DRGNs to perform the tasks with minimal external input. The model and task definition represent a new means of linking the fundamental properties of genetic networks with the topology of the cell lineages whose development they control.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Plasmacytoid monocytes/T cells: a dendritic cell lineage?

Plasmacytoid monocytes/T cells were first described in 1958, yet their origin and function have remained enigmatic. Recently a series of publications brought these cells to the forefront of immunological research. Indeed, plasmacytoid monocytes/T-cells contain natural type-I interferon producing cells and can differentiate in vitro into dendritic cells (DC). It has been proposed that plasmacytoid monocytes/T-cells represent a distinct lineage of cells whose fate it is to differentiate into dendritic cells. Herein we will review recent advances in our understanding of plasmacytoid monocytes/T cells and highlight arguments in favor or against this lineage hypothesis. We propose that plasmacytoid monocytes/T cells represent a composite group of both myeloid and lymphoid early-committed cells that are characterized by their ability to differentiate in vitro into DC.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Adepithelial cells in Drosophila melanogaster: origin and cell lineage.

We have analysed the cell lineage relationships between larval and imaginal mesodermal primordia at the blastoderm stage by homotopic single cell transplantations. The primordia of adepithelial cells, the precursors of adult thoracic muscles, are restricted to the region from 50 to 65% egg length within the ventrally located mesodermal anlage. Clones of adepithelial cells always show a common cell lineage with larval muscles and in some cases additionally with larval fat body. This proves that at the blastoderm stage the determination of larval vs. imaginal mesodermal primordia has not yet taken place. Larval somatic muscle clones, in contrast to clones in the ectoderm, can overlap several segments, whereas clones of adepithelial cells are always restricted to imaginal discs of one segment.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Differential expression of a muscle actin gene in muscle cell lineages of ascidian embryos.

Specific probes were used to examine the accumulation of muscle actin mRNA during embryonic development of the ascidian Styela. Clones of a muscle actin gene were obtained from an adult mantle cDNA library. Four lines of evidence indicate that these clones correspond to a muscle actin gene. First, their coding regions share 11 of 14 diagnostic amino acid positions with mammalian smooth and skeletal muscle actins. Second, subclones that contain only the 3' noncoding region of the gene select mRNA coding for muscle actin, while subclones that include the coding region of the gene select mRNA coding for muscle and nonmuscle actins. Third, a probe that contains only the 3' noncoding region detects a single band, corresponding to a 2 kb transcript, while a probe that includes the coding region detects the 2 kb transcript and at least one other band, presumably a cytoplasmic actin transcript. Fourth, the 3' noncoding region probe detects transcripts only in muscle cells and their precursors, while the coding region probe detects transcripts in muscle and nonmuscle cells. The muscle actin transcript is present at very low levels in eggs and early embryos, begins to accumulate between the early gastrula and tailbud stages, and by the tadpole stage attains a level about 25-fold higher than in the egg. In situ hybridization showed that embryonic muscle actin transcripts are restricted to the muscle cell lineages. These transcripts were initially observed in primary muscle lineage cells (descendants of the B4.1 blastomeres) at the early gastrula stage and continued to be present in these cells throughout embryonic development. In contrast, muscle actin transcripts did not appear in secondary muscle lineage cells (descendants of b4.2 and A4.1 blastomeres) until the mid-tailbud stage, and were not detected in mesenchyme cells, the presumptive adult muscle cell precursors, at any time during embryonic development. The results suggest that muscle actin gene expression is subject to spatial and temporal regulation in the muscle cell lineages.

Actins↗

PubMed1995

Hypomethylation of the interferon-gamma gene correlates with its expression by primary T-lineage cells.

To determine the potential role of methylation in the regulation of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene transcription by T cells, primary T-lineage cell populations were analyzed for the extent of methylation of three CpG sites within or near transcriptional activator elements in the 5' flank and first intron of the human IFN-gamma gene. A striking correlation was observed between the capacity of the IFN-gamma gene to be expressed and the degree of hypomethylation. The IFN-gamma gene was virtually completely methylated at all sites in thymocytes, neonatal T cells, and adult CD45RAhiCD45R0lo (antigenically naive) CD4 T cells, cell types that all have a low or undetectable capacity to express the IFN-gamma gene. In contrast, there was substantial hypomethylation in T-lineage cell types with relatively high capacities to express the IFN-gamma gene, including adult CD8 T cells and adult CD45RAloCD45R0hi (memory/effector) CD4 T cells. These results suggest that hypomethylation of the IFN-gamma genetic locus may be an important determinant of IFN-gamma gene expression in vivo by T-lineage cells.

Age Factors↗