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PubMed1984

Female orgasmic experience: a subjective study.

Human female orgasm was studied by collecting and analyzing the subjective orgasmic histories of 30 women, ages 18 to 59 years. Virtually all of the 93% who reported they had experienced orgasm also reported some level of conscious control over whether or not they reached orgasm. Women differed widely as to preferred types of physical stimulation and/or mental activities to facilitate orgasm. Orgasms were experienced as centered in the clitoral and/or vaginal areas. Women over 40 were more likely to have experienced orgasm in more than one anatomic site than were women aged 18 to 29. Marital status, religion, occupation, educational level, experiences of pregnancy and childbirth, various reported characteristics of relationships with partners, and early sexual experience were not associated with where orgasm is experienced within the body or with other variables of adult orgasmic experience. The variation among women as to how orgasm is best reached, differences in where it is experienced within the body, and the reasons why an individual woman experiences orgasms differently over time remain poorly understood phenomena.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The assessment of vertebral bone macroarchitecture with X-ray computed tomography.

On a macroscopic scale, the structural characteristics of whole bone are likely dependent on the distribution of typically applied loads to the bone surface, the full bone shape, the thickness of the cortex at the various surface positions, and the distribution of cancellous bone material. X-ray computed tomography is presently the best available method for assessing the macroarchitecture of bone in-vivo. Fine detail, three-dimensional CT methods are available to measure regional bone mineral density (rBMD) in contiguously spaced small volumes and have been applied to the assessment of macroarchitecture in vertebrae. The more detailed rBMD methods produce radiation exposures to the subject similar to lumbar radiography and substantially higher than traditional QCT. The cancellous bone within lumbar vertebral bodies has been found in cross-sectional studies to have increased density in the inferior, posterior and lateral regions. Notably, regions with higher density at age 40 have a larger decline with age. The vertebral body cortex declines with age at a slower rate than observed for cancellous bone; however, the decline with age of cortical bone appears to vary substantially amongst subjects. The amount of cortical bone in the anterior portion of the body is less than in the lateral portion, which may explain previous discrepancies in assessing the fraction of vertebral body bone in the cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

NMR-studies of triiodothyropropionic acid in ethanol-HCl.

The barrier to rotation in the N-acetyl methyl ester of the thyroxine was found to be 8.6 kcal mol-1. Previous experiments determining the barrier to rotation in triiodothyropropionic acid in HCl-ethanol were shown to be in error.

Ethanol↗
PubMed1988

Distal axonopathy in streptozotocin diabetes in rats.

We noted the earliest morphological changes in the motor endplates 8 weeks after the induction of streptozotocin diabetes in rats. Morphometric measurements showed reduced axonal areas of the lateral plantar and the sciatic nerves in the diabetic rats 28 but not 2 and 8 weeks after the experiment. These findings suggested distal axonopathy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Rural-urban differences in service use for memory-related problems in older adults.

The reduced availability of providers and travel difficulties in rural areas may thwart older rural adults from getting the care they need for memory-related problems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether rural-urban differences exist in the probability of any service use of primary care physicians and mental health specialists in a full sample of older adults and in a subset of impaired respondents. In the full sample, rural respondents were 0.66 times as likely (p = .06) to have used primary care physicians for memory-related problems compared with urban respondents. In the subgroup, rural individuals were 0.26 times as likely (p = .02). In both groups, there were no rural-urban differences in the probability of mental health specialty use for memory-related problems. Further investigations are necessary to determine the causes.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Breast cancer after breast augmentation with silicone implants.

BACKGROUND: Although epidemiological studies have failed to demonstrate an increased incidence of breast cancer in women who had undergone prior prosthetic augmentation mammoplasty (PAM), it has been reported that when breast cancer arises in this group it presents mostly in a palpable form and at a more advanced stage. This is thought to be secondary to suboptimal mammographic evaluation caused by the masking effect of the implant. This study was undertaken to determine, in our experience, whether breast cancer arising in women who had undergone PAM could be detected in a prepalpable form by mammography and whether it presented at a more advanced stage as compared with nonaugmented women with breast cancer. METHODS: The charts of 22 patients, treated by at least one of the authors, in whom 23 breast cancers developed after PAM (group A) were retrospectively reviewed. The comparison groups consisted of 611 nonaugmented patients who underwent 636 procedures for the treatment of primary breast cancer at our institution (group B) and the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data (group C). Parameters studied were mode of detection, tumor size, axillary lymph node involvement, and histopathology. RESULTS: No significant differences between the groups were found in mean tumor size (group A vs. group B), the incidence of preinvasive cancer (group A vs. group B) or axillary lymph node involvement (group A vs. group B and group A vs. group C). Breast-preserving surgery was performed significantly less in augmented patients (group A vs. group B). CONCLUSION: We conclude that prepalpable and preinvasive breast cancer can be detected in the PAM patient by mammography and that the stage of presentation in this group is not significantly different than in nonaugmented patients. Total mastectomy is preferred over breast-preserving procedures for the treatment of breast cancer in the PAM patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Internal mammary node status: a major prognosticator in axillary node-negative breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The internal mammary lymph nodes (IMN) have received little attention in recent years, yet are a well-documented site of metastasis and a major prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer. METHODS/RESULTS: Ten-year follow-up of the final 195 patients treated by extended radical mastectomy (ERM) in this practice (selected largely on the basis of medial tumor location, and comprising 15% of all patients treated from 1965 to 1978) found IMN+ in 24% of all cases: 36% of AX+ versus 18% of AX- patients (p = 0.0023). In a multivariate analysis, the disease-free survival impact of IMN+ (p = 0.004) was second only to axillary node involvement (p < 0.0005), and surpassed tumor size (p = 0.077). IMN+ was equally frequent for tumors less than, or greater than, 2 cm (24%), and was not significantly related to patient age. Among AX- patients, there was a twofold greater risk of recurrence or death at 10 years for IMN+ than for IMN-. Among T1N0 patients, 19.6% were IMN+. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to consider IMN status in the steadily enlarging cohort of T1N0 breast cancers may result in the undertreatment of a significant proportion of stage I patients. Systemic adjuvant therapy should be considered for T1N0 patients with central or medial tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Molecular cloning of the mouse gene coding for carbonic anhydrase IV.

Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) is expressed on apical surfaces of renal tubular epithelium and endothelium of specialized capillary beds. It plays a key role in bicarbonate reabsorption in kidney and in CO2 transport in other tissues. The human cDNA and genomic sequences have been cloned and characterized. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the entire mouse CA IV gene (contained in two overlapping lambda clones), which should enable generation of targeting constructs for disrupting the mouse CA IV gene to produce mouse models for in vivo analysis of CA IV gene function. The gene is approximately 8.2 kb long and contains eight exons ranging from 54 to 434 bp in length. The first exon (exon 1a) encodes the signal sequence. Exons 1b through 7 encode the remaining coding sequences. Exon 7 encodes the C terminus of the membrane-associated protein, as well as the 242-bp 3' untranslated sequence. The nucleotide sequence alignment between mouse and rat CA IV cDNAs reveals 84% identity. The nucleotide sequence alignment between mouse and human CA IV shows 69% identity in the coding region and all of the exon-intron boundaries are conserved, as are the sizes of the introns. The corresponding mouse and human exons are similar, except for the length of the untranslated regions in exons 1a and 7 and two small insertion/deletion events in exons 1a and 4. The 5' flanking region of the mouse gene (-300 to -1) is GC rich and contains 16 CpG dinucleotides. A TATA box sequence and several transcription factor binding sequences are identified upstream of exon 1a. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences surrounding the TATA box (-300 to -1) between mouse and human CA IV genes revealed 70% identity, indicating that regulatory sequences are as highly conserved as coding sequences between mouse and human CA IV genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Malignant retrorectal tumors: 28 years' experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.

From 1949 to 1977, 39 patients with localized malignant retrorectal tumors were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Chordomas were the most frequent histologic type (38 per cent of patients) followed by neurogenic tumors (15 per cent) chondrosarcomas, hemangiopericytomas, and embryonal adenocarcinomas (8 per cent each). Treatment consisted of surgical excision in 28 patients (18 of whom received adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy). Ten patients were treated nonsurgically, receiving radiation and/or chemotherapy alone. Large tumors were most successfully managed by a combined surgical approach consisting of exploratory celiotomy, rectal mobilization, and bilateral hypogastric artery (with middle sacral artery and vein) ligation, followed by transsacral tumor excision with incontinuity sacrectomy. For all treated patients, survival at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years was 69 per cent, 50 per cent, 37 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively. Long-term disease-free survival (17 to 25 years post treatment) was noted in six patients. [Key words: Tumor(s), retrorectal, malignant; Tumor(s), treatment].

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Isolation, characterization, and long-term culture of fetal bovine tracheal epithelial cells.

Epithelial cells were isolated from fetal bovine trachea by exposing and stripping the mucosal epithelium from the adjacent connective tissue. The tissue was minced and enzymically dissociated in Ca-Mg-free medium containing dispase and dithiothreitol. The stripping procedure and selective trypsinization produced epithelial cell cultures free of fibroblasts. Seeded on plastic, the plating efficiency was 21.5% with a doubling time of 24 h. Dome formation, evidence of occluding junctions and active ion transport characteristic of epithelial cells, was common. Growth of the cells on glass, collagen, and Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) substrate demonstrated a striking difference in morphology. Cells grown on EHS presented a more distinctly three-dimensional growth pattern and many more microvilli when compared to cells grown on glass or collagen. The cells retained their epithelioid characteristics through more than 30 passages as shown by the presence of distinct apical and basolateral membranes, tight junctions, and positive keratin staining.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Microbiological cultivation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis from cell cultures.

The failure of many cell culture isolates of Mycoplasma hyorhinis to grow on microbiological media has stressed the need for alternate assays to detect these organisms. The use of freshly prepared yeast extract in mycoplasmal media together with incubation in 5% CO2/air successfully detected M. hyorhinis in 12 of 12 infected cultures. These were not detected by the use of conventional mycoplasmal media using aerobic or anaerobic incubation. This assay may also be helpful in detection of other mycoplasmal species commonly isolated from cell cultures.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phenotypic differences between Syrian hamster embryo cells cultured at pH 6.7 or 7.3.

We have investigated the molecular phenotypic differences between Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells cultured at pH 6.7 or 7.3. Multiple pH-sensitive phenotypic differences were noted including changes in cellular morphology, a unique charge differential in a major cellular protein, nine uniquely expressed proteins, two unique phosphoserine/threonine phosphoproteins, one unique phosphotyrosine phosphoprotein, and the pH dependent mRNA level of a gap junctional gene (connexin 43). These differences, combined with previously described pH-specific differences (differential transformation rates and gap junctional communication), illustrate that culturing SHE cells in media that differ by 0.6 pH units (0.3 units on either side of pH 7.0) can have a profound influence on the cellular phenotype.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Establishment of immortalized alveolar type II epithelial cell lines from adult rats.

We developed methodology to isolate and culture rat alveolar Type II cells under conditions that preserved their proliferative capacity, and applied lipofection to introduce an immortalizing gene into the cells. Briefly, the alveolar Type II cells were isolated from male F344 rats using airway perfusion with a pronase solution followed by incubation for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Cells obtained by pronase digestion were predominantly epithelial in morphology and were positive for Papanicolaou and alkaline phosphatase staining. These cells could be maintained on an extracellular matrix of fibronectin and Type IV collagen in a low serum, insulin-supplemented Ham's F12 growth medium for four to five passages. Rat alveolar epithelial cells obtained by this method were transformed with the SV40-T antigen gene and two immortalized cell lines (RLE-6T and RLE-6TN) were obtained. The RLE-6T line exhibits positive nuclear immunostaining for the SV40-T antigen and the RLE-6TN line does not. PCR analysis of genomic DNA from the RLE-6T and RLE-6TN cells demonstrated the T-antigen gene was present only in the RLE-6T line indicating the RLE-6TN line is likely derived from a spontaneous transformant. After more than 50 population doublings, the RLE-6T cells stained positive for cytokeratin, possessed alkaline phosphatase activity, and contained lipid-containing inclusion bodies (phosphine 3R staining); all characteristics of alveolar Type II cells. The RLE-6TN cells exhibited similar characteristics except they did not express alkaline phosphatase activity. Early passage RLE-6T and 6TN cells showed a near diploid chromosome number.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Impact of sentinel lymph node mapping on relative charges in patients with early-stage breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The introduction of SLNB has allowed accurate staging in early-stage breast carcinomas and has minimized the number of unnecessary ALNDs. Intraoperative frozen-section analysis is a fundamental component of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) procedure. Some patients have positive nodes on frozen-section analysis and thus undergo a conventional axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) at the time of the SLNB. A few patients have negative nodes on frozen-section analysis but have subsequent evidence of metastases on final pathologic examination. The purpose of our study was 2-fold: to compare the hospital-related charges of patients undergoing staging by SLNB with those of patients undergoing conventional ALND and to assess whether the different outcomes associated with SLNB adversely affect the charges incurred with this procedure. METHODS: Our study group consisted of 100 patients with T1 breast cancer and breast conservation therapy who underwent either SLNB or ALND from July 1, 1997, to June 30, 1998. We identified the first 50 consecutive patients to undergo SLNB during this period. We chose a similar cohort of 50 patients for ALND. Mean hospital-related charges for the SLNB patients were categorized and compared with those for the ALND patients. RESULTS: Results for the two groups were analyzed using a two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Charges for the OR and hospital stay were less for the SLNB group (P < .05). Frozen-section analysis in the SLNB group contributed to the significant difference in charges for pathologic evaluation. Overall, the two groups showed no significant difference in total hospital-related charges. CONCLUSIONS: When SLNB is used for T1 tumors, a small percentage of patients (10% in our study) will return to the operating room for an ALND. This small percentage does not increase the charges related to SLNB, however, as the reduced stay for most patients offsets this subgroup's contribution to the total hospital-related charges. Thus, in patients with clinical stage I breast cancer, SLNB does not cause significantly higher hospital-related charges compared with conventional ALND.

Axilla↗