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[Role of eye manifestations in chlamydioses].

Following an up-to-date bacteriological resume, are recalled the most important clinical manifestations presently attributed to C. trachomatis: general manifestations (pulmonary, articular, venereal, congenital, viscereal and others still under discussion); ocular manifestations (trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis of newborn infants or adults, other ocular affections still under discussion). The main theories are exposed, which try to explain some epidemiological links between all these manifestations.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Human chlamydial infections.

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites, bacteria with a peculiar biology. They belong to the genus Chlamydia which includes two species: C. psittaci and C. trachomatis. A wide range of hosts, including birds, mammals and man can be infected by chlamydiae. The diseases chlamydiae can produce include psittacosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and neonatal pneumonia. The diagnosis of chlamydial infection may be made by visualization of the organism in direct smears, isolation of the agent in cell culture, or by demonstrating a significant rise in antibody titer. Chlamydial infection may be treated with tetracycline, erythromycin, or sulfonamides.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Systemic immunization with Hsp60 alters the development of chlamydial ocular disease.

PURPOSE: To determine whether immunization with recombinant Hsp60 would exacerbate ocular pathology on challenge with viable chlamydial elementary bodies. METHODS: Guinea pigs were immunized either subcutaneously with recombinant Hsp60 or both subcutaneously with recombinant Hsp60 and ocularly with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) Hsp60 antigen. All animals were challenged in the conjunctiva with the agent of GPIC, and the degree of gross ocular pathology was determined. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody titers to Hsp60 were measured in ocular secretions as a measure of the degree of immunization. RESULTS: In primary and challenge GPIC infection, the degree of gross ocular pathology was lower in the immunized group. The presence of high IgA and IgG antibody titers to Hsp60 in tears suggested that the response may have been modified by the presence of blocking antibodies that either may have removed the antigen quickly or prevented interaction with sensitized T cells. In contrast to subcutaneous immunization, the combined immunization regimen, consisting of subcutaneous recombinant Hsp60 followed by ocular inoculation of the attenuated Salmonella, resulted in no difference in gross pathology after reinfection of guinea pigs with GPIC. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicated that the immunization with Hsp60 did not produce exacerbated disease on challenge with viable organisms; however, the data suggested that the route of administration, form of antigen, or both may be critical in the disease process.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Chlamydia in the neonate.

Chlamydia trachomatis infections are the most prevalent of all sexually transmitted diseases and can be transmitted to the neonate during the birth process. Neonatal chlamydial infections include inclusion conjunctivitis and chlamydial pneumonia. These infections cause no reported mortality but are associated with a high incidence of morbidity in the newborn. Nursing care is vitally important in prevention, early detection, and management of neonates with chlamydial infections. A knowledge of Chlamydia, its risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment will assure an improved outcome for the entire neonatal population.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1990

[Study of serological diagnosis in ocular chlamydial infection with IPAZYME].

We employed a indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IPAZYME in the evaluation of IgG and IgA antibody for Chlamydia trachomatis in serum samples from 218 patients such as cicatricial trachoma 55 cases, culture-positive adult inclusion conjunctivitis 48 cases and culture-negative conjunctivitis 47 cases, aged people, 68 cases as controls respectively. Frequency of positive IgG antibody showed a significant difference between adult inclusion conjunctivitis or cicatricial trachoma and controls. IgA antibody was positive in 25/48 (52%) in adult inclusion conjunctivitis and in 7/55 (12%) in cicatricial trachoma cases. Serum IgA antibody against Chlamydia trachomatis is of value to be an index of active ocular chlamydial inflammation. The correlation between severity of conjunctival cicatrix or corneal punnus and titers of IgG antibody was also significant.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Studies of human tear proteins--2. Analysis by crossed immunoelectrophoresis of tears from diseased eyes.

By filter paper strips, tears were collected from patients with diseases in the anterior ocular segment and analysed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Their crossed immunoelectrophoretic patterns were compared with those of normal subjects. Tear proteins from Sjögren's syndrome. Mikulicz's disease and tumor of the lacrimal gland showed abnormal patterns by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Tears were collected from patients with lacrimal gland tumor after resection of the tumors. Ten tear-specific proteins were more decreased in these patients than in normal subjects. Serum proteins in the tears of these patients were increased, but secretory IgA (s-IgA) showed no change. A patient with symblepharon showed a marked decrease of both tear-specific proteins and s-IgA. Tears from patients wit epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), vernal conjunctivitis, herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) and adult inclusion conjunctivitis were analyzed. No remarkable change in tear-specific proteins could be noticed between tears from a case with an early stage of EKC or slight inflammation of the conjunctivitis and tears from the fellow unaffected eye. However, an increase was noted in serum proteins of the diseased eye. The tears collected from a case with severe EKC showed a decrease of tear-specific proteins, but an increase of serum proteins; especially s-IgA showed a significant increase. Tears from patients with EKC, HSK, vernal conjunctivitis and adult inclusion conjunctivitis showed differences in the immunoelectrophoretic patterns of tear proteins according to the severity and duration of the inflammation, as well as the amount of tears secreted. After due consideration of the analysis of tear proteins from some diseases of the anterior ocular segment, the following secretory sites of tear proteins under normal conditions were projected. The 10 tear-specific proteins reported in the previous paper are thought to be largely secreted from the main lacrimal gland. s-IgA is mainly secreted through the excretory ducts of the main lacrimal gland. Serum proteins in the tears are thought to come through the conjunctiva.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

"Blue-body" epithelial cell inclusions in conjunctivitis.

In 10.4% of conjunctival scrapings received from 1731 patients with conjunctivitis during the years 1970 through 1980, basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions of unknown etiology were found in the epithelial cells when Giemsa stained. These "blue-bodies" differed in morphology from bacteria, chlamydia, and other frequent cytoplasmic inclusions. By electron microscopy, they consisted of a variety of dense bodies and phagolysosomal vacuoles containing complex lipids, indicating injury to the epithelial cells. The presence of these inclusions had a statistically significant association with the use of topical medications, especially Neosporin. Administration of other antibiotics and medications was less frequently related. Patients with the most prolific "blue-body" inclusions usually showed a clinical picture of subacute to chronic conjunctivitis or blepharoconjunctivitis thought to represent hypersensitivity. Recognizing the nature of these easily seen inclusions is important to distinguish them from infectious organisms, and may also support the diagnosis of a drug-related reaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Ophthalmia neonatorum due to Chlamydia trachomatis: a family problem?

The most frequently seen type of infectious ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis, is caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomatis. This agent is known to be transmitted sexually. Until recently, the infections produced by C trachomatis were though to be relatively benign. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the organism may produce urethritis and epididymitis in the male; cervicitis, cervical erosions, salpingitis, and puerperal infections in the female; and prematurity and pneumonitis in the infant. An infant who develops ophthalmia neonatorum should be thoroughly evaluated for the presence of a chlamydial infection. In many instances the first evidence of chlamydial infection within the parents will be the development of inclusion conjunctivitis in their newborn infant. Family members of infants with inclusion conjunctivitis who manifest any evidence of clinical disease should be evaluated and treated with appropriate antibiotics.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Chlamydial pneumonitis induced in newborn guinea pigs.

One- to three-day-old guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Physical signs of infection included a marked increase in respiration rate on days 5 to 10 of infection and radiographic evidence of pneumonia on day 6. When animals were killed at various times after infection and lung tissue was examined by histopathology, evidence of pneumonia was found beginning on day 4 and lasting as long as day 12, with maximal pathological changes on days 6 to 8. The pneumonia was generally unilateral and consisted of an acute inflammatory component in the bronchioles with granulocytes in both the lumen and the wall of the bronchioles and an interstitial and intra-alveolar mononuclear infiltrate in the parenchyma of the lung. Chlamydial antigen was detected in the bronchial epithelial cells by immunoperoxidase staining, and the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis organism was isolated from lung tissue on days 6 to 9. No other significant bacteria were isolated from lung tissue or seen on gram stains of lung sections. Both immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G serum antibodies to the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent were detected as early as day 8 and reached peak levels on day 12. The infection was apparently self-limiting. This model presents the opportunity to investigate pathophysiological and immunological aspects of chlamydial respiratory infections in a neonatal animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Pneumonitis following inclusion blennorrhea.

A pregnant woman and her husband had proved chlamydial genital tract infections. She gave birth to a male infant who developed inclusion blennorrhea (inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn infant). While on topical chemotherapy for his eye disease, the infant developed pneumonitis. Chlamydiae were recovered from his sputum at a time when conjunctival specimens were sterile. This finding raises the possibility that the agent of inclusion conjunctivitis may cause systemic infections in neonates exposed during passage through an infected birth canal.

Chlamydia↗
PubMed1982

Effect of estradiol on chlamydial genital infection of female guinea pigs.

Female guinea pigs were treated daily with 1 mg of beta-estradiol-3-benzoate intramuscularly beginning 14 days before intravaginal inoculation with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and continuing during the course of the infection. Treatment with estradiol was found to markedly influence the course of genital infection with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, producing infections of greater intensity and longer duration than those in control animals. Moreover, pathogenesis was altered in that ascending infection was observed, resulting in endometritis, cystic salpingitis, and cystitis. Infection in the controls was limited to the cervix and vagina. Estradiol treatment increased the apparent number of infected cells in the cervix and vagina as detected by histopathology and immunofluorescent staining. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis were comparable in estradiol-treated and untreated animals. These data indicate that hormonal manipulation may have profound effects on the course of chlamydial genital infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Evaluation of chlamydial IgM antibodies for clinical diagnosis].

Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae are now well established as pathogens of respiratory infections including pneumonia. Serum samples from 223 infants and children with pneumonia, 31 patients with adult inclusion conjunctivitis, 16 parents of babies with neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis and others were tested for IgM antibodies to Chlamydiae. Diagnostic kits for chlamydial IgM antibodies (SeroELISA and IPAzyme) have been also evaluated for their diagnostic value. It was found that detection of specific IgM antibodies with SeroELISA has a diagnostic value in chlamydial pneumonias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Susceptibility to reinfection after a primary chlamydial genital infection.

Female guinea pigs which had been infected genitally with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis were challenged at various times after infection with fresh inocula to determine the duration of immunity resulting from the primary infection. At 30 days after infection, most guinea pigs were resistant to reinfection, as indicated by the inability to isolate chlamydiae from cervical swabs. However, at 77, 155, and 294 days, all animals became reinfected, although the course of the infection was abbreviated and of lower intensity. When various immune parameters were examined, a decrease in antibodies in both serum (immunoglobulin G [( IgG]) and genital secretions (IgA, IgG) was observed after 30 days. A decrease in antibodies to the major outer membrane protein and an 84K component was noted in serum. In genital secretions, IgA antibodies to all major chlamydial components declined markedly after 30 days. Cell-mediated immunity as measured by proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes to guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis antigen also was at a peak response 30 days after infection and decreased thereafter. Thus, loss of complete immunity could not be associated with a particular immune parameter. When genital secretions were examined 14 days after the challenge infection, IgA antibody levels to the lipopolysaccharide and 61K protein components had increased in intensity, whereas other antibodies were relatively low. In addition, complete immunity to a third infection was not increased in duration when animals had recovered from two previous genital infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Chlamydial eye infection in adults.

In Western industrialized countries, conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is most prevalent in adults at about the age of 20 years. In the case of classical trachoma in developing countries, the highest incidence of active disease occurs in children between 2 and 5 years of age. Inclusion conjunctivitis in adults is usually an autoinfection, resulting from a concomitant genital chlamydial infection. By contrast, in endemic trachoma the infection is spread from eye to eye. Only rarely has a nongenital transmission of inclusion conjunctivitis been inferred, among medical personnel and after swimming-pool bathing. Neonates with inclusion blennorrhea also may transmit the infection to family members. Diagnosis relies on the demonstration of C. trachomatis recovered from infected eyes. Treating chlamydial eye infection in adults means controlling the concomitant genital infection as well. The recommended treatment is oral tetracycline or erythromycin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effect of antithymocyte serum on the course of chlamydial genital infection in female guinea pigs.

The treatment of female guinea pigs, infected in the genital tract with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, with rabbit anti-guinea pig thymocyte serum extended the course of the infection by 20 to 30 days. The rabbit anti-guinea pig thymocyte serum was shown to suppress delayed hypersensitivity responses to the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent and the contact allergen oxazolone. The appearance of antibody in genital secretions was delayed, but the infection persisted at low levels even when normal serum and secretory antibody titers were attained, indicating that cell-mediated immunity may play a role in the resolution of chlamydial genital infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cloning and sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC.

The gene encoding the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of the psittacine Chlamydia psittaci strain 6BC was cloned and sequenced. N-terminal protein sequencing of the mature MOMP indicated that it is posttranslationally processed at a site identical to the site previously identified in the MOMP of Chlamydia trachomatis L2. The nucleotide sequence of the C. psittaci 6BC MOMP gene was found to be 67 to 68% identical to those of human C. trachomatis strains, 73% identical to that of Chlamydia pneumoniae IOL-207, 79% identical to that of the C. psittaci guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis strain, GPIC, and 83% identical to that of the C. psittaci ovine abortion strain S26/3. In contrast, the 6BC sequence was found to be greater than 99% identical to the sequences reported for two strains of C. psittaci, A22/M and Cal-10 meningopneumonitis, believed to be of nonpsittacine avian origin. Monoclonal antibody analysis confirmed the nonpsittacine avian origin of A22/M but identified the Cal-10 strain from which the MOMP gene was previously sequenced as a psittacine strain. These results confirm that psittacine and nonpsittacine avian strains of C. psittaci are closely related and distinct from the mammalian guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and ovine abortion strains of C. psittaci.

Amino Acid Sequence↗