AMINO METHYL CYCLOHEXANE CARBOXYLIC ACID (AMCHA), A NEW SYNTHETIC FIBRINOLYTIC INHIBITOR.
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Amino Acids↗
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Purification and properties of NADH/NADPH-dependent p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Corynebacterium cyclohexanicum.
Crude soluble extracts of Corynebacterium cyclohexanicum, grown on cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, were found to contain 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-hydroxylase which functions with NADH as well as NADPH. The purified enzyme preparation was electrophoretically homogeneous and contained FAD as prosthetic group. The relative molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be about 47000 by native and denaturated acrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating that it is monomeric. The enzyme was stable at 60 degrees C for 10 min. The enzyme was highly specific for p-hydroxybenzoate. The activity was inhibited by several aromatic analogues of p-hydroxybenzoate such as p-aminobenzoate, p-fluorobenzoate, o-hydroxybenzoate, m-hydroxybenzoate, 2,4-dihydroxygenzoate, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate. The Km value for NADH was fairly constant, about 45 microM, in the pH range 7.0-8.4, whereas the Km value for NADPH increased from 63 microM to 170 microM as the pH rose from 7.0 to 8.4. V values in the same pH range, however, were approximately constant in both cases; about 30 mumol min-1 mg-1 for NADH, and 26 mumol min-1 mg-1 for NADPH. Mg2+ was required for full activity of the enzyme in low concentrations of phosphate buffer. The enzyme was inhibited by C1- which was non-competitive with respect to NADH, NADPH and p-hydroxybenzoate.
4-Hydroxybenzoate-3-Monooxygenase↗
Purification and properties of 4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium cyclohexanicum.
4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase, which requires NAD as a cofactor, was detected in crude soluble extracts of Corynebacterium cyclohexanicum grown on cyclohexanecarboxylic acid as the sole carbon source. The dehydrogenase was purified from extracts to an electrophoretically homogenous state by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-650s, agarose-NAD and hydroxyapatite. The enzyme consisted of two identical subunits and had a native relative molecular mass of 53,600. There were two residues each of cysteine and tryptophan in the enzyme molecule. Oxo acid rather than hydroxy acid was routinely used as substrate for assay of the enzyme. The enzyme is highly specific for 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: the carboxyl group is essential and the position of carbonyl group is important; neither the 2-oxo nor the 3-oxo homologue was used as substrate. A methyl substitution on the ring of 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate resulted in an almost complete loss of its activity. The reduction product was identified as trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. It was used as a substrate for the reverse reaction in the presence of NAD but not its cis-isomer. The enzyme was specific for the B-side (pro-S) hydrogen of NADH in the hydrogen transfer from NADH to 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate. The Km values for 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate and NADH in the reduction reaction at pH 6.8 were 0.50 mM and 0.28 mM, respectively, whereas those for trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate and NAD in the oxidation reaction at pH 8.8 were 0.51 mM and 0.23 mM, respectively. The equilibrium constant of the reaction was 1.79 x 10(-10) M. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by N-bromosuccinimide.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
Osmotic stress and abscisic acid induce expression of the wheat Em genes.
The early-methionine-labelled (Em) polypeptide is the single most abundant cytosolic protein of dry wheat embryos. It is encoded by messenger RNA which accumulates during the later (maturation) stages of embryogenesis. The accumulation of Em mRNA can be induced in isolated developing embryos, in culture, by the application of the plant growth regulator, abscisic acid, which prevents precocious germination. Precocious germination is also inhibited by the culture of embryos under conditions of osmotic stress when accumulation of Em mRNA is induced. This induction occurs in the absence of any significant increase in the endogenous levels of embryonic abscisic acid although there is a requirement for the continued presence of the growth regulator. Additionally, expression of Em genes can be repeated during early germination, if imbibing embryos are subjected to osmotic stress. Induction of Em-gene expression by osmotic stress is consistent with the proposed role of the Em polypeptide in mediating the remarkable tolerance of cereal embryos to the programmed desiccation undergone during their maturation.
Abscisic Acid↗
The effect of conformationally restricted amino acid. Analogues on the frog spinal cord in vitro.
1 The isolated spinal cord of the frog (Rana pipiens) was used to examine the structural requirement for the activity of neutral amino acids. The potencies of the aliphatic amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), beta-alanine and glycine were compared with the potencies of conformationally restricted cyclopentane and cyclohexane amino acid analogues. Both motoneurone hyperpolarizing and primary afferent depolarizing activity were examined in this study. 2 On motoneurones beta-alanine was the most potent aliphatic amino acid and glycine the least potent. Of the substituted aminocyclopentane carboxylic acids, that compound with a separation of amino and carboxylic acid groups closest to that of the extended GABA molecule (4.74 A) had a potency similar to GABA. As the separation decreased the hyperpolarizing activity fell off rapidly. The substituted aminocyclohexane carboxylic acids were generally inactive even at a concentration of 10 mM. 3 Strychnine blocked the motoneurone hyperpolarizing responses to all compounds with a distance between the amino and carboxylic acid groups of 3.66 A or less, but did not block the response of compounds with a distance of 4.08 A or greater. Picrotoxin and bicuculline antagonized all the responses to varying degrees and therefore were of little value in characterizing the responses. 4 On the primary afferents GABA was the most potent aliphatic amino acid and glycine the least potent. The substituted aminocyclohexane carboxylic acids were generally inactive on primary afferents. The response of the substituted aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid whose separation of amino and carboxylic acid groups was closest to that of the extended GABA molecule was most similar to the GABA response. However, (+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclopentane-carboxylic acid (separation=4.08 A),which mimicked the action of GABA on motoneurones, closely mimicked the depolarizing action of beta-alanine on primary afferents. 5 The findings suggest that the hyperpolarizing GABA receptor on motoneurones will accept a molecule whose amino and carboxylic acid groups are separated by a distance of 4.08 A or greater while the glycine receptor will accept a compound with a distance of 3.66 A or less. The depolarizing GABA receptors on primary afferents appear to be more selective since they are not activated by (+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (separation = 4.08 A), while the motoneurone receptors are.
Action Potentials↗
The role of glucose 6-phosphate in mediating the effects of glucokinase overexpression on hepatic glucose metabolism.
Pharmacological activation or overexpression of glucokinase in hepatocytes stimulates glucose phosphorylation, glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. We used an inhibitor of glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) hydrolysis, namely the chlorogenic derivative, 1-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-cyclopropylmethoxy]-3, 4-dihydroxy-5-(3-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-3-phenyl-acryloyloxy)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (also known as S4048), to determine the contribution of Glc6P concentration, as distinct from glucokinase protein or activity, to the control of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis by glucokinase overexpression. The validity of S4048 for testing the role of Glc6P was supported by its lack of effect on glucokinase binding and its nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution. The stimulation of glycolysis by glucokinase overexpression correlated strongly with glucose phosphorylation, whereas glycogen synthesis correlated strongly with Glc6P concentration. Metabolic control analysis was used to determine the sensitivity of glycogenic flux to glucokinase or Glc6P at varying glucose concentrations (5-20 mm). The concentration control coefficient of glucokinase on Glc6P (1.4-1.7) was relatively independent of glucose concentration, whereas the flux control coefficients of Glc6P (2.4-1.0) and glucokinase (3.7-1.8) on glycogen synthesis decreased with glucose concentration. The high sensitivity of glycogenic flux to Glc6P at low glucose concentration is consistent with covalent modification by Glc6P of both phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. The high control strength of glucokinase on glycogenic flux is explained by its concentration control coefficient on Glc6P and the high control strength of Glc6P on glycogen synthesis. It is suggested that the regulatory strength of pharmacological glucokinase activators on glycogen metabolism can be predicted from their effect on the Glc6P content.
Animals↗
Biodegradation of n-alkylcycloalkanes and n-alkylbenzenes via new pathways in Alcanivorax sp. strain MBIC 4326.
The degradation of long-chain n-alkylbenzenes and n-alkylcyclohexanes by Alcanivorax sp. strain MBIC 4326 was investigated. The alkyl side chain of these compounds was mainly processed by beta-oxidation. In the degradation of n-alkylcyclohexanes, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was formed as an intermediate. This compound was further transformed to benzoic acid via 1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid.
Benzene Derivatives↗
Nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli isochorismate synthetase gene entC and evolutionary relationship of isochorismate synthetase and other chorismate-utilizing enzymes.
Biochemical analysis of the enzymatic activity catalyzing the conversion of chorismate to isochorismate in the enterobactin biosynthetic pathway attributed the reaction to the isochorismate synthetase enzyme, designated EntC. However, the lack of mutations defining this activity has hampered the precise identification of the entC structural gene. In this study, we engineered a stable insertion mutation into the chromosomal region between the enterobactin genes fepB and entE. This mutation disrupted the structural gene for a previously identified 44-kilodalton protein and eliminated production of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, the catechol precursor of enterobactin. The complete nucleotide sequence of this gene was determined and compared with the sequences of other genes encoding chorismate-utilizing proteins. The similarities observed in these comparisons not only indicated that the locus is entC but also supported the premise that these enzymes constitute a family of related proteins sharing a common evolutionary origin. In addition, in this and the accompanying paper (M. S. Nahlik, T. J. Brickman, B. A. Ozenberger, and M. A. McIntosh, J. Bacteriol. 171:784-790, 1989), evidence is presented indicating that the entA product is potentially a secondary factor in the chorismate-to-isochorismate conversion and that the prototypic entC lesion (entC401) resides in the structural gene for the EntA protein. Finally, polarity effects from the insertion mutation in entC on downstream biosynthetic genes indicated that this locus is the promoter-proximal cistron in an ent operon comprising at least five genes. Appropriate regulatory signals upstream of entC suggest that this operon is regulated by iron through interaction with the Fur repressor protein.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol in Streptomyces sp. 3022a. Identification of p-amino-L-phenylalanine as a product from the action of arylamine synthetase on chorismic acid.
Products obtained from the action of arylamine synthetase on [G-14C]chorismic acid were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange column chromatography to yield a partially purified radioactive component with an arylamine function. From its ultraviolet absorption spectrum and thin-layer chromatographic behaviour the product was considered to be p-aminophenylalanine and the identification was confirmed by co-crystallization with an authentic specimen. Specific deamination of the product with L-amino-acid oxidase indicated that it was the L-epimer. These results strengthen previous evidence that arylamine synthetase is at a branch point in the shikimic acid pathway, specifically diverting intermediates to the synthesis of chloramphenicol.
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and adenosine 2A receptor-mediated tissue protection: role of macrophages.
The role of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is unknown. We sought to determine whether activation of macrophage adenosine 2A (A(2A)) receptors (A(2A)Rs) mediates tissue protection. We subjected C57Bl/6 mice infused with clodronate [dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Cl(2)MBP)] to IRI (32 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion) to deplete them of macrophages. IRI induced an elevation of plasma creatinine that was reduced with Cl(2)MBP (26% of control). Adoptive transfer of murine RAW 264.7 cells reconstituted injury, an effect blocked significantly by A(2A) agonists (27% of plasma creatinine from mice reconstituted with macrophages). Macrophages subjected to A(2A) knockout by small interfering RNA were adoptively transferred to macrophage-depleted mice and reconstituted injury (110% of control mice); however, the increase in plasma creatinine was blocked by A(2A) agonists (20% of vehicle treatment). Finally, the A(2A) agonist effect on IRI was blocked in macrophage-depleted A(2A)-knockout mice reconstituted with wild-type RAW 264.7 cells. RNase protection assays 24 h after IRI demonstrated that macrophages are required for IL-6 and TGF-beta mRNA induction. However, A(2A) agonist-mediated tissue protection is independent of IL-6 and TGF-beta mRNA. We conclude that the full extent of IRI requires macrophages and that A(2A) agonist-mediated tissue protection is independent of activation of macrophage A(2A)Rs.
Acute Kidney Injury↗
Abscissic acid localization by light microscopic immunohistochemistry in Chenopodium polyspermum L. Effect of water stress.
An indirect immunohistochemical technique was developed using a rabbit anti-abscissic acid (ABA) serum and the soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex for the localization of endogenous ABA in the aerial parts of Chenopodium. Terminal bud, axillary bud bearing nodes, and adult leaves were prefixed by a soluble carbodiimide to obtain the coupling of ABA on cellular proteins and postfixed by a conventional mixture of aldehydes. They were then embedded in paraffin or in plastic. Numerous controls were carried out on sections and on a model system to test the validity of the technique. Based on the staining patterns observed along the plant, an apico-basal gradient of ABA was revealed. In the older buds, ABA was mainly concentrated in the quiescent meristematic cells of the apex. Phloem cells of the main axis and chloroplasts of the leaves were specifically labeled. No reaction product was visualized in the parenchyma cells or in the cambial zone. Water stress, which is known to increase ABA content, induced an increase of immunoreactivity within the same compartments. This physiological test validates the stain.
Abscisic Acid↗
Antifibrinolytic therapy in subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysm.
There are 25 published studies on the treatment with antifibrinolytic agents of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Twelve of these studies were uncontrolled and, except for one, all reported reduced incidence of rebleeding. Of 13 controlled studies, 9 were randomized, and 3 were also double-blind. In 7, reported decrease in rebleeding was reported, but only 4 showed decreased mortality. Three studies showed no effect, and three reported a higher incidence of rebleeding in treated patients. Discrepancies may be due to the multiple clinical variables of SAH and to flaws in methodology; nevertheless, the data fail to demonstrate that antifibrinolytic therapy alters the natural history of the disease.
Aminocaproates↗
Warfarin pharmacodynamics unaffected by cilomilast.
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a lack of effect of steady-state concentrations of cilomilast, a new oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, on warfarin-induced anticoagulation. METHODS: This 28-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study involved 36 healthy men. All volunteers received warfarin once daily on days 1 through 24 of the study. After a standard 5-mg loading dose on days 1 and 2, the warfarin dose was titrated between days 3 and 10 to achieve a stable prothrombin time, expressed as international normalized ratio (INR). Volunteers received either cilomilast 15 mg twice daily or placebo on days 18 through 24. The primary end point was the INR on day 24. RESULTS: On day 24, the mean +/- SEM INR in subjects receiving concurrent warfarin and cilomilast was 1.35 +/- 0.05, compared with 1.38 +/- 0.07 in those receiving concurrent warfarin and placebo. The point estimate (90% CI) for the difference in day 24 INR values between cilomilast and placebo (adjusted for baseline) was 0.02 (90% CI-0.13 to 0.17), which translates to an INR ratio of 1.02 (90% CI 0.91 to 0.13). The 90% confidence interval for the ratio of mean INR (cilomilast:placebo) on day 24 was completely contained within the 25% equivalence range, indicating a lack of interaction between warfarin and cilomilast. The adverse event profiles of warfarin/placebo and warfarin/cilomilast were similar and favorable. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacodynamics of warfarin are unaffected by coadministration of cilomilast at steady-state concentrations in healthy volunteers.
Adult↗
Tryptase in rat mast cells: properties and inhibition by various inhibitors in comparison with chymase.
Previous studies with trans-4-(guanidinomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4-tert-butylphenyl ester (GMCHA-OPhBut), a trypsin inhibitor, strongly suggested the involvement of a trypsin-like protease in histamine release from mast cells induced by various secretagogues (Takei, M., Matumoto, T., Endo, K. & Muramatu, M. (1988) Agents and Actions, in press; Takei, M., Matumoto, T., Ito, T., Endo, K. & Muramatu, M.; Takei, M., Matumoto, T., Endo, K. & Muramatu, M. and Takei, M., Matumoto, T., Urashima, H., Endo, K. & Muramatu, M., unpublished results). Two serine proteases, chymase (Benditt, E.F. & Arase, M. (1959) J. Exp. Med. 110, 451-460) and tryptase Kido, H., Fukusen, N. & Katunuma, N. (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 239, 436-443) were demonstrated in rat peritoneal mast cells. Both enzymes were purified and the effects of inhibitors for trypsin and chymotrypsin on these proteases were examined. The trypsin-like protease was found in saline extract and purified by successive chromatographies on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose columns. The molecular mass of this protease was apparently 120,000 Da. This protease showed maximal activity at pH 7.1 and was named pH 7 tryptase. Chymase was obtained from 1.5M NaCl extract. pH 7 Tryptase markedly hydrolysed Boc-Phe-Ser-Arg-NH-Mec and Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-NH-Mec among the various substrates containing arginyl and lysyl bonds but did not cleave Tos-Arg-OMe. Tos-Lys-CH2Cl and diisopropylfluorophosphate strongly inhibited this protease. Various inhibitors for trypsin inhibited pH 7 tryptase, and those for chymotrypsin inhibited chymase. Among the esters of GMCHA examined, GMCHA-OPhBut most strongly and competitively inhibited pH 7 tryptase but it had no effect on chymase.
Animals↗
Clinical pharmacology of Cilomilast.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multicomponent, chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs with systemic complications. The majority of the inflammation occurs in the peripheral airways and lung parenchyma. It is a progressive disease, leading to disability and eventual death, despite conventional therapy. Inflammatory activity can be reduced by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) through inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) IV, the principal PDE isoenzyme within pro-inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells. PDE IV inhibition also has other effects, including relaxation of airway smooth muscle, suppression of smooth muscle mitogenesis and modulation of excitatory activity in pulmonary nerves. Cilomilast is a systemically available, second-generation, selective PDE IV inhibitor. It retains the therapeutic activity of the first-generation PDE IV inhibitors but lacks their profound emetic effect. Cilomilast is the first drug to demonstrate a reduction of tissue cells considered central to the ongoing inflammatory process (macrophages and CD8+ lymphocytes) in patients with stable COPD. Cilomilast is completely absorbed following oral administration and has negligible first-pass metabolism. It exhibits linear pharmacokinetics, with low between-subject variability. Cilomilast is highly protein bound (99.4%), but this binding is concentration-independent at clinically relevant doses, and it has a small volume of distribution at steady state (17L). Plasma clearance (approximately 2 L/h) is almost entirely metabolic, through multiple parallel pathways. Its terminal elimination half-life is approximately 6.5 hours and steady state is rapidly achieved with twice-daily administration. The most abundant metabolite, formed by the action of cytochrome P450 2C8, has <10% of the activity of the parent molecule. Cilomilast pharmacokinetics in COPD patients were consistent with those in healthy subjects. Smoking, age and ethnicity had no clinically relevant effects. Total plasma cilomilast pharmacokinetic parameters did not change significantly with renal or hepatic impairment, but concentrations of unbound cilomilast increased with declining renal or hepatic function. Cilomilast had no clinically relevant interactions with a range of drugs likely to be coadministered to patients with COPD, with the exception of erythromycin where concurrent administration with cilomilast was associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events, a pharmacodynamic interaction predicted by their secondary pharmacology. Nausea was the principal adverse reaction seen in healthy subjects taking cilomilast, but this was reduced by administration with food or by use of simple dose-escalation regimens. Cilomilast has not shown a propensity for any of the serious cardiac or neurological adverse effects associated with theophylline. Cilomilast exhibits favourable and predictable pharmacokinetics, has few clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and has demonstrated effects on measures of inflammation of potential benefit in the treatment of COPD. It is generally well tolerated and has not generated safety concerns in any clinical study.
Animals↗
Influence of apical dominance on senescence and endogenous abscisic acid content of cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. Limburg) seedlings [proceedings].
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Abscisic Acid↗
Preoperative treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms with tranexamic acid and monitoring of fibrinolytic activity.
The fibrinolytic activity in cerebrospinal fluid has been monitored by determination of levels of fibrin split products (FSP) in 23 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. In 20 of these 23, FSP was found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with levels ranging from 10 to 80 micrograms/ml. Eleven of the 23 patients were treated with 2 gm tranexamic acid daily. In these patients FSP was found in only two cases during the 2nd week, while in 12 untreated patients it was found in 10 cases. These results suggest that there exists a localized fibrinolytic activity, and monitoring the FSP levels in the CSF may be a simple and accurate method for controlling the efficiency of antifibrinolytic therapy. Thus, treatment could be begun with a lower dose, which could be increased later as deemed necessary from the results of careful monitoring.
Aminocaproic Acid↗
The PET radioligand [carbonyl-(11)C]desmethyl-WAY-100635 binds to 5-HT(1A) receptors and provides a higher radioactive signal than [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635 in the human brain.
UNLABELLED: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptors are of key interest in research on the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric disorders. The PET radioligand [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635 ((11)C-WAY), where WAY-100635 is (3)H-(N-(2-(1-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl) cyclohexane-carboxamide, is commonly used for quantitation of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the human brain. The aim of this PET study was to compare (11)C-WAY with the putative metabolite and selective radioligand [carbonyl-(11)C]desmethyl-WAY-100635 ((11)C-DWAY). METHODS: A PET examination was performed on each of 5 healthy male volunteers after intravenous injection of (11)C-WAY and (11)C-DWAY on separate occasions. Radioactive metabolites in plasma were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. The plasma metabolite--corrected input function was used in a kinetic compartment analysis. The simplified reference tissue model and peak equilibrium method, using the cerebellum as reference region, was applied for comparison of data. RESULTS: For both radioligands, the highest radioactivity was observed in the neocortex and the raphe nuclei, whereas radioactivity was low in the cerebellum. The regional binding potentials were similar for the 2 radioligands. The brain uptake was more than 2-fold higher for (11)C-DWAY than for (11)C-WAY, in part because of higher delivery (first-order rate constant K(1), 0.38 vs. 0.16). The time--activity curves were well described by a 3-compartment model for all regions, whereas uptake in the cerebellum could not be described by a 2-compartment model, supporting the existence of kinetically distinguishable nonspecific binding in the cerebellum or radioactive metabolites in the brain for both radioligands. Both radioligands were rapidly metabolized, and <10% of the radioactivity in plasma represented unchanged (11)C-WAY or (11)C-DWAY at 10 min after injection. The metabolic pattern was similar for both radioligands, with the formation of radiolabeled cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and more polar components. For (11)C-WAY, small amounts of an additional labeled metabolite comigrated with reference desmethyl-WAY-100635. CONCLUSION: The advantages of (11)C-DWAY over (11)C-WAY for research on central 5-HT(1A) receptors is supported by a significantly higher radioactivity signal at equipotent doses, providing improved imaging statistics and advantages in biomathematic modeling and the preclusion of (11)C-DWAY as a metabolite interfering with PET measurements.
Adult↗