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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Literacy, education and health development: policy implications.

The statistical evidence on the relationship between education and health is impressively strong, but a causal link remains to be established. Despite this weakness, however, the evidence is much more solid than that on which policy decisions concerning health and education are normally made. Although further research is needed, the findings currently available are adequate to support advocacy of a higher priority to education in development and health improvement strategies.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2005

Brazil's Samuel Dam: lessons for hydroelectric development policy and the environment in Amazonia.

Brazil's Samuel Dam, which formed a 540-km2 reservoir in the state of Rondônia in 1988, provides lessons for development decisions throughout Amazonia and in other tropical areas. The decision to build the dam was heavily influenced by its role in the political strategies of key decision makers. Samuel illustrates both impacts and benefits of electricity supply and the dilemmas facing decision makers regarding the various options for planned electricity generation. Environmental costs included flooding forest and stimulating illegal logging activity throughout western Amazonia because of an exception opened for Samuel in Brazil's prohibition of export of raw logs. Samuel emitted substantially more greenhouse gases than would have been emitted by generating the same amount of electricity from oil. Contamination of fish in the reservoir resulted from methylation of mercury present in the soil. Social costs of the dam included resettlement of 238 families of farmers; impacts on indigenous people were indirect. Mitigating measures included faunal rescue and creation of a forest reserve. The lessons of Samuel include the need to consider a full range of alternatives prior to making decisions in practice and the importance of adhering to the logical sequence of decision making, where information is gathered and compared prior to the decision. It also shows the need to maintain flexibility when the costs and benefits of different alternatives change significantly over the course of the project's planning and execution, as occurred at Samuel.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Urban and rural Indian drinking patterns: implications for intervention policy development.

Alcohol misuse has taken on epidemic proportions among some (but not all) American Indian populations. Cultural, psychological, socioeconomic and genetic etiologies have been offered to explain this social phenomenon. This study identifies the relative strengths of these causal models to differentiate among both current and lifelong drinking career patterns. Further, antecedent and drinking level differences between urban and rural Indian populations in California are described. Age, sex, level of stress as measured by the Cornell Medical Index, percent of Indian ancestry and level of drinking in the family of origin are less powerful predictors of drinking level. Policy implications of these findings include: the development of intervention programs which involve members of the patient's support network, accelerated interventions in rural Indian communities and mid-level interventions among younger and less debilitated, but identifiably "at risk", populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pneumococcal immunization: policy development and implementation from the ACIP perspective.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the U.S. Public Health Service is responsible for making recommendations on the use of new vaccines and periodically revising those for established vaccines. Recommendations for pneumococcal vaccine were first issued in 1978 and revised in 1981. The changes which appear in the revision reflect the continuing maturation of the Committee's judgment on the vaccine and are a good example of the process by which the ACIP develops its recommendations on national immunization practices.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed1992

Reforming the Department of Health's research and development policy: from the devil to the deep blue sea?

Research into health and social services in Britain is largely funded by the Department of Health. Regional NHS research and development has recently been reformed and a new report now proposes replacement of the 13 research units funded by the department with three or four large multidisciplinary centres. Evidence to support such a step is lacking, and many criticisms of the existing units arise from poor departmental planning rather than deficiencies of the units themselves. Large units may make research less responsive to the department's needs, and it is essential that the proposed new structure is thoroughly evaluated before it is introduced.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1998

The mad cow problem in the UK: risk perceptions, risk management, and health policy development.

Mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle first recognized in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1986. Until recently, the UK government considered the chance of a human becoming infected with the BSE agent to be extremely remote. As a result of new developments, alarmist media attention, bureaucratic mishandling of the issues, scientific uncertainty, bickering among technical experts, and a dearth of easily assimilated and balanced information on the problem, widespread fears that affected cattle could enter the human food supply and transmit the disease to humans have periodically erupted, causing social, economic, and political consequences of tremendous magnitude. Better management of the mad cow problem could have minimized the magnitude of the epidemic among cattle, the risk to humans, and the public outrage. Trust in the British government was seriously eroded, an entire industry crippled, and international relations severely tried. Although the scientific data concerning BSE and its transmissibility to humans are still not conclusive, a growing body of (still largely circumstantial) evidence suggests that BSE may be transmissible to humans. Unfortunately, policy decisions cannot wait for a final scientific answer. Therefore, high-stakes decisions must be made in the face of this uncertainty. Such decisions should be made with the primary purpose of protecting the public, and not preferentially the economics of an industry, political alliances, or other considerations. Given that the risk to humans from BSE was (and still is) unknown and may be high, and that the perceived risk among the British public was (and still is) extraordinarily high, policies should support more aggressive interventions. Of necessity, such interventions will be preventive, as there is presently no available treatment. Such policies should be modified as necessary as the developing scientific data warrants.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Collaborative science, policy development and program implementation in the transboundary Georgia Basin/Puget Sound ecosystem.

The transboundary Georgia Basin Puget Sound ecosystem is situated in the southwest corner of British Columbia and northwest comer of Washington State. While bountiful and beautiful, this international region is facing significant threats to its marine and freshwater resources, air quality, habitats and species. These environmental challenges are compounded by rapid population growth and attendant uiban sprawl. As ecosystem stresses amplified and partnerships formed around possible solutions, it became increasingly clear that the shared sustainability challenges in the Georgia Basin and Puget Sound required shared solutions. Federal, state and provincial institutional arrangements were made between jurisdictions, which formalized small scale interest in transboundary management of this ecosystem. Formal agreements, however, can only do so much to further management of an ecosystem that spans international boarders. A transboundary regional research meeting, the 2003 GB/PS Research Conference, opened the doors for large-scale informal cross-boarder cooperation and management. In addition to cooperation, continued efforts to stem toxic pollution, contain urban growth, and protect and restore ecosystems, require a commitment from scientists, educators and policy makers to better integrate research and science with decision-making.

Animals↗