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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Observational learning in children with Down syndrome and developmental delays: the effect of presentation speed in videotaped modelling.

Children with severe developmental delays (three with Down syndrome and three with autism as the primary diagnosis) observed a videotaped model performing two basic dressing skills without prompting, verbal or otherwise, or explanation by an instructor. In a within-subjects design, dressing skills that were presented at a relatively slow presentation speed through videotaped modelling were eventually performed better than those presented at a relatively fast speed. These data in combination with evidence from this laboratory that passive modelling of basic skills is more effective than interactive modelling (e.g., Biederman, Fairhall, Raven, & Davey, 1998; Biederman, Davey, Ryder, & Franchi, 1994; Biederman, Ryder, Davey, & Gibson, 1991) suggest that standard instructional techniques warrant reexamination both from the basis of instructional effectiveness and the efficient use of the allotment of teacher time.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Improving the social-conversational skills of developmentally delayed children: an intervention study.

Twenty mothers and their preschool-aged, developmentally delayed children participated in this parent-focused intervention study. Nine mother-child dyads received an 11-week training program that espoused a social-conversational approach, while 11 dyads served as controls. Pre- and posttest videotapes were transcribed and coded to yield measures of turn taking, as well as indexes of responsiveness, topic control, and uninvolvement. Following treatment, the mothers in the experimental group were more responsive to and less controlling of their children's behavior than the mothers in the comparison group. The children initiated more topics, were more responsive to their mother's preceding turns, and used more verbal turns and a more diverse vocabulary than the control group children. No differences in language development, as measured by a standardized test, were found. Individual maternal responses to intervention as well as implications for modifying parent training programs are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

Adaptive behavior of preschool children with developmental delays: parent versus teacher ratings.

Parents and teachers of 20 children with developmental delays, 24 through 38 months of age, from an early education program in Columbus, Ohio, were interviewed using the Adaptive Behavior Scale for Infants and Early Childhood. Significant differences were found between some of the ratings over the 23 domain and 11 subdomain scores, specifically in regard to sex of the child and length of time of the child's participation in the program. Parents provided higher ratings than did teachers on some domains. In general, parents and teachers tended to agree on the overall adaptive functional levels.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Age-related changes in stress experienced by families with a child who has developmental delays.

The hypothesis that stress in families increases as a child with developmental delays grows older was evaluated. Mothers with children ranging in age from 2 to 18 years were assigned to a preschool, middle childhood, or adolescent group and asked to complete the Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Results indicated that Child Domain scores were high for all groups, but Parent Domain scores were within normal limits. The middle childhood group was consistently higher in both domains than either the younger or older groups. Degree of handicap was not associated with mothers' stress in the preschool group, but was related to PSI scores for both other groups. Behavior problems were highly correlated with maternal stress for the middle childhood and adolescent groups (data not available for preschool group).

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

What do you do when they grow up? Approaches to seizures in developmentally delayed adults.

Epilepsy and developmental disabilities (DD) often occur together but affect individuals differently and have a complex causal relationship. Most epilepsy in the population with DD is partial or symptomatic generalized. Seizures and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can further delay development, and the DD can complicate treatment and adjustment to epilepsy. Medical care and decision making require careful coordination of health care providers and the family, especially because of the trend for the patients to live in group homes. Behavioral and psychiatric disorders are difficult to diagnose but common in those with DD and epilepsy; psychiatric disorders are perhaps up to sevenfold higher in this group than in the general population. Psychotropic medications-antidepressants, anxiolytics (but use caution with benzodiazepines), antipsychotics, and stimulants-are appropriate for those with psychiatric disorders. Diagnostic difficulties may lead to undertreatment, and the motivation to lessen certain behaviors may lead to overtreatment. Because those with DD may be unusually sensitive to adverse effects of both seizures and AEDs, cognitive and behavioral side effects must be carefully monitored. Few relevant studies exist. For some patients, comorbid psychiatric disorders may be treated with one AED, such as carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or valproate. Phenobarbital and phenytoin may be inappropriate for those with epilepsy and DD. Studies have shown some success with oxcarbazepine (for partial and generalized epilepsy) and with adjunctive lamotrigine. For those on medication regimens, perhaps taking combinations of drugs for numerous years, queries about earlier attempts to reduce AEDs and gradual efforts to substitute less toxic mediations are worthwhile. Vagus nerve stimulation and epilepsy surgery for those with medically refractory epilepsy may be options after careful evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Identification of a small supernumerary ring chromosome 8 by fluorescent in situ hybridization in a child with developmental delay and minor anomalies.

We report a 15-month-old female with developmental delay, hypotonia, and minor anomalies whose karyotype is 47,XX,+r. Due to its small size, the origin of the ring chromosome was indeterminate by standard G-banded karyotyping. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was performed, which indicated that the ring chromosome was derived from the pericentric region of chromosome 8.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1991

Autosomal recessive hypoparathyroidism with renal insufficiency and developmental delay.

Four children (two boys and two girls) with hypoparathyroidism, renal insufficiency, and developmental delay are described. They were the products of consanguineous marriages in three related Asian families presenting over a six year period. All the children died within the first 15 months of life despite treatment. Postmortem examination on one child showed absent parathyroid glands. We believe these children represent a previously undescribed syndrome that appears to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1985

Delayed developmental sequences in rodent diabetic embryopathy.

Diabetes induced by alloxan at day 6 of gestation in Wistar rats produced decreased fetal growth, delayed skeletal ossification, decreased fetal kidney beta-glucuronidase, and an increased frequency of fetal birth defects which correlated with the degree of diabetic control. Offspring of severely diabetic mothers (mean blood glucose greater than 501 mg/dl) sacrificed at 20 days had a mean weight of 2.12 +/- 0.16 g, a mean of 1.8 +/- 0.46 caudal ossification centers, and a 28% incidence of birth defects as compared to 3.70 +/- 0.22 g, 5.9 +/- 0.42 caudal centers, and 1.1% defects for controls. Offspring of severely diabetic mothers sacrificed at 21 days had mean numbers of caudal and sternal ossification centers which did not significantly differ from controls, indicating that decreased ossification observed at 20 days of gestation is a delayed developmental sequence which is mostly corrected by 21 days. Offspring of moderately diabetic (mean blood glucose 300-500 mg/dl) and insulin-treated dams (mean blood glucose 152-168 mg/dl) had intermediate degrees of growth or ossification delay and birth defect frequency at both the 20- and 21-day sacrifices. Maternal diabetes also retards the developmental increase in fetal kidney beta-glucuronidase such than 20-day offspring of severely diabetic mothers had a mean specific activity of 1.1 nmol/min/mg compared to 3.0 nmol/min/mg for controls. The results support prior studies in rodents suggesting a progression of early growth delay, altered developmental sequences, and birth defects in diabetic pregnancy. This progression is suggested as a common teratogenic mechanism which has implications for evaluating analogous pregnancies in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Religion and families of children with developmental delays.

Parents in 102 families with a 3- to 5-year-old child with developmental delays of uncertain etiology were interviewed concerning religion and adaptations to their child with delays. Religious parents were somewhat more familistic than were nonreligious parents, emphasized parental nurturance, and said that their child was an opportunity rather than a burden. Religious and nonreligious families were similar on other measures of developmental beliefs and social support. Religious parents described the "purpose" of their children with delays in their lives in emotionally powerful and meaningful ways that clearly helped them, although direct measures of peace of mind and emotional adjustment did not differ between religious and nonreligious families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Ataxia, developmental delay and an extensive neuronal migration abnormality in 2 siblings.

Two siblings with developmental delay and a non-progressive cerebellar ataxia are described. The electroencephalograms in both children showed a rather unusual pattern of high amplitude 10-12/s rhythms maximal anteriorly, while extensive neuronal migration abnormalities were apparent on Magnetic Resonance scans. There were no dysmorphic features, metabolic abnormalities, chromosomal defects or evidence of prenatal environmental toxins. It is considered that these siblings have an autosomal recessive neuronal migration defect which has not previously been reported.

Brain↗
PubMed2002

Early rehabilitation service utilization patterns in young children with developmental delays.

OBJECTIVE: There is a growing demand for interdisciplinary rehabilitation services for children with developmental disabilities, however, information is lacking on service utilization patterns. This study describes the type, frequency and location of initial rehabilitation services provided to young children recently diagnosed with a developmental delay. METHODS: A telephone survey was conducted on a consecutive cohort of children referred to subspecialists for the first investigation of their delay. RESULTS: Out of 129 respondents, only 30 (23%) did not receive any rehabilitation services within the first 6 months following medical evaluation, and 61 (47%) received two or more services. Services were provided most frequently in the hospital setting, especially for occupational or physical therapy (73-80%). Services were less often rendered in a rehabilitation centre (5-13%) or in the community (< 10%). Services were provided privately for a subset, particularly for speech language pathology and psychology (34% and 30% respectively). Interventions were typically given weekly or bi-weekly. Children receiving physical therapy were significantly younger whereas children referred to speech language pathology were older than the age of our cohort at intake. Overall, parents' educational level did not influence services received with the exception of private services, which were more likely to occur in children of fathers with university education. CONCLUSIONS: The findings would suggest that long waiting times and lack of resources may limit access to comprehensive services, particularly in community settings. Service utilization patterns were not consistent within types of developmental disability, suggesting that formal and co-ordinated interdisciplinary programmes are not in place for this population of interest.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and nonsocial stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants.

Spontaneous shifts of attention were observed in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants. Three types of attention shifting behaviour were observed; (1) between an object and another object, (2) between an object and a person, and (3) between a person and another person. The two control groups shifted attention more frequently between an object and a person than between an object and another object or between a person and another person. The infants with autism showed a different pattern, shifting attention between an object and another object more than any other type of shift. Furthermore, infants with autism showed fewer shifts of attention between an object and a person, and between person and person, than did the two control groups. They also spent less time overall looking at people and looked more briefly at people and for longer durations at objects, compared to the two control groups. These results indicate an abnormality in social orientation in autism even at the early age of 20 months.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

Microphthalmia, marked short stature, hearing loss, and developmental delay: extension of the phenotype of GOMBO syndrome?

An adult male with microphthalmia, severe developmental delay, conductive hearing loss, marked short stature of prenatal onset, and radiographic skeletal changes is described. A review of the literature, focusing on his major findings, suggests that his manifestations might be an extension of the phenotype of GOMBO (growth retardation, ocular abnormalities, microcephaly, brachydactyly, oligophrenia) syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1988

Oddity learning in developmentally delayed children: facilitation by means of familiar stimuli.

Four of 8 low-functioning, developmentally delayed children initially failed to demonstrate oddity responding under conditions in which ostensibly similar children did show oddity responding (e.g., Soraci et al., 1987). In the context of a multiple baseline across-subjects design, each of the 4 previously unsuccessful children demonstrated statistically significant increases in the percentage of correct oddity responses immediately upon introduction of familiar stimuli. These results indicate that perceptual differentiation enhances relational learning of the type required by the oddity task.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

Two brothers with severe developmental delay, growth retardation and unusual appearance.

We report on two brothers with short stature, severe developmental delay and unusual appearance. Several conditions including the Russell-Silver, Dubowitz, Floating-Harbour and Cockayne syndromes were considered in the differential diagnosis, but subsequently rejected. These two cases are likely to represent a new autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive syndrome.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Ecocultural assessment in families of children with developmental delays: construct and concurrent validities.

Home interviews were conducted with 102 families of children with developmental delays to assess ecocultural family resources and constraints, values, and goals as well as proactive adaptive efforts to deal with their circumstances. Interview topics included (a) economic factors; (b) child safety, health, and education; (c) domestic and childcare workloads; (d) familial support networks; and (e) sociocultural influences. Factor analyses performed on the ecocultural measures revealed 12 salient factors. Results indicated that some of the ecocultural factors were unique and statistically independent of the traditional measures of home environment (e.g., child-rearing attitudes, cognitive stimulation of the child, and general psychosocial climate). Significant relations were found between certain ecocultural factors and child's developmental status. Both ecocultural factors and traditional family measures accounted for significant variation in child outcomes.

Adult↗