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Polychromatism and pigments of five Phasianides egg-shells others than japanese quail are studied. Polychromatism modalities and pigments repartitions are species specific.
Adsorption isotherms of Direct Red 80 (DR80) and Acid Blue 25 (AB25) on the egg shell membrane (ESM) were performed at 20+/-1 degrees C. Physical characteristics of ESM such as surface area and presence of functional groups were verified. The Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectra proved the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, amine and carbonyl groups in ESM. The surface area of ESM was found to be 2.2098 m(2)/g. The effects of operational parameters such as initial dye concentration, pH(0), contact time, particle size and ESM doses were studied. The Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, Redlich-Peterson and Temkin adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models were examined to evaluate the kinetics data at different pH(0) values (2-12) and the rate constants were calculated. Maximum desorption of 81.8% was achieved for both dyes in aqueous solution at pH(0) 12. Also scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the treated and untreated adsorbent were performed. Results indicate that ESM could be employed as a natural and Eco-Friendly adsorbent material for the removal of trace organics in solutions.
In Experiment 1, hens laying hard-shell (HS) eggs were sacrificed at each of eight stages of egg formation including oviposition (0 h) and 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after oviposition. In Experiment 2, hens laying either shell-less (SL) or HS eggs were sacrificed at four stages of egg formation (oviposition, 4, 8, and 20 h after oviposition). The isthmus and uterus were flushed with 6 and 10 mL of cold .85% NaCl, respectively, and electrolyte contents were determined. Total flushing contents of calcium, potassium, and magnesium were higher (P less than or equal to .01) in uterine than in isthmic flushings (Experiment 1). In every case, an interaction (P less than or equal to .01) between time of collection and organ (isthmus and uterus) was found, indicating that patterns of change in flushing content of each electrolyte differed in the two organs over time in birds laying HS eggs. In Experiment 2, total recoverable calcium, magnesium, potassium, and total protein were higher in uterine than isthmic flushings (P less than .01). Interactions between time of collection (0, 4, 8, and 20 h) and treatment group (SL or HS) were observed for all electrolytes measured in uterine flushings. Results suggest that calcium, required for shell calcification, does not appear in the isthmic or uterine lumen or both at an appropriate time in SL hens. Thus, production of SL eggs may be related to mechanisms regulating patterns of change or ratios of electrolytes (calcium, magnesium, potassium) or both in the isthmus or uterus of the laying hen.
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Removal of radioactive elements from the effluent and waste aqueous solutions is an important problem. In previous laboratory batch experiments, hen egg-shell membrane (ESM) was stable as an insoluble protein and was very capable of binding heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Batch laboratory pH profile, time dependency, and capacity experiments were performed to determine the binding of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) to ESM. Batch pH profile experiments indicated that the optimum pH for binding these actinides was approx 6.0 (U) or 3.0 (Th). The adsorption isotherms were developed at pH 5.0 (U) or 3.0 (Th) at 25 degrees C, and the adsorption equilibrium data fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum uptakes by the Langmuir model were about 240 mg U/g and 60 mg Th/g dry weight ESM. In addition, their adsorption capacities increased as salt concentration increased. ESM could also accumulate uranium from dilute aqueous solution by adjusting to the optimum pH. These results showed that ESM was effective for removing actinides from solution and would be useful in filtration technology to remove actinides from aqueous solution.
Three cases of nephroblastoma presented "egg-shell" peripheral calcifications of pseudocystic appearance of radiology. These peripheral lesions are compared with the more commonly reported central calcifications. Their pathology is unknown and they lack prognostic significance of any importance. As for all nephroblastomas the diagnosis is based on straight abdomen images, intravenous urography, ultrasound and computed tomography. Differential diagnosis is basically from renal adenocarcinoma in children, the latter often exhibiting similar calcifications, the distinction between the two types of tumor depending on age of onset. These calcified lesions are non-specific findings and various diagnoses are discussed.
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1. The relationship between plasma inorganic phosphorus measured at the end of the dark period and the weight of the next egg shell produced was investigated in 30 Hisex Brown hens. 2. Hens received an adequate conventional layers' diet and the lighting pattern was conventional (17 L: 7 D). Observations were made early (31 to 40 weeks) and late (62 to 68 weeks of age) in the laying period. 3. Eggs were classified by position in the clutch sequence and significant negative correlations were found between shell weights of early eggs in the sequence and plasma phosphate at the end of the dark period. 4. No significant trends were found in plasma total calcium. 5. No significant differences were found in bone compositions of birds producing consistently more or less than average shell weight during the laying period. 6. The negative correlations between plasma phosphate and shell weight are consistent with the observations of Sauveur and Mongin (1983) and show that impairment of shell deposition is associated with skeletal mobilisation as indicated by increase in plasma phosphate. This is consistent with the observations on bone composition and indicates that selection for shell quality will tend to select birds which are not dependent on excessive skeletal mobilisation during shell formation.
The incidence of eggs showing abnormal shell calcification amongst those produced by hens kept in individual battery cages, hens kept in battery cages in groups of 3 and hens kept in battery cages in groups of 4 was studied. There was good agreement between observers in the assessment of abnormal eggs. Hens kept in individual cages laid fewer abnormal eggs than hens kept in groups of 3 or 4. There was no significant difference in the incidence of abnormal eggs between hens kept in groups of 3 or 4. The results of this study support the idea that the incidence of eggs showing abnormal calcification may provide a quick and reliable method of measuring stress in hens which lay brown shelled eggs.
The present investigation was carried out to study the efficiency of 8 chemical disinfectants on Salmonella senftenberg in the presence or absence of serum (organic matter) using egg shell as bacterial carrier. The most of the tested disinfectants were effective in the used concentrations after a working time of 60 min. at room temperature. Some quaternary ammonium compounds proved to be not effective.
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An observation of interest is that brother-sister inbreeding appears to have increased the size of protoporphyrin spots of wild type egg-shells in japanese quail. Phenodeviant theory can explain the modalities of trait segregation.
1. Electron microscopy, infra-red analysis and histochemical techniques have been used to determine the site of pigment deposition, the cellular localisation of pigment and the type of pigment precipitated in the egg shells of quail, White Leghorn, Brown Ranger and Black-Headed gull. 2. Transfer of pigment occurs via the surface epithelial cells of the shell gland. 3. Porphyrins are probably synthesised in the blood. 4. Possible pigment deposition mechanisms are discussed.
The ovary of Aspiculuris tetraptera has a prominent terminal cap cell. This is considered to be part of the ovarian epithelium. Oogonia detach from the short rachis and increase in size from 6 to 60 microns; accumulating hyaline granules, shell granules and glycogen. The hyaline granules persist in the eff cytoplasm after shell formation has been completed and are considered to be lipoprotein yolk. The shell granules contribute to the non-chitin fraction of the chitinous layer. A classification of the cytoplasmic inclusions of the nematode oocyte is proposed. Upon fertilization a vitelline membrane is formed which constitutes the vitelline layer of the egg-shell. The chitinous layer is secreted in the perivitelline space, between the vitelline layer and the egg oolemma. Upon completion of chitinous layer synthesis, the egg cytoplasm contracts away from its inner surface. The material of the lipid layer is secreted at the surface of the egg cytoplasm and adheres to the inner surface of the chitinous layer. During secretion of the chitinous and lipid layers by the egg cytoplasm, the uterine cells secrete the unit membrane-like external uterine layer and the crystalline internal uterine layer. A complex system of interconnecting spaces develops in the internal uterine layer. This system is open to the exterior via breaks in the external uterine layer. There is no direct involvement of the uterine cells in the formation of this structure.
Flexible-shelled eggs of the Chinese skink (Eumeces chinensis) were used to determine the routes of water exchange with the environment and the effects of water exchange on hatchling traits. Eggs were incubated under three different hydric conditions at 28 degrees C. One group (ground eggs) was half-buried in incubation substrate. The second group (upper eggs) rested on the ground eggs but did not contact the substrate directly, and the third group was placed on a plastic platform above the substrate. Ground and upper eggs increased in mass and hatched successfully, while all eggs resting on the plastic platform lost mass and died within a week. Hence, E. chinensis eggs cannot sustain water balance through exchange of water vapor in air alone, but can absorb water from the substrate and other eggs and develop well. Water gained by upper eggs was only 20% of that absorbed by ground eggs, but hatchlings from the two treatments did not differ in morphology or locomotor performance. Therefore, the degree of water exchange of E. chinesis eggs has little effect on embryonic development and hatchling traits. The insensitivity of the eggs to variations in water exchange may be an adaptation against extreme hydric conditions in a species that deposits its eggs close to the soil surface.
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