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Results for “Endocrine therapy”

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PubMed1981

Adjuvant chemo-endocrine therapy for androgen-dependent mammary tumor in mice.

About 500 male DS mice grafted with androgen-dependent Shionogi carcinoma 115 (SC115) were used. When the tumor diameter reached about 20 mm (approximately 25 days after transplantation), excision of the tumor and/or castration were carried out. The injection of cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg body weight X 3 at 7-day intervals) was started from the day after excision. In mice with excised tumor, adjuvant chemo-endocrine therapy was the most effective treatment examined; cumulative 120-day mortalities after transplantation of tumors in non-treated, adjuvant endocrine therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant chemo-endocrine therapy groups were 91%, 29%, 21% and 0%, respectively. Castration induced development of clusters of androgen-independent cancer cells in androgen-dependent SC115 tumor. In mice without tumor excision, the chemo-endocrine therapy was again the most effective treatment, though 86% of mice died by the 120th day after tumor transplantation. These findings suggest the usefulness of adjuvant chemo-endocrine therapy for achieving complete remission in hormone-dependent tumors.

Androgens↗

PubMed2002

Factors affecting progression-free survival in hormone-dependent metastatic breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation: role of maintenance endocrine therapy.

We retrospectively analyzed the effect of maintenance endocrine therapy (MET) after high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant (HDCT) on the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with hormone-dependent metastatic breast cancer (MBC). One hundred and nine consecutive patients with estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive MBC, who were progression free for at least 4 months after HDCT with cyclophosphamide, carmustine and thiotepa (CBT), were analyzed. Of these, 55 were non-randomly submitted to MET. After a median follow-up of 34.4 months (17.1-91.0), univariate analysis showed that MET was significantly associated with improved median PFS (31.1 vs 19.2 months, P = 0.022). Complete response to HDCT, pattern of metastatic spread, extent of the disease, single vs multiple metastatic sites, prior endocrine therapy for metastatic disease and prior exposure to any hormonal therapy (adjuvant and/or for the advanced disease) were also associated with PFS at univariate analysis. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was fitted to the data in order to correct the effect of MET for the other significant covariates. After correcting for these covariates, MET was still significant, predicting improved PFS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.580, 95% CI; 0.362-0.931). Administration of MET after optimal cytoreduction might result in increased efficacy of HDCT in hormone-dependent metastatic breast cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Overexpression of c-erbB2 is an independent marker of resistance to endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer.

The present study investigated the interaction between c-erbB2 overexpression and the response to first-line endocrine therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer. The primary tumours of 241 patients who were treated at first relapse with endocrine therapy were assessed for overexpression of c-erbB2 by immunohistochemistry. c-erbB2 was overexpressed in 76 (32%) of primary breast cancers and did not correlate with any other prognostic factor. The overall response to treatment and time to progression were significantly lower in patients with c-erbB2-positive tumours compared to those that were c-erbB2-negative (38% vs 56%, P = 0.02; and 4.1 months vs 8.7 months, P < 0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, c-erbB2 status was the most significant predictive factor for a short time to progression (P = 0.0009). In patients with ER-positive primary tumours treated at relapse with tamoxifen (n = 170), overexpression of c-erbB2 was associated with a significantly shorter time to progression (5.5 months vs 11.2 months, P < 0.001). In conclusion, overexpression of c-erbB2 in the primary tumour is an independent marker of relative resistance to first-line endocrine therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer. In patients with ER-positive primary tumours, the overexpression of c-erbB2 defines a subgroup less likely to respond to endocrine therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Histological effects of short term endocrine therapy on prostatic cancer].

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to investigate the pathological changes which occurred in prostatic cancer shortly after the commencement of endocrine therapy. METHODS: Fourty-three patients underwent radical prostatectomy immediately after the short term endocrine therapy (treatment period was within one month) and the histological pictures of operative specimens were compared to those obtained from the pretreatment biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Degenerative changes of cancer cells, such as nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuole, collapse of the cytoplasm and the appearance of naked hyperchromatic nucleus were noticed after the short term endocrine therapy. Especially in the cases which were histologically evaluated to be poorly differentiated in the biopsy specimens, not only degenerative changes but also destruction of cancer nests caused by cell death were observed. The histological effects affected by short term endocrine treatment had no relation to the prognosis, but in the cases of stage D2, the pathological grade judged by post-therapeutic specimens were found to be useful for the prediction of prognosis. CONCLUSION: Endocrine therapy induces remarkable pathological changes in prostatic cancer within a very short time after beginning treatment.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Expression of differentiation antigens within human mammary tumours is related to response to endocrine therapy and survival.

Human mammary tumours which are histologically well differentiated are more likely to synthesize receptors for estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) and to respond to systemic endocrine therapy. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between differentiation, receptors and endocrine responsiveness in more detail by relating the expression of putative differentiation antigens within tumours to ER, PR and response to treatment. Sections of the primary tumours of 160 patients with advanced evaluable breast cancer were immunostained with 2 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (HMFG1 and HMFG2) raised against putative differentiation antigens found on the membranes which surround the milk fat globule. Tumours were highly heterogeneous with respect to antigen expression. However, the number of cells which expressed the antigens was highly correlated with ER and PR concentrations and with response to endocrine therapy. In tumours where greater than or equal to 20% of cells expressed the antigen recognized by HMFG1, 73% responded to endocrine therapy; this was similar to the response predicted by ER (67%) and PR (73%). Expression of HMFG1 was correlated with survival from the start of endocrine therapy (p less than 0.0001) to the same degree as ER and PR. Patients with tumours which expressed ER, PR and HMFG1 had the highest response rate (87%) and survival (median 49 months); the response in tumours which expressed none of these phenotypes was 13% and the median survival of these patients was 9 months. These results suggest that cells which express differentiation antigens also express ER and PR. Differentiated cells within mammary tumours may therefore be the target cells for systemic hormone, and also the source of factors which control tumour growth.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Changes in chromogranin a serum levels during endocrine therapy in metastatic prostate cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: The concept of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer has become more widely recognized as its diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic usefulness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 38 patients with stage D prostate cancer who underwent endocrine therapy by medical or surgical castration and oral antiandrogen. According to PSA response, serum levels of CGA as a marker of NE differentiation were measured at the multiple points of time; (1) pre-treatment, (2) complete response (CR), (3) a nadir level of PSA, (4) PSA failure or hormone independent progression. We compared these serum values in relation to efficacy of endocrine therapy. RESULTS: There was no correlation between serum PSA and CGA values. Patients consisted of 27 with CR and 11 without CR. Serum CGA increased as intervals of endocrine therapy became longer with positive correlation (p < 0.05). Its velocity was higher in patients with PSA failure than in those without it (6.98 vs. 2.09 ng/ml/month, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: During endocrine therapy in metastatic prostate cancer patients, serum CGA values were not related to serum PSA levels, and increased as treatment periods became longer. It is suggested that CGA velocity has potential to predict androgen independent progression after endocrine therapy.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2001

Current status of adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer.

Adjuvant endocrine therapy is a vitally important modality for treatment of women with resected hormone-sensitive breast cancer as indicated by the presence of estrogen and/or progesterone receptors in the tumor. It is not recommended in those patients whose tumors lack these hormone receptors. Tamoxifen for 5 years has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrence and death irrespective of menopausal status or use of adjuvant chemotherapy. In postmenopausal women, the major research emphasis relates to the use of third-generation aromatase inhibitors in sequence with, instead of, and in combination with tamoxifen. In premenopausal women, ovarian ablation/suppression has demonstrated efficacy comparable with some chemotherapy regimens, but its role in women receiving chemotherapy remains to be determined.

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗

PubMed1997

Preoperative endocrine therapy for clinical stage A2, B, and C prostate cancer: an interim report on short-term effects. Prostate Cancer Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative endocrine therapy has been suggested to improve surgical radicality and/or patient prognosis in prostate cancer. METHODS: Patients with clinical stage A2, B, and C prostate cancer were randomized to either group I (n = 113) or group II (n = 111). Group I patients were to receive preoperative endocrine therapy consisting of leuprolide and chlormadinone for 3 months, followed by radical prostatectomy with lymph node dissection. Group II patients were to undergo the surgery before endocrine therapy. RESULTS: Group I patients showed a remarkable decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (mean +/- SE: 41.8 +/- 8.6 ng/mL to 2.7 +/- 0.7 ng/mL) and prostate volume (29.8 +/- 1.7 mL to 21.2 +/- 1.6 mL) during the preoperative therapy. Histopathologic analysis showed a significant difference in the rates of down-staging (19.1% in group I versus 3.3% in group II), positive surgical margins (63.8% versus 81.3%) and positive lymph node metastasis (20.7% versus 36.5%). No significant difference was detected in operating features. Subgroup analyses indicated that beneficial effects were correlated positively with degree of histologic differentiation and negatively with the basal PSA level. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative endocrine therapy reduced local extension of prostate cancer, and the effects depended on histologic differentiation and PSA level. Long-term follow-up data are needed to determine the effects on the patient prognosis.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

[The effect of combined endocrine therapy on prostate and testis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the pathological changes of the effect of combined endocrine therapy on normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic adenocarcinoma and testis. METHODS: 11 radical prostatectomy specimens, 3 core-needle biopsies of prostate and 3 testes obtained after at least 3 months of enatone-flutamide inhibition therapy were studied. Step-section was performed on radical specimens and average 16 sections per case were reviewed. PSA, PSAP and AE1/AE3 were immunostained on 14 cases of prostate cancer and a comparative study pre- and post-treatment was made. RESULTS: No residual tumor was recognized in 2 cases. Such characteristic changes were found in 9 cases as prominent acinar atrophy, decreased ratio of acini to stroma, stromal fibrosis, squamous metaplasia of carcinoma, cytoplasmic vaculation, nuclear shrinkage, and nucleolar shrinkage. No apparent change was discovered in 3 cases. Secretory epithelial atrophy and basal cell hyperplasia were the popular change in BPH and normal prostate. The expressions of both PSA and PSAP were markedly reduced in prostate carcinoma and nonneoplastic glands. Pathological downstaging of the tumor was not found statistically. Epithelial atrophy also existed in seminal vesicles and Leydig cells of the testes after hormone therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Combined endocrine therapy results in histologically distinctive changes that can be found in both nonneoplastic and neoplastic prostate tissue. However, the drugs can not eradicate prostate cancer completely. Testis atrophy is the direct action of the therapy.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Immunohistochemical evaluation of hormone receptor status for predicting response to endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The importance of establishing hormone receptor status of tumors for the treatment of women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer has been emphasized, however, there is no general agreement as to how immunohistochemical assays should be evaluated. It is critical to evaluate hormone receptor status when considering response to endocrine therapy. METHODS: Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) expression was examined by immunohistochemistry using Allred's score for primary breast tumors from 75 metastatic breast cancer patients who received first-line treatment with endocrine therapy (56 patients received tamoxifen, 11 patients received aromatase inhibitors, and 8 patients received LH-RH agonist or other endocrine reagents) on relapse. Correlation between hormone receptor status and response to endocrine therapy as well as post-relapse survival was analyzed. RESULTS: The most significant correlation between positive ER expression and response to any endocrine therapy (p = 0.011) or tamoxifen only (p = 0.030) occurred when the cutoff score was set at 10%. When the evaluation was based on Allred's score (TS), a cutoff point of TS>or=4 showed a more significant association between positive ER expression and response to all kinds of endocrine therapy (p = 0.020) or tamoxifen only (p = 0.047). When evaluated at a cutoff point of 1% positive cells, there were fifteen patients with both ER- and PgR-negative tumors, and three patients (20.0%) responded to the therapy. Patients with 1% or more ER or PgR positive cells had better survival after relapse (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion score alone might be enough to predict hormone responsiveness and post-relapse survival in metastatic breast cancer. The cutoff might be set low, for example 1%, especially for metastatic disease.

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗

PubMed1990

[Chemotherapy and endocrine therapy of endometrial carcinoma].

The main treatment of recurrent and advanced endometrial carcinoma are chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy. Some of the combination chemotherapy, including Cis-platinum are useful in advanced and recurrent endometrial carcinoma, and progestational agents are available for adjuvant chemo-endocrine therapy after operation of endometrial carcinoma. Authors consider the literatures of the chemotherapy and endocrine therapy for endometrial carcinoma and describe our own cases.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗

PubMed1990

[Cytological changes in endocrine therapies of prostatic carcinoma].

We studied cytological changes by endocrine therapies of prostatic carcinoma in 31 cases. We originated a method of cytology, in which a prostatic fluid collecting catheter was used. This has been already reported in previous papers. By the therapies, carcinoma cells usually became edematous, swollen, squamous and finally keratinized and in the cytoplasm hematoxylin-stained granules often appeared. These findings were usually seen in two weeks after the onset of the endocrine therapy. But the degree of the changes differed among the cases and among the therapies. In some there was no response or only squamous metaplasia was found. Most of the carcinoma cells were viable. In these cases the therapies were thought to be ineffective and their mortality was high. On the contrary, in those with only keratinized cells, the therapies were thought to be effective and the mortality was low. We conclude that the cytological methods were useful for evaluating the therapies.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Sensitivity to further endocrine therapy is retained following progression on first-line fulvestrant.

There is a need for new endocrine agents that lack cross-resistance with currently available treatments to extend the endocrine treatment window and delay the need for cytotoxic chemotherapy. This retrospective analysis evaluated the response of postmenopausal patients with previously untreated metastatic/locally advanced breast cancer to further endocrine treatment following progression on first-line fulvestrant or tamoxifen. Patients received fulvestrant 250 mg (intramuscular injection every 28 days) plus matching tamoxifen placebo (once daily), or tamoxifen 20 mg (orally once daily) plus matching fulvestrant placebo (every 28 days) in a double-blind, randomized, phase III trial. Treatment continued until disease progression or withdrawal, when further endocrine therapy was initiated (at the treating physician's discretion). Information regarding subsequent therapies and responses was obtained by follow-up questionnaire. Two-hundred-and-forty-five questionnaires were returned (from 587 patients), 149 of which yielded follow-up data on patients receiving second-line endocrine therapy following fulvestrant (n=83) and tamoxifen (n=66). Second-line therapy produced objective responses (OR) in 6/44 (13.6%) and clinical benefit (CB) in 25/44 (56.8%) patients who had CB with fulvestrant and produced OR in 5/41 (12.2%) patients and CB in 27/41 (65.8%) patients who had CB with first-line tamoxifen. For patients deriving no CB from trial therapy, second-line therapy produced OR in 3/39 (7.7%) and CB in 15/39 (38.5%) patients in the fulvestrant group and OR in 4/25 (16.0%) and CB in 12/25 (48.0%) patients in the tamoxifen group. Results from this questionnaire-based study suggest that postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer who respond to first-line fulvestrant or tamoxifen retain sensitivity to subsequent endocrine therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

[Present status of endocrine therapy of breast cancer: a surgeon's view].

The present status of endocrine therapy for breast cancer was reviewed from the surgeon's point of view. Endocrine ablation therapy, such as oophorectomy, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy, has been frequently used for the advanced breast cancer patients. More recently, however, major endocrine ablation therapy has been less the treatment of choice for advanced breast cancer, because an antiestrogen (tamoxifen) which is less toxic has been prevailing in the treatment. It was shown that after the breast cancer became refractory to tamoxifen, the major endocrine ablation therapy was effective particularly in ER (+) cancers, irrespective of the response to the antiestrogen. This suggests the significance of major endocrine ablation therapy as a second line therapy for advanced breast cancer patients. The adjuvant endocrine and/or chemotherapy for operable breast cancer patients was reviewed, with special reference to the ovarian failure due to endocrine or chemotherapeutic agents. A prospective randomized study of endocrine and/or chemotherapy for the adjuvant of mastectomy stratified by the presence or absence of ER in breast cancer tumors, has been performed in our hospital. Patients with ER (+) breast cancers were divided into 3 groups: 1) tamoxifen 20 mg/day for 2 years (in premenopausal status, after oophorectomy), 2) chemotherapy with mitomycin C 20 mg/m2, iv, followed by administration of cyclophosphamide 60 mg/m2, po, 3) combination of tamoxifen and the chemotherapy. The chemotherapy alone or combination of chemotherapy and tamoxifen was given patients with ER (-) cancers. At September, 1983, 422 patients took part in the trail, and the median follow-up period was 33 months (at least 9 months). The recurrence rate of the group treated with antiestrogen alone was shown to be similar to that in other treatment groups in ER (+) cases.

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed2006

Adjuvant endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive postmenopausal breast cancer: evolution of NCCN, ASCO, and St Gallen recommendations.

Endocrine therapy has a firm role in adjuvant treatment of women with hormone receptor-positive invasive breast cancer. Until recently, tamoxifen was the most commonly used adjuvant endocrine therapy in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Several randomized clinical trials have studied the third-generation selective aromatase inhibitors (AIs) (anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane) as adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women. These studies compared therapy with an AI alone versus tamoxifen alone; 2 to 3 years of tamoxifen followed by switching to an AI versus continuation of tamoxifen; or extended therapy with an AI after approximately 5 years of tamoxifen therapy. No statistically significant differences in overall survival were observed. A single trial using extended treatment with an adjuvant AI suggests a small, statistically significant survival advantage in women with axillary lymph node-positive disease while showing no statistically significant decrease in survival with the use of an AI. The toxicities of the AIs are generally acceptable, with fewer endometrial cancers, gynecologic complaints, and thromboembolic events, but more bone fractures and arthralgias compared with tamoxifen alone. Three widely disseminated treatment guidelines, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Breast Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, the American Society of Clinical Oncology Technology Assessment on the Use of Aromatase Inhibitors, and the St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer, now incorporate AIs in the adjuvant therapy of postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Female↗

PubMed1985

Changes of steroid hormone receptor content by chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer.

In several sequences during the progression of cancer, the authors assayed estrogen receptors(ER) in 940 breast cancers and progesterone receptors(PgR) in 773 cancers. The percentages of ER+ and PgR+ cancers diminished according to the progression of malignancy. Sequential assays of ER and PgR were carried out in primary tumors and in the metastatic tumors at the first recurrence in 42 patients. During the disease-free interval, 10 (37%) of 27 ER+ tumors changed to ER- and all 15 ER- tumors remained negative. The hormone receptors were assayed before the treatments and after the tumor relapsed following regression or after the progression of cancer. The change of ER and PgR in 99 patients with advanced breast cancer were studied according to the type of systemic treatments. Through endocrine therapy, marked changes from ER+ to ER-, were noted (by antiestrogens, 47% [7/15]; by adreno-oophorectomy, 61% [11/18]). Almost no breast cancers changed from ER- to Er+ during the endocrine therapy (by antiestrogen, 1/6; by adreno-oophorectomy, 0/10). All of six PgR+ tumors changed to PgR- after therapy. By chemotherapy treatment, 44% (4/9) ER+ cancers became ER-, while 19% (3/16) ER- tumors changed to ER+. After the simultaneous combination of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, 67% (10/15) of ER+ cancers changed to ER-, and 20% (2/10) of ER- tumors changed to ER+. Through the intervention of more than two kinds of chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy between the first treatment and the last therapy, 79% (19/24) ER+ breast cancers changed to ER-. Thus, ER and PgR contents of breast cancer gradually became negative as the malignancy progressed, and with some kinds of treatments particularly including endocrine therapy. The significance of changes in hormone receptors after therapy was discussed.

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed1999

Early results of radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy for prostate cancer with or without preoperative androgen deprivation. The Prostate Cancer Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The effects of preoperative androgen deprivation were explored in the patients who received radical prostatectomy and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy for prostate cancer. METHODS: Stage A2, B or C prostate cancers were randomized to one of two groups: (i) group I (n=90), who received androgen deprivation (leuploride and chlormadinone acetate) for 3 months preoperatively followed by radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy (leuploride only); and (ii) group II (n=86), who underwent the surgery followed by 3 month androgen deprivation and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy. The effects of preoperative androgen deprivation on clinical relapse (serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) > 1.98 ng/mL, local recurrence or distant metastasis) and PSA relapse (PSA >0.2ng/mL) were evaluated at 2 years after randomization. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in clinical or PSA relapse-free survival and quality of life measures between the two groups, although relapses occurred significantly more frequently in patients who had more advanced stages, higher pretreatment PSA values or lower histologic differentiation in either group. Subgroup analysis indicated that clinical relapse-free survival in stage C cancer tended to be better in patients with preoperative androgen deprivation than in those patients without it (P< 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative androgen deprivation may be beneficial for stage C prostate cancer patients receiving radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy over the 2 year observation period. A longer follow up is needed to clarify the exact extent of benefit in terms of survival and quality of life.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy for prostate cancer with or without preoperative androgen deprivation: Five-year results.

BACKGROUND: The effects of preoperative androgen deprivation on the outcomes of prostate cancer patients who received radical prostatectomy and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy have not yet been fully evaluated. METHODS: Patients with stage A(2), B or C prostate cancers were randomized to one of two groups: group I (n = 90), who received androgen deprivation (leuprolide and chlormadinone acetate) for 3 months followed by radical prostatectomy and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy (leuprolide alone), and group II (n = 86), who underwent the surgery followed by 3-month androgen deprivation (leuprolide and chlormadinone acetate) and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy (leuprolide alone). The effects of preoperative androgen deprivation on survival, clinical relapse (serum prostate specific antigen, PSA, above the normal level, local recurrence, or distant metastases), and PSA relapse (PSA above the detectable level) were evaluated at 5 years or later after treatment. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in overall, cause-specific, clinical relapse-free, or PSA relapse-free survival rates between the two groups. In a subanalysis, no prostate cancer deaths or clinical relapses were noted in 29 patients with organ-confined disease (OCD: negativity of capsular invasion, seminal vesicle invasion, surgical margins or nodal involvement). The odds ratio for OCD depending on group assignment was 2.44 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.04-5.72), for group I, demonstrating a higher probability of having OCD. This ratio was increased to 4.00 (95% CI 1.06-15.16) if the analysis was conducted in a subpopulation with prostate specific antigen levels less than 35.6 ng/mL and with clinical stage B or C cancers. CONCLUSION: Preoperative androgen deprivation has no demonstrable benefit in 5-year outcomes for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy. However, it did increase the probability of OCD, which was associated with no clinical relapse during the follow-up. A longer observation is needed to clarify the exact extent of the benefits in terms of survival.

Aged↗