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PubMed1998

Antibiotic-resistant strains of Enterococcus isolated from Swedish and Danish retailed chicken and pork.

Two hundred and seventy-seven Enterococcus isolates representing the predominating enterococcal flora of retailed chicken and pork were identified by phenotypical features, and by random amplified polymorphic DNA. The resistance to nine different antibiotics was determined. Enterococcus faecium was the most frequently occurring species in both Swedish and Danish chicken. Enterococcus faecalis and unidentified groups of Enterococcus dominated in pork. Seventy-three per cent of the Enterococcus isolates from Swedish chicken were resistant to one or more of the tested antibiotics. The corresponding values for Swedish pork, Danish chicken and Danish pork were 9%, 55% and 14%, respectively. Tetracycline resistance was most frequent in isolates from Danish pork and Swedish chicken, while erythromycin resistance was most frequent in Danish chicken. Strains with acquired vancomycin resistance, mainly Ent. faecium, were found only on Danish chicken, except for one isolate from Danish pork. All vancomycin-resistant isolates contained the vanA gene. Vancomycin resistance could be transferred to a vancomycin-sensitive Ent. faecium strain from four of nine tested donor strains.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of the prevalence and risk factors for colonization by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus among patients on dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) has been reported among long-term dialysis patients, although risk factors for VRE colonization are not well defined. This study aims to appraise the prevalence and risk factors for VRE colonization among patients on long-term dialysis therapy, as well as the mechanisms for dissemination of vancomycin resistance. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey of 320 patients on long-term dialysis therapy at 2 hospitals of the Federal University of São Paulo from June 2001 to March 2003. Fecal samples were collected from each patient once a week for 1 month. Samples with positive test results for VRE were submitted to molecular typing through automated ribotyping. RESULTS: VRE prevalence was 14.4%. There were significant associations between VRE and dialysis type (hemodialysis, P = 0.04), number of hospitalizations (P = 0.03), low hemoglobin level (P = 0.03), and leukocytosis (P = 0.05). Among samples with VRE (n = 56), 25% were Enterococcus faecium; 10.7%, Enterococcus casseliflavus; 57.1%, Enterococcus gallinarum; and 3.6%, Enterococcus faecalis. All samples isolated were sensitive to teicoplanin, except for E faecium samples, which were strongly resistant, although 9 of 14 patients with this isolate presented the same ribogroup (111-S-4). Typing of 6 samples from 8 dialysis patients with E gallinarum was performed, showing a predominant ribogroup (112-S-4). CONCLUSION: Hospital environment, hemodialysis, anemia, and leukocytosis appear to be associated with VRE colonization. These results suggest that dissemination of these bacteria among patients on long-term dialysis therapy may be taking place.

Aged↗

PubMed2025

Gut Colonization With Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Shapes the Gut Microbiome in the Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Gut pathogen colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is common in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with worse clinical outcomes; however, the timing of VRE colonization and its collateral effects on the gut microbiome are incompletely understood. METHODS: Medical ICU patients admitted with sepsis and receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics were sampled via deep rectal swabs at ICU admission and on ICU day 3, 7, 14, and 30. Rectal swabs were cultured for VRE on selective media and analyzed via 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS: Ninety patients were sampled (340 longitudinal swabs). VRE positivity rose from 20% at ICU admission to a peak of 33% by ICU day 14 and then modestly declined to 31% by ICU day 30. Paralleling this, alpha diversity fell while Enterococcus relative abundance rose through ICU day 14 with both returning to baseline by ICU day 30. The median relative abundance of Enterococcus was 38% (interquartile range [IQR], 7.4%-75%) for VRE-positive samples compared to 0.01% (IQR, 0%-19%) for VRE-negative samples (rank-sum P < .01); 38 samples had ≥90% Enterococcus and 8 samples were 100% Enterococcus by sequencing. VRE was associated with lower alpha diversity (median Shannon index 1.90 [IQR, 0.89-2.66] if VRE positive versus 2.64 [IQR, 1.58-3.22] if VRE negative; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: VRE gut colonization peaked at ICU day 14 followed by a modest decline and was associated with low alpha diversity. Improved understanding of dynamic changes in the gut microbiome may facilitate successful future ICU interventions. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT03865706.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Pharmacodynamic profile of daptomycin against Enterococcus species and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a murine thigh infection model.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pharmacodynamic profile of daptomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococci species based on bacterial density in an immunocompromised mouse thigh infection model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of daptomycin was determined against two MRSA, one vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and one vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis using the immunocompromised murine thigh model. Efficacy was assessed by the change in log10 cfu in thighs after 24 h of drug treatment. RESULTS: Daptomycin produced a maximal kill of 4.5-5 log10 cfu against the MRSA and 1.5-2 log10 for the Enterococcus species. AUC/MIC was the most predictive of the PD parameters. Utilizing MICs determined in serum or broth in the calculation of the PD parameters had minimal effect on this correlation. AUCfree/MICbroth required for static effects with MRSA and Enterococcus species were 12-36 and 5-13, whereas 99% of maximal kill was achieved at ratios of 171-442 and 38-157, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These data reveal the potent in vivo bactericidal activity of daptomycin against MRSA and Enterococcus species using clinically achievable drug exposures (dose 4-6 mg/kg per day) currently under investigation in man.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Varying linezolid susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates during therapy: a case report.

OBJECTIVES: Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Resistance to linezolid has been associated with a G2576U mutation in domain V of the 23S rRNA. PATIENT AND METHODS: We present clinical details and susceptibility data from multiple Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from a liver transplant patient over 13 months. MICs of linezolid, vancomycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin were determined using Etest. Molecular typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Domain V of the 23S rRNA gene in the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium was amplified. Linezolid concentrations were analysed by HPLC. RESULTS: We report the emergence of resistance to linezolid in a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium during linezolid treatment. After discontinuation of the linezolid therapy, the isolate reverted to susceptibility. However, after re-administration of linezolid the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium became resistant to linezolid again. The isolates that were resistant to linezolid had a G2576T mutation in their 23S rDNA. CONCLUSION: We describe a clinical case that shows the shift of a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from linezolid resistance to susceptibility and then back to resistance again related to linezolid therapy.

Acetamides↗

PubMed2003

Enterococcus phoeniculicola sp. nov., a novel member of the enterococci isolated from the uropygial gland of the Red-billed Woodhoopoe, Phoeniculus purpureus.

A facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, coccoid, non-spore-forming, non-motile, catalase-negative bacterium was isolated from the uropygial (preen) gland of wild Red-billed Woodhoopoes (Phoeniculus purpureus) and designated strain JLB-1(T). Physiological and biochemical testing suggested that this homofermentative, lactic-acid-producing bacterium could belong to the genus Enterococcus or the genus Streptococcus. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JLB-1(T) with other 16S rDNA sequences in the GenBank database by BLAST analysis showed that its closest relatives are Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus avium and Enterococcus asini. Strain JLB-1(T) may be differentiated from these species by the fact that it does not produce acid from lactose, D-mannitol, D(+)-melezitose or D-sorbitol. Furthermore, it does not hydrolyse arginine or hippurate and cannot grow in the presence of 6.5% NaCl or 40% bile. It differs from the streptococci in that it does not lyse erythrocytes. Strain JLB-1(T) is a novel member of the enterococci, for which the name Enterococcus phoeniculicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JLB-1(T) (=ATCC BAA-412(T) = DSM 14726(T)).

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Molecular analysis of artisanal Italian cheeses reveals Enterococcus italicus sp. nov.

The taxonomic positions of seven atypical Enterococcus strains, isolated from artisanal Italian cheeses, were investigated in a polyphasic study. By using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization and intergenic transcribed spacer analysis, as well as by examining the phenotypic properties, the novel isolates were shown to constitute a novel enterococcal species. Their closest relatives are Enterococcus sulfureus and Enterococcus saccharolyticus, having a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.7 %. This group of strains can be easily differentiated from the other Enterococcus species by DNA-DNA hybridization and by their phenotypic characteristics: the strains do not grow in 6.5 % NaCl, and they do not produce acid from L-arabinose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose or ribose. The name Enterococcus italicus sp. nov. is proposed for this species, with strain DSM 15952T (= LMG 22039T) as the type strain.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

Enterococcus saccharominimus sp. nov., from dairy products.

Four isolates, which were obtained from Belgian, Moroccan and Romanian dairy products, constituted a homogeneous but unidentified taxon after screening with whole-cell protein fingerprinting. Complete 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis classified representative strains in the genus Enterococcus. Highest sequence similarities of 98.6 and 98.0 % were obtained with the species Enterococcus sulfureus and Enterococcus saccharolyticus, respectively. Growth characteristics, biochemical features, tRNA intergenic length polymorphism analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization and DNA G+C contents of selected strains demonstrated that they represent a single, novel Enterococcus species. It differs phenotypically from other enterococci in characteristics commonly considered as typical of this genus: no growth in 6.5 % NaCl or 0.4 % sodium azide, and no acid production from a wide range of carbohydrates. The name Enterococcus saccharominimus sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species; the type strain (LMG 21727(T)=CCM 7220(T)) was isolated from contaminated pasteurized cow's milk.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2005

Enterococcus canintestini sp. nov., from faecal samples of healthy dogs.

The taxonomic position of strain LMG 13590(T), originally isolated from dog faeces and classified as Enterococcus dispar in the BCCM/LMG Bacteria Catalogue, was reinvestigated. This strain and 12 recent isolates from faecal samples of healthy dogs occupied a clearly separate position when investigated with multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the genes encoding the alpha subunit of ATP synthase (atpA), RNA polymerase alpha subunit (rpoA) and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase alpha subunit (pheS). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of one representative strain showed highest similarities of 98-99% with E. dispar LMG 13521(T), Enterococcus canis LMG 12316(T) and Enterococcus asini LMG 18727(T). A further polyphasic taxonomic study based on whole-cell protein fingerprinting, DNA-DNA hybridization and biochemical features demonstrated that the 13 enterococcal dog faecal strains represent a single, novel Enterococcus species for which the name Enterococcus canintestini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LMG 13590(T) (=CCM 7285(T)).

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Use of tests for acidification of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and susceptibility to efrotomycin for differentiation of strains of Enterococcus and some related genera.

A total of 107 Enterococcus strains, 10 Vagococcus fluvialis strains, and 8 Lactococcus garvieae strains were tested for acidification of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) and susceptibility to 100-microg efrotomycin (EFRO) disks. All 26 strains of Enterococcus casseliflavus, including 3 nonmotile and 2 nonpigmented strains, acidified MGP and were resistant to EFRO. All 22 strains of Enterococcus gallinarum, including 5 nonmotile strains, also acidified MGP and were resistant to EFRO. None of the 26 strains of Enterococcus faecium acidified MGP, and all were susceptible to EFRO. Although all 12 Enterococcus faecalis strains were also negative in the MGP test, they were resistant to EFRO. Other enterococcal strains gave variable results. All 10 strains of V. fluvialis and all 8 strains of L. garvieae gave positive and negative results, respectively, in the MGP test and were, respectively, resistant and susceptible to EFRO. These results indicate that tests of the production of acid from MGP and susceptibility to EFRO can be used as adjunct tests in the identification of typical and atypical strains of enterococci in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

Characterization of Tn1546 in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from canine urinary tract infections: evidence of gene exchange between human and animal enterococci.

Thirty-five enterococcal isolates were recovered from dogs diagnosed with urinary tract infections at the Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital over a 2-year period (1996 to 1998). Isolated species included Enterococcus faecium (n = 13), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 7), Enterococcus gallinarum (n = 11), and Enterococcus casseliflavus (n = 4). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed several different resistance phenotypes, with the majority of the enterococcal isolates exhibiting resistance to three or more antibiotics. One E. faecium isolate, CVM1869, displayed high-level resistance to vancomycin (MIC > 32 micro g/ml) and gentamicin (MIC > 2,048 micro g/ml). Molecular analysis of this isolate revealed the presence of Tn1546 (vanA), responsible for high-level vancomycin resistance, and Tn5281 carrying aac6'-aph2", conferring high-level aminoglycoside resistance. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that CVM1869 was a canine E. faecium clone that had acquired Tn1546, perhaps from a human vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. Transposons Tn5281 and Tn1546 were located on two different conjugative plasmids. Sequence analysis revealed that in Tn1546, ORF1 had an 889-bp deletion and an IS1216V insertion at the 5' end and an IS1251 insertion between vanS and vanH. To date, this particular form of Tn1546 has only been described in human clinical vancomycin-resistant enterococcus isolates unique to the United States. Additionally, this is the first report of a vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolated from a companion animal in the United States.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A probiotic treatment containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus improves IBS symptoms in an open label trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of live combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus capsules in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. METHODS: Eighty-five patients [male 32, female 53; age (45.31+/-11.72) years] were given live combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus capsules 1260 mg/d t.i.d.x4 weeks. Syndrome scales were used to evaluate the efficacy in gastrointestinal syndrome. Fecal flora was also measured before and after the treatment. Six bacteria were cultured and the colony forming units were counted in stool. SPSS was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients finished the follow-up. No side-effect was found. For treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, the effective rate of live combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus capsules was 56.8% in the second week, 74.3% in the fourth week and 73.0% in the sixth week. Single symptom was improved, especially in abdominal pain and stool character. The probiotica containing live combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus could increase bifidobacterium count (P<0.01) and lactobacillus count (P<0.05); decrease bacteroides count (P<0.05) and enterococci count (P<0.01); No obvious changes were observed in clostridium difficile colonitis and enterobacteriaceae (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The result of the study indicated that the administration of live combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus improved the symptom of irritable bowel syndrome and that there was a gradual increase of this effect. Thereafter conditions remained stable for 2 weeks. That improvement may be associated with alterations in gastrointestinal flora.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Subdural empyema due to Enterococcus faecalis.

Central nervous system infections due to Enterococcus species are uncommon. We report the first case of subdural empyema due to Enterococcus faecalis. Following partial treatment of a middle ear infection due to Enterococcus species and mixed coliforms, the patient developed signs of meningeal involvement. A lumbar puncture showed a raised polymorph cell count, but was sterile on culture; broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy with cefotaxime, flucloxacillin and metronidazole was commenced. Following development of focal neurological signs, a CT scan revealed a subdural collection. Drainage and culture of the pus yielded a pure growth of Enterococcus faecalis. This case demonstrates the need to remain aware of the ability of the Enterococcus to cause serious infections and to direct specific antimicrobial therapy accordingly.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Isolation and characterization of an Enterococcus-like bacterium causing muscle necrosis and mortality in Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Taiwan.

A Gram-positive, ovoid, diplococoid bacterium tentatively identified as Enterococcus-like was isolated from diseased Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Taiwanese aquaculture ponds. The diseased prawns displayed poor growth, anorexia, inactivity, opaque and whitish musculature, and mortality. In histological preparations, melanized hemocytic granulomas were seen in the connective tissue around hemal sinuses together with hemocytic aggregation in necrotic musculature. Five isolates of diplococci were collected from diseased prawns at 4 farms and these were evaluated for 93 characteristics including morphology, physiology, biochemistry and sensitivity to antibiotics. The results indicated that the isolates belonged to a single species. They grew in 0.5 to 6.0% NaCl, at 10 to 40 degrees C, at pH 9.6 and on bile esculin medium, gave positive pyrrolidonylarylamidase, arginine dehydrolase and Voges-Proskauer tests, were resistant to bacitracin and SXT, and were CAMP-negative and non-hemolytic on sheep blood agar. These findings indicated an Enterococcus-like bacterium closely related to Enterococcus seriolicida (recently reduced to synonymy with Lactococcus garvieae). Experimental injection of 3 x 10(5) cells of strain KM002 of this Enterococcus-like bacterium into the ventral sinus of the prawn cephalothorax caused 100% mortality in 11 d, and induced muscular necrosis and hepatopancreatitis, gross signs and histopathology similar to those observed in the naturally infected prawns. It was concluded that this Enterococcus-like bacterium was the etiological agent associated with mortality of the farmed, diseased prawns.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Pathogenicity of Enterococcus spp. Characteristics of 169 hospital isolates].

BACKGROUND: To know the characteristics of Enterococcus spp. strains isolated in the hospital; to analyse the importance of this microorganism and its resistance to antimicrobial agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the case histories of 169 patients with Enterococcus spp. isolates, selected at random at the Infanta Cristina Hospital in Badajoz. Investigation was carried out on: age, date of admission and discharge, clinical symptoms, risk factors, previous antibiotic treatment, clinical and microbiological evolution, recommended treatment and prescribed treatment. Identification of microorganisms and antibiogram with Pos Combo 41 microScam panels, read on Baxter WalkAway-40 equipment. RESULTS: The most frequently found species was Enterococcus faecalis. In 75 cases the isolations were polymicrobial. The enterococci were isolated mainly from urinary infections (27%), skin infections (20%), intrabdominal infections (14%) and infections from surgical wounds (14%). The existence of peripheral catheter was the main risk factor. All the strains of E. faecalis were susceptible to the glycopeptides. Two strains of Enterococcus faecium were not susceptible to vancomycin and one of these was not susceptible to teicoplanin. Mortality was from 21-27.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Enterococcus spp. is frequently isolated in nosocomial infections, although in approximately half the cases it is associated with other bacteria. For this reason, it is not always possible to determine its pathogenic contribution. The isolated strains, except two strains of E. faecium, are susceptible to vancomycin. A relation exists between high resistance to aminoglucosides and resistance to fluoroquinolones.

Enterococcus↗

PubMed1992

Diarrhea caused by a slow-growing Enterococcus-like agent in neonatal rats.

An enteropathogenic Enterococcus-like agent was isolated from a spontaneous outbreak of diarrhea that occurred in a colony containing neonatal rats. Diarrhea was experimentally reproduced in virus-antibody-free neonatal rats inoculated with this purified "enterococcus." Gram-positive cocci were adhered to the small intestinal villi of affected animals from which the organism was reisolated. The isolate's classification in the genus Enterococcus was confirmed by genetic probe; however, because of its unique fermentation pattern, it could not be definitively speciated. Indirect immunofluorescence assays indicate that this strain of enterococcus and Enterococcus hirae, another strain pathogenic for neonatal rats, differ antigenically. Enterococci should be considered as potential etiologic agents in outbreaks of diarrhea involving neonatal rats and future efforts directed to increasing our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Single-dose ampicillin prophylaxis does not eradicate enterococcus from the lower genital tract.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the carriage rate of enterococcus in the lower genital tract of women having a cesarean delivery and to determine whether a single 2-g intraoperative dose of ampicillin eradicates enterococcus from the lower genital tract. METHODS: Lower genital tract cultures were taken in 84 women who were in labor or had ruptured membranes and who were about to have an indicated cesarean delivery. The subjects were randomized to receive either a single 2-g dose of ampicillin or a cephalosporin as prophylaxis. Cultures were repeated 24 hours postpartum. RESULTS: Enterococcus was isolated preoperatively in 33 subjects (39.3%) and postoperatively in 36 (42.9%). The enterococcus was eradicated in five of 17 women (29.5%) who received ampicillin. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a single 2-g dose of ampicillin does not eradicate enterococcus from the lower genital tract.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Isolation rate of Enterococcus spp. from surgical infections and their susceptibilities].

Enterococcus spp. isolated from surgical infections during the period from July 1982 to June 1995 were investigated in a multicenter study involving 19 hospitals in Japan, and the following results were obtained. 1. Though the isolation rate of Enterococcus faecalis and other Enterococcus spp. were not high from primary infections, and from postoperative infections the isolation rate of other Enterococcus spp. was also low, the isolation rate of E. faecalis was highest from postoperative infections after 1993. 2. Vancomycin (VCM) showed strongest activity against E. faecalis, and followed by those of ampicillin (ABPC), imipenem. levofloxacin (LVFX) and meropenem in this order. Against other Enterococcus spp., VCM showed strongest activity, and followed by those of ABPC and LVFX. There were no resistant strains against VCM.

Ampicillin↗