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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Role of the hippocampus in blocking and conditioned inhibition of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response.

Bilateral aspiration of the dorsal hippocampus produced a disrupttion of blocking of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response in Kamin's two-stage paradigm (Experiment 1) but had no effect on the formation of a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor (Experiment 2). The results of Experiment 1 indicated that normal animals and those with cortical lesions given conditioning to a light-plus-tone conditioned stimulus (CS) gave conditioned responses (CRs) to both the light and the tone during nonreinforced presentations of each (test phase). If, however, compound conditioning was preceded by tone acquisition, only the tone elicited a CR during testing; that is, blocking was observed. In rabbits with hippocampal lesions, however, CRs were given to both the light and the tone during testing whether or not compound conditioning was preceded by tone acquisition. The data from Experiment 2 showed that rabbits with hippocampal lesions could discriminate as well as normal rabbits and those with cortical lesions between a light (CS+) and light plus tone (CS-). In addition, when the inhibitory tone was subsequently paired with the unconditioned stimulus in retardation testing, animals in all three lesion conditions acquired the CR at the same rate. Thus, it appears that hippocampal lesions do not disrupt conditioned inhibition. The results of these experiments were taken as support for the view that the hippocampus is responsible for "tuning out" stimuli that have no adaptive value to the organism.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

'Insight' in the pigeon: antecedents and determinants of an intelligent performance.

In 1917 Wolfgang Köhler reported some rather extraordinary instances of problem solving by a number of chimpanzees, and his observations have been the subject of controversy ever since. The period of quiescence that sometimes preceded the solution, its sudden onset, and its smooth, continuous emergence were proffered as evidence that (1) contrary to suggestions of learning theorists of the day, problem solving was not necessarily a trial-and-error process, and (2) constructs such as 'insight' were necessary for an adequate account. Here, in an attempt to shed further light on these issues, we have replicated with pigeons a classic problem with that Köhler confronted his chimpanzees. Pigeons that had acquired relevant skills solved the problem in a remarkably chimpanzee-like (and, perforce, human-like) fashion. The possible contributions of different experiences were determined by varying the training histories of different birds. We offer a tentative moment-to-moment account of a successful performance.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Habituation and conditioning of electrodermal responses in high risk children.

Measures of skin conductance during rest and during experiments testing habituation and conditioning of the skin conductance response were obtained from 42 10-year-old male children, of whom 12 were at risk for schizophrenia and 30 constituted low risk controls. While typical habituation curves for skin conductance response were obtained from both sets of offspring, no differences were found between high and low risk subjects on trials to habituation, response magnitude, latency, or number of spontaneous responses. However, there was evidence suggestive of differential conditioning in the two groups of children as a function of risk status. High risk offspring produced significantly larger skin conductance responses to conditioning test trials than low risk offspring. High risk subjects were also significantly more responsive to the unconditioned stimulus (loud white noise) than low risk subjects, but half-amplitude recovery time did not differentiate between the two groups of children. Finally, high risk offspring manifested lower levels of tonic conductance during conditioning, but not during resting or habituation. These results lend support to two important recent findings by Mednick concerning autonomic differences between high and low risk children, but do not confirm his findings regarding generalization and half-amplitude recovery time.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

Habituation and conditioning of skin conductance responses in children at risk.

This investigation extends the findings reported by Salzman and Klein (1978) concerning the skin conductance response (SCR) of the offspring of parents who had been hospitalized for a psychiatric illness. Skin conductance during rest and during experiments testing habituation and conditioning of the SCR was recorded in 7-year-old (n = 42) and 10-year-old (n = 57) children. Among the 7-year-olds, 11 had a parent with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 12 had a parent with a diagnosis of affective psychosis and 19 had a nonpsychotic parent. Among the 10-year-olds, the corresponding distribution was 13 (schizophrenic), 20 (affective), and 24 (nonpsychotic). The results indicate (1) no marked tendency toward either rapid or absent habituation in the offspring of schizophrenics; (2) evidence of significantly greater conditioning among the 10-year-old offspring of schizophrenics; (3) only very weak evidence of greater responsiveness to intense stimuli among the offspring of schizophrenics; (4) no evidence of differences in SCR recovery time among the three groups of children; and (5) differences between diagnostic groups among the 10-year-old children in the pattern of tonic skin conductance levels across experiments. Differences in results between the two age groups were unexpected, but may represent either heterogeneity of diagnosis in the parents or developmental trends in electrodermal activity in the children. In sum, the results of this study produce only partial confirmation of the findings reported in the earlier investigation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Increased susceptibility to auditory conditioning in hallucinating schizophrenic patients: a preliminary investigation.

Auditory hallucinations have been elicited in the laboratory after repeated pairings of a tone (unconditioned stimulus) with a light (conditioned stimulus), until the presentation of the light alone resulted in subjects hearing the tone. This auditory sensory-conditioning phenomenon was first reported in normal subjects over a half-century ago. But the model remains, to date, untested in actively hallucinating patients. If sensory-conditioning mechanisms actually mediate the occurrence of clinical hallucinations, one would expect that hallucinating patients would more readily acquire and be more resistant to extinguish a conditioned hallucination than nonhallucinating psychotic patients. The present study examined the susceptibility of 15 hallucinating and 15 nonhallucinating acute schizophrenic inpatients to acquire and maintain a sensory-conditioned hallucination response. Consistent with the auditory sensory-conditioning model, evidence suggests that hallucinating patients acquire and maintain sensory-conditioned hallucinations more quickly than their nonhallucinating counterparts. Results are discussed in terms of hallucinators' susceptibility to sensory conditioning and suggestibility as important factors underlying hallucinatory behavior. The findings are interpreted with respect to the behavioral mechanisms underlying psychotic symptom formation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗