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Results for “FATTY ACIDS, ESSENTIAL”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Essential fatty acid and lipid profiles in plasma and erythrocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis.

This study was conducted to investigate the possible differences in erythrocyte lipid composition, which might account for the previously reported increase in erythrocyte membrane zinc levels in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Compared with healthy control subjects, plasma lipids in patients with MS contained less sphingomyelin but more phosphatidylserine and the cholesterol-phospholipid ratio was 42% higher in the plasma from MS patients (p less than 0.01). In erythrocytes from MS patients, phosphatidylinositol was lower and erythrocyte cholesterol per milligram protein was significantly lower than concentrations in healthy control subjects (p less than 0.01). Among the long-chain fatty acids, the omega-3 fatty acids were lower in plasma from MS patients and linoleic acid was lower in erythrocyte ghosts from MS patients (p less than 0.01). We conclude that altered levels of cholesterol in plasma and erythrocytes from MS patients may contribute to increased erythrocyte-membrane Zn in MS patients. It cannot be stated with certainty whether the altered fatty acid profiles in MS patients were a function of the disease or of altered fatty acid intake.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1991

Essential fatty acid status and fluidity of plasma phospholipids in cystic fibrosis infants.

The fatty acid (FA) patterns of cord serum phospholipids (PLs) were examined in 4 cystic fibrosis (CF) newborns, 8 non-CF siblings, and 22 normal control subjects. Plasma from 27 newly diagnosed CF infants and 38 normal infants aged less than 2 y were studied for comparison. CF cord-blood PLs had patterns similar to those of CF siblings and to normal newborns, but the pattern for CF did not shift toward adult patterns during infancy as did patterns for normal infants. CF infants at diagnosis exhibited a deficiency pattern in which 18: 2 omega 6, 20:4 omega 6, 22:4 omega 6, an omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were significantly subnormal and 18:3 omega 6, total saturated fatty acids, and total monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly elevated compared with normal infants. In PLs in CF infants, although mean chain length of FAs was low, mean melting point was elevated 2.4 degrees C and double-bond index was low (both P less than 0.001), implying a significantly lessened fluidity. Nutritional supplements of both omega 6 and omega 3 PUFAs are cated.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition: lessons and limitations from animal studies in relation to studies on infant fatty acid requirements.

Animal studies have been of pivotal importance in advancing knowledge of the metabolism and roles of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and the effects of specific dietary intakes on membrane composition and related functions. Advantages of animal studies include the rigid control of fatty acid and other nutrient intakes and the degree, timing, and duration of deficiency or excess, the absence of confounding environmental and clinical variables, and the tissue analysis and testing procedures that cannot be performed in human studies. However, differences among species in nutrient requirements and metabolism and the severity and duration of the dietary treatment must be considered before extrapolating results to humans. Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates fed diets severely deficient in alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) showed altered visual function and behavioral problems, and played a fundamental role by identifying neural systems that may be sensitive to dietary n-3 fatty acid intakes; this information has assisted researchers in planning clinical studies. However, whereas animal studies have focused mainly on 18:3n-3 deficiency, there is considerable clinical interest in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) supplementation. Information from animal studies suggests that brain and retinal concentrations of 22:6n-3 plateau with 18:3n-3 intakes of approximately 0.7% of energy, but this requirement is influenced by dietary 18:2n-6 intake. Blood and tissue concentrations of 22:6n-3 increase as 22:6n-3 intake increases, with adverse effects on growth and function at high intakes. Animal studies can provide important information on the mechanisms of both beneficial and adverse effects and the pathways of brain 22:6n-3 uptake.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Effect of dietary protein level upon essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency.

Rats were fed EFA-low diets containing vitamin-free casein varying from 5 to 40% and were assessed for severity of EFA deficiency by growth response, dermal symptoms and by the biochemical lesion of elevated triene/tetraene ratio in heart and liver lipids. The dermal signs of EFA deficiency increased in severity at levels of protein above 30%. The biochemical lesion of elevated triene/tetraene ratio in liver phospholipids was most severe at the lower protein levels. The two measures of EFA deficiency thus respond to different functions of EFA. Protein deficiency may thus increase the EFA requirement as measured by the biochemical criteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of dietary essential fatty acids on vitamin A utilization in the rat.

After their liver reserves of vitamin A were enhanced to ca. 300 micrograms retinol/g by 5 large daily oral doses of retinyl palmitate, groups of rats (n = 6) were fed a vitamin A-free diet containing 10% corn oil, coconut oil or linseed oil, with or without vitamin E, for a 10-day period. The composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in liver lipids reflected the dietary composition, with linoleate and linolenate being markedly increased in the livers of rats fed the corn and linseed oil diets, respectively, relative to those fed the coconut oil diet. In contrast, the predominant retinyl ester in the livers of rats on all three diets was retinyl palmitate (greater than 80%), with no diet-related change noted in the relatively small amounts of retinyl linoleate (1-4%) or of retinyl stearate and linolenate (6-11%) present. The depletion of vitamin A from the liver during the 10-day period was slight (less than or equal to 10%) and similar on all three diets. Thus, the ingestion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with or without vitamin E, did not significantly influence either the mobilization rate or the ester composition of liver vitamin A reserves of rats in good vitamin A status. The relationship of these studies to previous investigations in which PUFA was shown to reduce liver and plasma concentrations of vitamin A is discussed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Protein-energy malnutrition during gestation and lactation in rats affects growth rate, brain development and essential fatty acid metabolism.

The influence of feeding a low protein diet to rat dams during gestation and lactation on lipid metabolism in pups was studied. Wistar rats were fed 5, 10, 15 and 25% dietary protein during gestation and lactation. Pup growth was monitored until weaning, and brain weight, protein concentration, proteolipid concentration and total lipid phosphorus concentration of brain were analyzed. The levels of fatty acids in dam milk as well as in pup liver phospholipids and brain prosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were determined. The progressive deprivation of maternal dietary protein produced a reduction in the total saturated fatty acid concentration of dam milk and an increment in the concentration of nonmetabolized linoleic acid. Pup body and brain weights as well as proteolipid, protein and total lipid phosphorus concentrations in brain were reduced in proportion to the degree of dietary protein deficiency. The products:precursor ratio of (n-6) fatty acids in liver phospholipids revealed an impairment in the elongation-desaturation pathway due to maternal protein deficiency. Both (n-6) and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids within brain phosphatidylethanolamine were decreased by reduced maternal dietary protein intake, whereas only the linoleic acid-derived products were similarly affected in the corresponding phosphatidylcholine fraction. These results demonstrate the widespread and profound deleterious effects of low protein levels of maternal diet on the growth rate, brain development and fatty acid metabolism in rat pups.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Essential fatty acid metabolism and requirements for LBW infants.

Humans are unable to synthesize linoleic acid (LA) (18:2 omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (LNA) (18:3 omega-3). Most formulas provide ample LA, yet infants are at risk for omega-3 deficiency unless they are fed human milk. Neonates born at 30 weeks received human milk or were randomized to three formulas: formula A, based on corn oil, similar to old commercial formula; formula B, based on soy oil supplied LNA; or formula C, a product similar to B with added marine oil to provide docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega-3). The fatty acids of plasma and red blood cells had marked diet-induced differences. The rod photo-receptor tests demonstrated higher threshold and decreased sensitivity in the omega-3-deficient infants. Visual acuity also showed improved function of the brain cortex in the human milk and group C infants at follow-up at 57 weeks. These results suggest that omega-3 fatty acids are needed for optimal development of visual function.

Docosahexaenoic Acids↗
PubMed1995

Essential fatty acids in full term infants fed breast milk or formula.

To determine the biochemical effects of the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, two groups of 10 healthy full term infants who were either exclusively breast fed or received a formula with similar contents of linoleic and alpha linolenic acids, but without long chain polyunsaturated (LCP) fatty acids, were studied prospectively. Plasma phospholipid, triglyceride, and sterol ester fatty acids were determined at the age of 2, 4, and 8 weeks by high resolution capillary gas chromatography. Breast fed infants maintained stable LCP fatty acid concentrations throughout the study. Formula fed infants had significantly lower median values of arachidonic acid (AA) at the ages of 2 (6.9 v 9.5% wt/wt) and 4 weeks (5.9 v 7.9%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at the ages of 4 (1.1 v 1.7%) and 8 weeks (1.0 v 1.7%) in plasma phospholipids. Median AA values in triglycerides were also significantly lower in the infants receiving formula at the ages of 2 (0.4 v 0.6%) and 4 weeks (0.3 v 0.6%). It is concluded that formula fed full term infants are unable to match the omega-3 and omega-6 LCP status of breast fed full term infants until at least two months after birth.

Arachidonic Acid↗