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PubMed1988

Metabolism of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole in the rat (III): Metabolites in the urine and feces.

The urinary and fecal metabolites of orally administered 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA) and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA) in rats were identified. Samples of 2-day pooled urine and feces of rats given a single intragastric dose of 1 g/kg body wt of tert[butyl-14C]3-BHA (*Bu-3-BHA). tert[butyl-14C]2-BHA (*Bu-2-BHA), [methyl-14C]3-BHA (*Me-3-BHA) or [methyl-14C]-2-BHA (*Me-2-BHA) were analyzed by comparing thin-layer chromatography (TLC) retentions with authentic standards. Conjugated metabolites were identified after enzymatic hydrolysis. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron impact mass spectrometry were used for confirmation of the authentic standards. In rats given 3-BHA, a major metabolite in the urine was 3-BHA-glucuronide with a smaller amount of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)-sulfate, while unchanged 3-BHA and 3-BHA-glucuronide were detected in the feces. In rats given 2-BHA, the main metabolites were the sulfate conjugates of 2-BHA, 4-tert-butyl-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (2-TBOQ) and the glucuronide of 2-BHA in the urine, while unchanged 2-BHA was found in the feces.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Simulating fecal coliform bacteria loading from an urbanizing watershed.

The fate and transport of fecal coliform bacteria in the urbanizing Polecat Creek watershed, located in Virginia, was simulated using the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF). Both point and nonpoint sources of fecal coliform were included in the simulation. Hydrologic and water quality parameters of HSPF were calibrated and validated using observed data collected from October 1994 to June 2000 at three monitoring stations. The percent errors in total runoff volumes between observed and simulated values ranged from 0.4 to 4.2% for the calibration period, and 0.4 to 6.7% for the validation period. The geometric mean of simulated fecal coliform concentrations at the outlet of the watershed was 10% lower than that of observed values for the calibration period. HSPF moderately under-predicted the geometric mean concentration by 16.4% for one sub-watershed and slightly over-predicted by 7.3% for another. Observed fecal coliform concentrations were compared with the range defined by the minimum and maximum simulated concentrations occurring within a 3-day window centered on the day the water sample was collected. Over 42% of grab sample data collected at the three monitoring sites in the watershed fell within the max min range of simulated concentrations over the 3-days window for the calibration period. For all monitoring sites, 39.5% of the total samples taken during the validation period fell in the range of simulated concentrations over the 3-day window period. Results presented in this study demonstrate that HSPF reasonably represents the hydrology and water quality of an urbanizin watershed and that it could be utilized as a planning tool for future assessment of land use impacts on fecal coliform on in-stream concentrations.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1990

[Clinical contribution of the examination of immunoglobulins and albumin in the feces in children (a group of 610 patients 1-18 years of age].

The authors submit their experience with the examination of immunoglobulins and albumin in the faeces of patients with different diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of antibodies IgA, sIgA, IgM and albumin were assessed in lavages from the rectum or supernatant of the faeces, using the qualitative method of double immunodifussion according to Ouchterlony. A normal finding is characterized by the presence of IgA, sIgA. For evaluation of the clinical importance and applicability of the examination method the authors draw attention to the importance of asessing the degree of positive or negative correlation between findings and the final diagnosis. The authors present three basic pictures; acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, non-inflammatory exsudation (exsudative enteropathy). They analyze the clinical application of different findings and their practical impact. They give an account of limiting factors in the evaluation of the presence of immunoglobulins and albumin in faeces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Malathion disposition in dermally and orally treated rats and its impact on the blood serum acetylcholine esterase and protein profile.

14C-methoxy-malathion with either pure or 50% E.C. formulated malathion were applied orally or dermally at one tenth of their LD50 to two batches of male albino rats. More than 90% of 14C was released with urine after 24 hours. The rest of 14C was detected in the feces, blood, intestines, liver and kidney in a descending order. No significant 14C was detected in other organs. Comparing the oral pure and formulated malathion treatments, there was no significant variation in the rate of disposition or excretion of 14C-malathion. However, the dermal treatment revealed that the 14C-formulated malathion was released faster than the pure one in urine in the first 24 hours; while the 14C-pure malathion showed relatively higher levels in the feces and blood in the first 24 hours. In a third batch of male albino rats, the effect of the same level of dermal treatment by either pure or 50% E.C. formulated malathion on serum acetylcholine-esterase (A. Ch. E.) activity and serum protein profile was studied. The serum A. Ch. E. activity was found to be inhibited to 40% activity after 6 to 24 hours for both treatments. However, after 96 hours the serum of the pure malathion treated rats showed full recovery of A.Ch.E. activity, while the formulated malathion treated showed only 60% activity. The SDS-PAGE analysis showed a differentiation in the serum protein bands of the 48 hours exposed rats to formulated malathion which was confirmed by the scanned gel profile. The FPLC integrated chromatograms proved an initiation of a new protein band accompanied with rearrangement of the albumin and pre-albumin bands. Thus it can be concluded that, the impact on the blood serum protein profile and A. Ch. E. activity can be used as reliable criteria to detect acute toxicity of malathion and other choline-esterase inhibitors in exposed field workers. Further research is needed to elucidate the specificity and sensitivity of such criteria as biomarkers for human exposure.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2000

Ingestion of crude oil: effects on digesta retention times and nutrient uptake in captive river otters.

Studies following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska indicated that river otters (Lontra canadensis) from oiled regions displayed symptoms of degraded health, including reduced body weight. We examined the fate of ingested oil in the digestive tract and its effects on gut function in captive river otters. Fifteen wild-caught males were assigned to three groups, two of which were given weathered crude oil in food (i.e., control, 5 ppm day(-1), and 50 ppm day(-1)) under controlled conditions at the Alaska Sealife Center. Using glass beads as non-specific digesta markers and stable isotope analysis, we determined the effects of ingested oil on retention time and nutrient uptake. Our data indicated that oil ingestion reduced marker retention time when we controlled for activity and meal size. Fecal isotope ratios suggested that absorption of lipids in the oiled otters might have been affected by reduced retention time of food. In addition, a dilution model indicated that as much as 80% of ingested oil was not absorbed in high-dose animals. Thus, while the ingestion of large quantities of weathered crude oil appears to reduce absorption of oil hydrocarbons and may alleviate systemic effects, it may concurrently affect body condition by impacting digestive function.

Alaska↗
PubMed1989

Impact of ticarcillin/clavulanate on the intestinal microflora.

Ten healthy volunteers were given 5.2 g Timentin (5 g ticarcillin plus 0.2 g clavulanate by intravenous bolus three times daily for seven days. Stool specimens were collected before and 2, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days after the start of treatment to study the effect on the normal intestinal microflora. The concentrations of ticarcillin and clavulanate in serum, urine and faeces were determined by a microbiological method and the pharmacokinetics were studied on days 1, 3 and 7. There were no significant differences in the serum concentrations of ticarcillin and clavulanate during the three days. The total 8-h recovery in urine of ticarcillin was 62% of the dose and of clavulanate 19%. The mean serum half-life of ticarcillin was 1.0 h and of clavulanic acid 0.91 h. There were no measurable concentrations of ticarcillin or clavulanate in the faecal specimens. The number of enterobacteria slightly decreased, while there was a minor increase in the number of enterococci and streptococci during the administration of ticarcillin/clavulanate. The anaerobic microflora was also slightly affected. There was a minor decrease in the number of anaerobic cocci, bifidobacteria, eubacteria, lactobacilli and clostridia, but the number of bacteroides was not influenced by the treatment. After treatment the aerobic and anaerobic microflora returned to normal in all volunteers. The present microbiological findings indicate that ticarcillin/clavulanate has a minor ecological impact on the human intestinal microflora.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Impact of LKM512 yogurt on improvement of intestinal environment of the elderly.

Improvement of the intestinal environment by administration of LKM512 yogurt was examined using polyamine, haptoglobin and mutagenicity as indexes which directly reflect the health condition of the host. The concentration of spermine in feces increased significantly by 3-fold (P<0.05) at week 2 of administration of LKM512 yogurt compared with before administration, and that of putrescine, spermidine, and cadaverine also tended to increase with administration of LKM512 yogurt. The haptoglobin content in feces decreased significantly (P<0.05) at week 2 of administration of LKM512 yogurt, and it showed a negative correlation with the polyamine content, indicating that acute intestinal inflammation was suppressed. Fecal mutagenicity was measured using fecal extract and fecal precipitate. Both preparations showed similar significant decreases (P<0.05) by the administration of LKM512 yogurt, as well as a negative correlation with polyamine content. This result indicated that antimutagenicity due to administration of LKM512 yogurt was not based on binding of the mutagen to the bacterial cell wall. Many reports have suggested that polyamines increased by the administration of LKM512 yogurt led to inhibition of inflammation and antimutagenicity in the intestinal tract.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of lactic acid bacteria and other gut bacteria in pigs by a macroarraying method.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) consist of many genera, Gram-positive, and nonspore-forming micro-organisms; some members being used as probiotics while some others have negative effects on pig health. Bacterial species in the gastrointestinal tract can produce antibacterial substances, reduce serum cholesterol in their host, or can be responsible for growth reduction, diarrhea, and intestinal epithelial damage. It is therefore important for the pig industry to evaluate the impact of food and farm management on the presence of "good" or "bad" bacteria and the risk for consumers. This articles focuses on the molecular identification of gut microflora species following different diets given to pigs in UK and correlating the data on growth, health, and welfare. First of all, pig feces were individually collected from sows before and after farrowing and also from piglets before and after weaning over several months. Bacteria colonies were grown on MRS agar plates from feces and DNA was extracted (QIAamp DNA stool kit) and amplified using 16S rDNA (27f and 519r) primers. DNA sequencing and sequence alignment allowed us to identify species-specific zones, which were used as probes in a macroarray system also known as reverse line blot hybridization. Some probes were found to be species specific for the following species: Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. animalis, L. gallinarum, L. kitasanotis, L salivarius, Streptococcus alactolyticus, S. hyointestinalis, and Sarcina ventriculi. Actual studies are now focusing on the impact of diets of the microflora in different gut parts and at different stages of the animal's life.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Use of oral GoLytely solution in relief of refractory fecal impaction.

Constipation and fecal impaction are common disorders with multiple treatment options. We describe the use of GoLytely oral solution in 10 patients admitted to a community hospital and referred to a single gastroenterologist for fecal impaction refractory to conventional medical treatment. Seven women and three men received enemas, bisacodyl suppositories, and digital fragmentation either solely or in combination prior to the administration of GoLytely oral solution. The patients had no clinical and radiological evidence of bowel obstruction. All had underlying cardiovascular problems. Their mean age was 78.1 years (range 49-100 years). GoLytely oral solution (Braintree Laboratories, Inc.) was administered at a rate of 100 ml/hr per orem to three patients, via nasogastric tube in six patients, and via gastrostomy tube in one patient. All 10 patients were able to regularly pass feces and show radiographical colorectal clearing within 6.0 to 57.25 hr (mean 23.60 hr). No significant complications were observed. Eight patients were discharged from the hospital within 24 hr of termination of treatment while two patients remained for unrelated medical conditions. GoLytely oral solution effectively relieved fecal impaction in 10 patients refractory to conventional medical treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental rapid infection in market swine following exposure to a Salmonella contaminated environment.

The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the possibility of swine becoming infected with Salmonella Typhimurium after a short time interval in a contaminated environment. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 consisted of five trials with eight market weight swine. Pigs were necropsied at 2 (n = 10), 3 (n = 10) and 6 (n = 5) hours after continuous exposure to an environment contaminated with feces shed by swine intranasally inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (chi 4232). In Experiment 2, pigs were necropsied after 30 minutes (n = 6), 60 minutes (n = 6), 2 hours (n = 6), and 6 hours (n = 3). In addition, control animals with no exposure were also necropsied in both experiments. At necropsy, the superficial inguinal, ileocecal, and mandibular lymph nodes, as well as cecal contents, distal ileum portion, and feces were evaluated. All samples were cultured for the presence of the nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella. Feces deposited on the floor by intranasally inoculated swine were mixed with water to form slurry with a resulting load of 10(3)-10(5) Salmonella Typhimurium CFU per gram. In Experiment 1, 80% percent of animals with a 2-hour, 60% of animals with a 3-hour, and 100% of animals with a 6-hour exposure to this slurry had at least one sample test positive for the marked Salmonella Typhimurium strain. In Experiment 2, 50% of the 30 minute, 50% of the 60 minute, and 33% of the 2-hour exposed pigs had at least one sample test positive. These experiments show that market swine can become infected during routine resting or holding periods when exposed to relatively low levels (10(3) CFU) of Salmonella in the simulated pre-slaughter environment, and that exposure times as short as 30 minutes are sufficient to produce contaminated gastrointestinal tracts. They also demonstrate the high risk of holding pigs longer than six hours. Intervention at this step in the swine production process may have a significant impact on the safety of pork products.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Use of a simulation model to evaluate sampling strategies for characterization of antimicrobial resistance in non-type-specific Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate various sampling strategies for potential use in measuring prevalence of antimicrobial susceptibility in cattle. SAMPLE POPULATION: 500 isolates of non-type-specific Escherichia coli (NTSEC) isolated from the feces of 50 cows from 2 dairy farms (25 cows/farm and 10 isolates/cow). PROCEDURES: Diameters of inhibition zones for 12 antimicrobials were analyzed to estimate variation among isolates, cows, and farms and then used to determine sampling distributions for a stochastic simulation model to evaluate 4 sampling strategies. These theoretic sampling strategies used a total of 100 isolates in 4 allocations (1 isolate from 100 cows, 2 isolates from 50 cows, 3 isolates from 33 cows, or 4 isolates from 25 cows). RESULTS: Analysis of variance composition revealed that 74.2% of variation was attributable to isolates, 18.5% to cows, and 7.3% to farms. Analysis of results of simulations suggested that when most of the variance was attributable to differences among isolates within a cow, culturing 1 isolate from each of 100 cows underestimated overall prevalence, compared with results for culturing more isolates per cow from fewer cows. When variance was not primarily attributable to differences among isolates, all 4 sampling strategies yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is not always possible to predict the hierarchical level at which clustering will have its greatest impact on observed susceptibility distributions. Results suggested that sampling strategies that use testing of 3 or 4 isolates/cow from a representative sample of all animals better characterize herd prevalence of antimicrobial resistance when impacted by clustering.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Total artificial nutrition is associated with major changes in the fecal flora.

BACKGROUND: Animal studies have demonstrated dramatic changes in the intestinal flora during total enteral (TEN) or parenteral (TPN) nutrition. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the impact of TEN and TPN on human intestinal microflora. METHODS: Eight patients on fiber-free TEN, five patients on TPN, and ten controls were studied. Fecal bacteria were identified and numbered (logCFU/g feces), and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured in stool samples, by gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: In TEN patients, compared to controls (P < 0.01), aerobes were increased (8.46 +/- 0.24) while anaerobes were decreased (5.79 +/- 0.84). In TPN patients, both aerobes and anaerobes were decreased compared to controls (5.64 +/- 0.27 and 5.31 +/- 1.09 respectively, P < 0.01). Total SCFAs were lower in TPN patients than in TEN patients (48.3 +/- 16.6 vs 118.6 +/- 24.1 mmol/kg, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both TPN and TEN induce modifications in the intestinal microflora. During TPN, a homogeneous decrease occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. TEN decreases only anaerobic bacteria, while aerobic bacteria are increased. This imbalance may play a role in the pathophysiology of TEN-induced diarrhea.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed1993

Some effects of ivermectin on the yellow dung fly, Scatophaga stercoraria.

Ivermectin was added to fresh cattle dung at a range of concentrations based on those found in faeces of livestock treated by injection. Newly hatched larvae of Scatophaga stercoraria were then reared in the dung as a bioassay. The EC50 values for 24 h and 48 h larval mortalities were 0.051 ppm and 0.036 ppm (wet wt.) respectively. When the dung concentration was 0.015 ppm, 50% of the insects failed to pupariate and a level of 0.001 ppm prevented adult emergence in 50% of the insects. When batches of larvae were reared in dung containing as little as 0.0005 ppm, the emerging adults showed developmental abnormalities in wing morphology. In addition to the significantly higher level of fluctuating asymmetry, 23% of the treated insects developed new veins and new cells in the wings. The observations are discussed in relation to previous work and attention is drawn to the practice of failing to observe the full impact of sublethal effects, which can be as serious as those of acute toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The effects of first-season strategic and tactical ivermectin treatments on trichostrongylosis in the first- and second-season grazing.

A 2 year study was conducted to evaluate the effects of first-season strategic or tactical treatments with ivermectin on trichostrongylosis in heifer calves in the first and second-season grazing. Three groups of each eight Holstein-Friesian calves were turned out in early May onto a permanent pasture naturally contaminated with trichostrongyle larvae. Two of these groups were given ivermectin either as strategic treatments (Weeks 3, 8 and 13 after turnout) or as tactical treatments (Weeks 14, 18 and 22 after turnout); the third group served as untreated controls. The strategic ivermectin treatments prevented build-up of high herbage infectivity from mid-summer onwards as shown by low trichostrongyle egg outputs, serum pepsinogen levels and serum antibody responses. In spite of exposure to continuous high larval challenge in late season, the pathogenic effects of worm loads in calves receiving the tactical ivermectin treatment were significantly suppressed. The performance of the strategically treated calves tended to be higher than that of the tactically treated calves in the first-season grazing; yet, there was no statistical difference. During the following summer, all three groups were grazed in a single herd together with a new group of eight first-season calves. No anthelmintic treatments were given to any animals during the season. From late August until the end of the season all animals were given weekly experimental challenge infections. Following the challenge infections, the first-season calves developed clinical parasitic gastroenteritis, whereas the second-season heifers showed no symptoms. At post-mortem it was found that worm burdens mainly consisted of early fourth-stage larvae (L4) of Ostertagia ostertagi (> 97%). Fewer adult worms were recovered from the untreated animals than from the treated ones. However, serum anti-parasite IgG1 responses and post-mortem worm counts suggested that the untreated heifers harboured markedly fewer adult O. ostertagi than the previously treated ones, indicating a higher level of immunity against adult worms. However, this difference did not have any clinical impact in this experiment.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Marine water quality assessment at Mumbai West Coast.

In recent past, Mumbai Municipal corporation was not able to keep pace with required infrastructural facilities due to unprecedented population growth. Sewage disposal is one of the major issues, which needed immediate attention because huge quantity of sewage with only preliminary treatment is disposed into the nearby coastal areas and has deteriorated the water quality of the near coastal region. World Bank assisted Bombay Sewage Disposal Project (BSDP) undertaken by the Municipal Corporation of Bruhan Mumbai (MCBM) envisaged sewage discharges through marine outfalls at Worli and Bandra and treatment by aerated lagoons for other areas before disposal in creeks. During BSDP programme, studies were undertaken on water quality assessment along the west coast of Mumbai before and after commissioning of the Worli outfall. A pre- and post-commissioning water quality database for selected parameters was generated for near shore as well as west coast region up to 5 km seaward distance to assess the efficacy of the Worli outfall and delineate the areas affected around diffuser location of the outfall due to sewage disposal. This paper presents observations of the coastal studies at Mumbai and the impact zone of Worli outfall.

Bathing Beaches↗
PubMed1995

Modelling patterns of parasite aggregation in natural populations: trichostrongylid nematode-ruminant interactions as a case study.

The characteristically aggregated frequency distribution of macroparasites in their hosts is a key feature of host-parasite population biology. We begin with a brief review of the theoretical literature concerning parasite aggregation. Though this work has illustrated much about both the sources and impact of parasite aggregation, there is still no definite analysis of both these aspects. We then go on to illustrate the use of one approach to this problem--the construction of Moment Closure Equations (MCEs), which can be used to represent both the mean and second moments (variances and covariances) of the distribution of different parasite stages and phenomenological measures of host immunity. We apply these models to one of the best documented interactions involving free-living animal hosts--the interaction between trichostrongylid nematodes and ruminants. The analysis compares patterns of variability in experimental infections of Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep with the equivalent wildlife situation--the epidemiology of T. circumcincta in a feral population of Soay sheep on St Kilda, Outer Hebrides. We focus on the relationship between mean parasite load and aggregation (inversely measured by the negative binomial parameter, k) for cohorts of hosts. The analysis and empirical data indicate that k tracks the increase and subsequent decline in the mean burden with host age. We discuss this result in terms of the degree of heterogeneity in the impact of host immunity or parasite-induced mortality required to shorten the tail of the parasite distribution (and therefore increase k) in older animals. The model is also used to analyse the relationship between estimated worm and egg counts (since only the latter are often available for wildlife hosts). Finally, we use these results to review directions for future work on the nature and impact of parasite aggregation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of fecal pollution sources in a small northern-plains watershed using PCR and phylogenetic analyses of Bacteroidetes 16S rRNA gene.

We evaluated the efficacy, sensitivity, host-specificity, and spatial/temporal dynamics of human- and ruminant-specific 16S rRNA gene Bacteroidetes markers used to assess the sources of fecal pollution in a fecally impacted watershed. Phylogenetic analyses of 1271 fecal and environmental 16S rRNA gene clones were also performed to study the diversity of Bacteroidetes in this watershed. The host-specific assays indicated that ruminant feces were present in 28-54% of the water samples and in all sampling seasons, with increasing frequency in downstream sites. The human-targeted assays indicated that only 3-5% of the water samples were positive for human fecal signals, although a higher percentage of human-associated signals (19-24%) were detected in sediment samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 57% of all water clones clustered with yet-to-be-cultured Bacteroidetes species associated with sequences obtained from ruminant feces, further supporting the prevalence of ruminant contamination in this watershed. However, since several clusters contained sequences from multiple sources, future studies need to consider the potential cosmopolitan nature of these bacterial populations when assessing fecal pollution sources using Bacteroidetes markers. Moreover, additional data is needed in order to understand the distribution of Bacteroidetes host-specific markers and their relationship to water quality regulatory standards.

Animals↗