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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Pedicled intercostal muscle flap: a simple technique of closing pancreatico-pleural fistula from a thoracic approach.

A simple technique to close a pancreatico-pleural fistula in the course of thoracotomy and decortication for multiloculated empyema complicating acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis is described. Friable diaphragmatic tissue around the fistula made direct closure not a suitable option. The intercostal muscle flap of the thoracotomy space was mobilized on the anterior intercostal artery, tagged around the fistula into healthy diaphragmatic tissue. This simple technique was successful in closing the fistula and helping control the sepsis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Fibre types, capillary supply and enzyme activities in human intercostal muscles.

The relative occurrence of slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FTa and FTb) fibres, fibre size, capillary supply, and glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities in external (EXT) and internal (INT) intercostal muscles was determined on biopsies obtained during thoracotomy from the mid-axillary line in six patients with normal lung function. EXT and INT showed a similar occurrence of ST fibres. Both FTa and FTb fibres were seen in EXT while only FTa fibres were seen in INT. The size of the three fibre types in EXT was similar. In INT the fibre size was larger for FTa than for ST (P less than 0.05). INT appeared to have a larger number of capillaries per fibre than EXT (P less than 0.05). A positive correlation was demonstrated between variables measured during spirometry and fibre size in INT only. No difference in glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities between EXT and INT was observed. The histochemical characteristics suggest that, in the mid-axillary line, INT are more used than EXT, though this conclusion did not appear to be confirmed by the enzyme activities determined.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2000

Response of the canine inspiratory intercostal muscles to chest wall vibration.

High-frequency mechanical vibration of the rib cage reduces dyspnea, but the effect of this procedure on the respiratory muscles is largely unknown. In the present studies, we have initially assessed the electrical and mechanical response to vibration (40 Hz) of the canine parasternal and external intercostal muscles (third interspace) during hyperventilation-induced apnea. When the vibrator was applied to the segment investigated, prominent external intercostal activity was recorded in the seven animals studied, whereas low-amplitude parasternal intercostal activity was recorded in only four animals. Similarly, when the vibrator was applied to more rostral and more caudal interspaces, activity was recorded commonly from the external intercostal but only occasionally from the parasternal. The two muscles, however, showed similar changes in length. We next examined the response to vibration of the muscles in seven spontaneously breathing animals. Vibrating the rib cage during inspiration (in-phase) had no effect on parasternal intercostal inspiratory activity but induced a marked increase in neural drive to the external intercostals. For the animal group, peak external intercostal activity during the control, nonvibrated breaths averaged (mean +/- SE) 43.1 +/- 3.7% of the activity recorded during the vibrated breaths (p < 0.001). External intercostal activity during vibration also occurred earlier at the onset of inspiration and commonly carried on after the cessation of parasternal intercostal activity. Yet tidal volume was unchanged. Vibrating the rib cage during expiration (out-of-phase) did not elicit any parasternal or external intercostal activity in six animals. These observations thus indicate that the external intercostals, with their larger spindle density, are much more sensitive to chest wall vibration than the parasternal intercostals. They also suggest that the impact of this procedure on the mechanical behavior of the respiratory system is relatively small.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Phasic loss of intercostal muscle activity occurring with rapid eye movements during REM sleep.

We tried to estimate the phasic motor inhibition occurring with rapid eye movements (REMs) during REM sleep in children by means of polysomnography. Phasic inhibition of intercostal muscle activity with REMs has been proved by averaging the integrated surface electromyograms in three children. The average latency from the onset of REMs to this inhibition was 38.0 ms, their average duration being 237.0 ms. We discussed the possibility that the REM-related phasic inhibition obtained here was involved in the brainstem-spinal cord inhibitory system functioning during REM sleep.

Brain Stem↗
PubMed1975

Action of intercostal muscle afferents on the respiratory rhythm of anesthetized cats.

Experiments designed to reveal an action of intercostal afferent stimulation on the rhythm of breathing were carried out on barbiturate-anesthetized, paralyzed cats, ventilated by a positive pressure respirator. Tetanic stimuli were applied to midthoracic, external intercostal nerves of intact animals and of animals displaying an apneustic pattern consequent to vagotomy and pontine lesions. In intact animals, the respiratory rhythm, as indicated by phrenic efferent activity, could be paced by intercostal nerve stimuli when they were timed to occur in a particular relationship to the lung volume cycle. Apparently, the action of the stimuli supplemented the phasic, volume-related afferent input. The response required considerable spatial summation and resulted from the action of intercostal afferents to either shorten inspiration or prolong expiration. These reflex effects could be attributed to activation of group II afferents. Although the actions of these afferents were relatively weak in the intact preparation, they proved potent in terminating an apneustic breath; brief stimuli, if they activated group II afferents, cut short phrenic discharge and initiated an expiratory phase, thereby restoring a reasonably normal respiratory rhythm.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of enzymes of pentosephosphate pathway in the erythrocytes, myocardium and intercostal muscle of patients with mitral valve stenosis].

Decrease in activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase was observed in erythrocytes of patients with mitral stenosis. Development of the disease was accompanied by a further decrease in the enzymatic activity. The activity of the enzymes was increased in myocardium of atrium sinistrum at the IV stadium as compared with the III stadium of the disease. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was decreased and the transketolase activity was unaltered in intercostal muscle of the patients.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed1995

Effect of spaceflight on oxidative and antioxidant enzyme activity in rat diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

There are limited data regarding changes in oxidative and antioxidant enzymes induced by simulated or actual weightlessness, and any additional information would provide insight into potential mechanisms involving other changes observed in muscles from animals previously flown in space. Thus, the NASA Biospecimen Sharing Program was an opportunity to collect valuable information. Oxidative and antioxidant enzyme levels, as well as lipid perioxidation, were measured in respiratory muscles from rats flown on board Space Shuttle mission STS-54. The results indicated that there was an increasing trend in citrate synthase activity in the flight diaphragm when compared to ground based controls, and there were no significant changes observed in the intercostal muscles for any of the parameters. However, lipid peroxidation was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the flight diaphragm. These results indicate that 6 day exposure to microgravity may have a different effect on oxidative and antioxidant activity in rat respiratory muscles when compared to data from previous 14 day hindlimb suspension studies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphologic changes in intercostal muscle tissue associated with a viper (Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi) bite.

This study examined a 73-year-old woman who had been bitten in the right thumb by a viper (Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi). She suffered acute renal failure and respiratory failure after the bite. On the 20th day, respiratory failure persisted, although she had recovered from renal failure. Intercostal muscles were obtained by biopsy on the 40th day after the bite. Specimens were observed with enzyme-histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The size of muscle fibers varied. Most of the smaller muscle fibers were enzyme-histochemically type 2C fibers. This was considered to be the regenerative stage of acute rhabdomyolysis. Ultrastructurally, two opposite types of changes, degeneration and regeneration, were mixed in the same areas. Muscle fibers might be continuously degenerated, and the regenerative fibers might also be degenerated. This study suggests that some slow allergic reactions to snake venom might bear some relation to the degenerative changes.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Intercostal muscle pedicle flap for prophylaxis against bronchopleural fistula after pulmonary resection.

Between April 1982 and March 1994, we did 384 pulmonary resections for lung cancer. Until March 1991, we did 249 pulmonary resections in which none of the bronchial stumps were reinforced; nine patients developed bronchopleural fistula (incidence, 4%). After April 1991, bronchial stumps of 135 patients were reinforced by an intercostal muscle pedicle flap for prophylaxis against bronchopleural fistula. Only one patient developed it (incidence, 1%). In these two periods, the proportion of patients in stage IIIa or more advanced stages increased from 24% to 41%, resulting in more extensive operations and more patients being given chemo-radiation therapy in the perioperative period. These are risk factors for bronchopleural fistula, but the incidence of the fistula decreased. These results suggest that reinforcement of the bronchial stump with an intercostal pedicle flap is useful for prophylaxis against developing bronchopleural fistula.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Electrode for selective recording of electromyograms from intercostal muscles.

An electromyogram-recording electrode is described that makes it possible to record separately the electrical signals generated within two closely approximated muscle layers. The device consists of two bipolar wire hook electrodes embedded in opposite faces of a thin laminated plastic wafer. The middle lamina of the wafer is a sheet of metal foil that shields the electrical field on one side of the wafer from the bipolar electrode on the other side. The device was tested by inserting it from the inside of the chest wall between the internal and external intercostal muscle layers. Signals from the two muscle layers were clearly separated. Single motor unit spikes were attenuated by factors ranging from 41 to 2.4. The device can be implanted with minimal trauma to surrounding muscles and is suitable for chronic animal experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Maximal activation of the human diaphragm but not inspiratory intercostal muscles during static inspiratory efforts.

It is widely held that transdiaphragmatic pressure is a reliable index of the extent of central activation of the diaphragm but the maximal voluntary transdiaphragmatic pressure is lower during inspiratory than expulsive efforts. To determine whether the diaphragm is fully activated during the two manoeuvres supramaximal stimuli were delivered to both phrenic nerves during maximal efforts. No discernible twitch was evoked during 30-55% of attempted maximal efforts with either voluntary manoeuvre. Thus the difference in maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure between the manoeuvres must reflect changes in chest-wall geometry or mechanics rather than in the phrenic motor outflow. Inspiratory intercostal muscle activity was consistently submaximal during maximal inspiratory efforts.

Diaphragm↗
PubMed1991

[Post pneumonectomy empyema with bronchopleural fistula--a successful management using pedicled intercostal muscle flap on an atypical mycobacteriosis following the irradiation].

A 48-year-old woman underwent a right pneumonectomy for advanced mycobacterial disease (M. avium Complex), which followed the postoperative radiotherapy against a malignant schwannoma of the right lower chest wall treated seven years ago. On the 13th postoperative day, re-suture of the bronchial stump was performed urgently because of early bronchopleural fistula development. On the heels of that, reclosure of the bronchial fistula with coverage of the stump by parietal pleural flap was performed on the forty-first post operative day. On the 110th day, however, open drainage with thoracoplasty was performed because development of insidious aspergillous empyema was detected. Since then, local instillation of amphotellisin B, with an oral administration of antifungus drug was started. After succeeding to control the mycotic infection, reclosure of the bronchofistula, covered with pedicled intercostal muscle flap were performed on the 280th postoperative day and extraperiostal air-plombage for reducing empyema cavity. Postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged one year later. With respect to pathogenetic relationship between radiation pneumonitis and feasibility of infection to atypical mycobacteria, preoperative radiotherapy and concurrence of postoperative bronchofistula, and some problems on management of empyema bronchofistula were briefly discussed.

Bronchial Fistula↗
PubMed1990

Diaphragmatic and external intercostal muscle control during vomiting: behavior of inspiratory bulbospinal neurons.

1. The role of dorsal and ventral respiratory group (DRG and VRG) bulbospinal inspiratory (I) neurons in the control of diaphragmatic and external intercostal (inspiratory) muscle activity during vomiting was examined by recording from these neurons during fictive vomiting in decerebrate, paralyzed cats. Fictive vomiting was defined by a characteristic series of bursts of coactivation of phrenic and abdominal muscle nerves, elicited either by electrical stimulation of abdominal vagal afferents or by emetic drugs, which would be expected to produce vomiting if the animals were not paralyzed. 2. Data were recorded from 22 DRG and 29 VRG I neurons that were antidromically activated from the fourth cervical spinal segment (C4). Only 10% (5/51) of these neurons started to fire near the beginning of phrenic discharge during fictive vomiting and thus had the appropriate discharge pattern to contribute to the initial activation of the diaphragm and coactive external intercostal muscles during vomiting. The frequency of occurrence of these Active neurons was not significantly different in the DRG (3/22) and VRG (2/29) (chi 2 test). Most remaining neurons were either totally silent (n = 7) or had only sporadic, infrequent firing (n = 16) (Silent neurons, 23/51 = 45%), or else fired near the end of phrenic discharge during fictive vomiting (End neurons, 21/51 = 41%). Two neurons were categorized as having miscellaneous (Misc) behavior. 3. No differences were found among neurons having different response patterns during fictive vomiting in regard to the following: the manner in which fictive vomiting was elicited: cell location: conduction velocity; and neuronal firing onset, rate, and pattern during respiration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Respiratory function of intercostal muscles in supine dog: an electromyographic study.

It is traditionally considered that the difference in orientation of the muscle fibers makes the external intercostals elevate the ribs and the internal interosseous intercostals lower the ribs during breathing. This traditional view, however, has recently been challenged by the observation that the external and internal interosseous intercostals, when contracting alone in a single interspace, have a similar effect on the ribs into which they insert. This view has also been challenged by the observation that the external and internal intercostals in a given interspace often change their length in the same direction during breathing. In an attempt to clarify the respiratory function of these muscles, we studied eight supine lightly anesthetized dogs during quiet breathing and during static inspiratory efforts. In each animal electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the external and internal interosseous intercostals were obtained in all interspaces from the second to the eighth, and selective denervations were systematically performed to ensure with complete certainty the origin of the recorded EMG activities. The external intercostals were only activated in phase with inspiration, whereas the internal interosseous intercostals were only activated in phase with expiration. These phasic EMG activities, however, were generally small in magnitude, and the muscles were often silent. Indeed, activation of the externals was always confined to the upper portion of the rib cage, whereas activation of the internals was limited to the lower portion of the rib cage. Internal intercostal activation always occurred sequentially along a caudocephalic gradient. These observations are thus compatible with the traditional view of intercostal muscle action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Multiplicity of functional behavior of human intercostal muscles.

Single motor unit activity from the 6th intercostal space in five healthy adults was analyzed during rebreathing, voluntary deep inspiration, Valsalve maneuver and phonation. Action potentials and pneumotach flow were stored on tape and fed to the computer for subsequent analysis. Spike-by-spike analyses revealed three functional types of intercostal motor units. One unit fired almost exclusively during inspiration and its firing was augmented by rebreathing and voluntary deep inspiration (phasic I unit). The second type fired continuously throughout the respiratory cycle with an increase in firing during expiration (tonic E unit); its activity was disrupted during phonation but not during rebreathing, suggesting a postural rather than respiratory function. The third type, silent during quiet breathing, was recruited during rebreathing, voluntary deep inspiration or Valsalve maneuver; its firing started in late inspiration and ceased in early expiration (phase-spanning I-E unit). The relationships between tidal volume and inspiratory time during rebreathing showed that the third type was recruited when tidal volume reached a critical 'volume threshold', suggesting that vagal volume feedback is essential for its activation.

Adult↗