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PubMedDate not supplied

[The significance of social factors in the genesis of psychic substructures. Suggestion on the schematic description of internalization in psychoanalytic theory].

In the conceptformation concerning the genesis of mental substructures, classic Psychoanalysis has much more stressed instinctual conflict conditions than psychosocial ones. The authors present a schematizing attempt which permits a description of the structure forming part of psychological processes following the internalization of social offers. A distinct disproportion of the modes of internalization is presumed for the social low and lower middle class. A normative, a final, a cognitive, a selfimage related, and an operational mode of psychosocial internalization are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unthinkability and psychosomatic symptoms.

W. R. Bion (1952) has pointed out a connection between alterations in the development of the "apparatus for thinking thoughts" and psychosomatic symptoms. Many authors have used this insight, from their own points of view, as a basis for describing this deficiency in thought and in the capacity to formulate images related to the development of psychosomatic symptoms (Krystal & McDougall 1979; Segal, 1950, 1958). This paper applies this hypothesis to a clinical case in which special emphasis is given to the symbolic deficiency, its effect on transference-countertransference, and its relation to falsification, "hyposymbolization," and to a specific phenomenon that could be called "hypersymbolization," in which many meanings are embodied in the same symbol.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1984

The "new gay" lesbians.

The three-stage progression toward homosexual identity that Minton and McDonald (1983/1984) delineate in Bisexual and Homosexual Identities (De Cecco & Shively, eds., 1983/1984) is generally not applicable to women who have come to lesbianism through the radical feminist movement of the past 15 years. Their progression toward a lesbian identity was in an order roughly the reverse of what Minton and McDonald describe: Through the movement they came to understand that society's norms can be critically evaluated and that heterosexuality was detrimental to women's freedom, often before they had homosexual genital experience. The "egocentric" stage for these women may have been no different from that of heterosexuals. They may have escaped the guilt and isolation associated with the "sociocentric" stage because they first viewed themselves as lesbian in the context of a supportive social group. There is also some evidence to suggest that many premovement lesbians made their decision to identify as homosexual on the basis of their political views about heterosexuality. Thus, they too may not have experienced Minton and McDonald's three-stage progression toward identity.

Defense Mechanisms↗