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PubMed1992

Effect of outer membrane proteins from Shigella on humoral immunity induced in mice by SRBC.

Shigella flexneri outer membrane proteins (OMP) which had been earlier found to exert immunomodulatory effect on cell mediated immune response were also found to act as immunomodulator of the humoral immune response. Effects of OMP were investigated in the experiments in vitro and in vivo, where the level of humoral immune response, measured as the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) to SRBC in the spleen was evaluated. We demonstrate that small doses of OMP (1-5 micrograms) stimulate, whereas higher doses (10-50 micrograms) suppress the humoral immunity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of transportation and weaning on humoral immune responses of calves.

Transportation exposes cattle to stress and results in increased morbidity and mortality. An investigation was made of the effects of transport and another important stressor, weaning, on the immune function of calves by determining humoral immune responses to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). In a 2 x 2 factorial designed experiment, suckled calves were either (1) weaned at housing (day 0) and not transported, (2) weaned at housing and transported, (3) weaned while still at pasture nine to 13 days prior to housing and not transported or (4) weaned at pasture and transported. All calves were immunized with KLH at housing (day 0) and serum samples were collected subsequently to determine class and subclass anti-KLH antibody responses (IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM) by direct ELISA. Increased anti-KLH IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations were shown in calves that were weaned prior to housing and transported on day 10 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). Transported calves had increased IgG1 concentrations on day 20 (P < 0.05) compared with calves that were not transported. However, calves weaned at housing and not transported had increased IgA and IgM responses on day 30 compared with the other groups of calves (P < 0.05). This study shows that transportation and weaning affect the humoral immune responses of suckler calves and that the effects persist for several weeks. However, the effects of the treatments were not consistent for all antibody classes measured.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cell-mediated and humoral immunity in leprosy in children.

Cell-mediated and humoral immunity were studied in 25 children between 0 and 14 years with leprosy. Cell-mediated immunity was studied in vivo by lepromin and epicutaneous sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations (T4 and T8) in the peripheral blood. Humoral immunity was evaluated by B-lymphocyte count and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA). Along with complement, component C3 was also measured in the serum. Lepromin (Mitsuda) and DNCB responses were significantly poor in mid-borderline (BB) leprosy. The hematological profile, including T-lymphocytes, their subpopulations, B-lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, and C3, were found to be normal in all forms of leprosy. The relatively short duration of disease and the low bacterial load may explain these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A single strain of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) grown in two different media evokes distinct humoral immune responses in mice.

Two attenuated bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) preparations derived from the same Moreau strain, Copenhagen but grown in Sauton medium containing starch and bacto-peptone (onco BCG, O-BCG), or asparagine (intradermal BCG, ID-BCG), exhibited indistinguishable DNA sequences and bacterial morphology. The number of viable bacilli recovered from spleen, liver and lungs was approximately the same in mice inoculated with the vaccines and was similarly reduced (over 90%) in mice previously immunized with either BCG vaccine. The humoral immune response evoked by the vaccines was, however, distinct. Spleen cell proliferation accompanying the growth of bacilli in tissue was significantly higher in mice inoculated with O-BCG. These cells proliferated in vitro upon challenge with the corresponding BCG extract. Previous cell treatment with mAb anti-CD4 T cells abolished this effect. Anti-BCG antibodies, as assayed either in serum by ELISA or by determining the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by the spot-ELISA method, were significantly higher in mice inoculated with ID-BCG. Anti-BCG antibodies were detected in all immunoglobulin classes, but they were more prevalent in IgG with the following distribution among its isotypes: IgG1>(IgG2a = IgG2b)>IgG3. When some well-characterized Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens were used as substitutes for BCG extracts in ELISA, although antibodies against the 65-kDa and 96-kDa proteins were detected significantly, antibodies against the 71-kDa, 38-kDa proteins and lipoarabinomannan were only barely detected or even absent. These results indicate that BCG bacilli cultured in Sauton-asparagine medium permitted the multiplication of bacilli, tending to induce a stronger humoral immune response as compared with bacilli grown in Sauton-starch/bacto-peptone-enriched medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Social interactions unmask sex differences in humoral immunity in voles.

Sex differences in immune function are well established among laboratory rodents, with males typically having lower immunity than females. This sex difference may reflect the suppressive effects of testosterone on immune function. Because polygynous males generally have higher circulating testosterone concentrations than monogamous males, sex differences in immune function are hypothesized to be more pronounced among polygynous as compared to monogamous species. Sex differences in immune function have not been consistently observed among individually housed Microtus in the laboratory; thus, social interactions are hypothesized to be necessary for the expression of sex differences in immune function. We assessed the effect of differential housing conditions on humoral immunity and steroid hormone concentrations in polygynous meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus, and monogamous prairie voles M. ochrogaster. We examined humoral immunity by immunizing voles with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and measuring antibody production 5, 10, 15 and 30 days postimmunization. Overall, meadow voles mounted higher anti-KLH immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG responses than prairie voles, regardless of the housing condition. Sex differences in antibody production were only observed among meadow voles housed in pairs, in which females had higher anti-KLH IgM and IgG responses than males. Sex differences in antibody production were not observed among prairie voles or meadow voles housed individually. Sex and species differences in circulating oestradiol, testosterone, and corticosterone concentrations were not related to differences in humoral immunity. These data suggest that sex differences in immune function are more pronounced among polygynous species than monogamous species, but may be context dependent. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on humoral immune responses to acetylcholine receptors in the rat.

The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the humoral immune responses to acetylcholine receptors (AChR) were studied in rats with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. DMSO was administered during primary, ongoing, and secondary phases of the immune response to AChR. Anti-AChR antibody titers were measured to determine the effect of the treatment. DMSO had pronounced effects on the humoral immune response, which differed depending on the stage of the response and the strength of antigenic stimulation. When given during an ongoing immune response, DMSO suppressed anti-AChR antibody levels by an average of 53-76%. This effect was similar whether DMSO was given by oral, rectal, or intraperitoneal routes. DMSO treatment also suppressed the anti-AChR antibody response to a weak primary antigenic stimulus to a similar extent. In contrast, when administered during a secondary or a strong primary immunization, DMSO enhanced the anti-AChR antibody response 1.7- to 2.8-fold. These results show that DMSO may either enhance or suppress humoral immune responses. Further studies will be required to analyze the cellular mechanisms underlying the actions of DMSO.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Melatonin enhances cellular and humoral immune responses in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) via an opiatergic mechanism.

It is known that melatonin has important immunomodulatory properties in the Japanese quail. However, the mechanism of melatonin action on the immune system is not clearly understood in avian species. In mammals, the immunostimulatory properties of melatonin are mediated by the release of opioid peptides from activated T-lymphocytes. The present study was performed to determine if these same melatonin-induced opioids (MIO) are involved with the immunoenhancing effects of melatonin in quail. Three treatment groups were given melatonin (50 microg/ml) in the drinking water ad libitum along with naltrexone, a known opioid receptor-blocking agent. Melatonin was administered throughout the 3 week study and each bird received a daily intramuscular injection of naltrexone at a dose of 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg. In addition, three control groups were established that received only melatonin, naltrexone, or diluent. Evaluation of the cellular and humoral immune responses was initiated after 2 weeks of treatments. A cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reaction to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) was measured to evaluate the cellular immune response. To evaluate the humoral immune response, primary antibody titers were determined 7 days post-intravenous injection with a Chukar red blood cell (CRBC) suspension. Both the cellular and humoral immune responses were significantly increased by 22 and 34%, respectively, upon melatonin exposure as compared to quail receiving diluent only. Concomitant administration of naltrexone and melatonin significantly reduced the immunoenhancing effect of melatonin across all naltrexone doses. We conclude that melatonin enhances a cellular and humoral immune response in Japanese quail via an opiatergic mechanism.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1999

Lack of humoral immune protection against Treponema denticola virulence in a murine model.

This study investigated the characteristics of humoral immune responses to Treponema denticola following primary infection, reinfection, and active immunization, as well as immune protection in mice. Primary infection with T. denticola induced a significant (400-fold) serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) response compared to that in control uninfected mice. The IgG response to reinfection was 20, 000-fold higher than that for control mice and 10-fold higher than that for primary infection. Mice actively immunized with formalin-killed treponemes developed serum antibody levels seven- to eightfold greater than those in animals after primary infection. Nevertheless, mice with this acquired antibody following primary infection or active immunization demonstrated no significant alterations of lesion induction or decreased size of the abscesses following a challenge infection. Mice with primary infection developed increased levels of IgG3, IgG2b, and IgG2a antibodies, with IgG1 being lower than the other subclasses. Reinfected mice developed enhanced IgG2b, IgG2a, and IgG3 and less IgG1. In contrast, immunized mice developed higher IgG1 and lower IgG3 antibody responses to infection. These IgG subclass distributions indicate a stimulation of both Th1 and Th2 activities in development of the humoral immune response to infection and immunization. Our findings also demonstrated a broad antigen reactivity of the serum antibody, which was significantly increased with reinfection and active immunization. Furthermore, serum antibody was effective in vitro in immobilizing and clumping the bacteria but did not inhibit growth or passively prevent the treponemal infection. These observations suggest that humoral immune responses, as manifested by antibody levels, isotype, and antigenic specificity, were not capable of resolving a T. denticola infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Immune responses of the bovine fetus and neonate to Escherichia coli: quantitation and qualitation of the humoral immune response.

The humoral immune responses of fetuses and neonates of Escherichia coli O:26:K60:NM were studied in 26 Angus-Hereford crossbred calves. Bacterin (5.0 X 10(10) organism) was injected in utero directly into the amniotic fluid of seventeen 7- to 8.5-month-old fetuses (principals). Saline solution was injected in the same manner into 9 control fetuses. Colostrum-deprived neonates were allotted to 10 groups and either were euthanatized at birth or were subjected to oral revaccination, challenge inoculation with the homologous organism, or both. The resistance to challenge exposure was a function of previous in utero injection of bacterin, age when challenged, and dose of challenge organisms used. Control calves were susceptible to only a large challenge dose, whereas almost all of the prinicipal calves were resistant. Revaccination of principal calves with bacterin at birth, exposure to the large challenge dose, or both, caused a marked increase in anti-O26 passive hemagglutination titers. Results of quantitative and qualitative radioimunossay indicated that the immune response to the O26 antigen was mainly of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) class, although there were also demonstrable changes in immunoglobulins (Ig) G1 and G2. The actively acquired immune responses were serotype specific, and there was no cross reactivity with 4 other E coli serotypes. An unidentified immunoprecipitate band was observed in immunoelectrophoretograms of whole bovine serum which may represent another class of Ig or which may be a subclass of IgG1 or IgG2.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Predominance of detrimental humoral immune responses to HIV-1 in AIDS patients with CD4 lymphocyte counts less than 400/mm3.

The humoral immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was studied in 25 AIDS patients with CD4 lymphocyte counts of less than 400/mm3. Humoral immune responses against tissue culture adapted strains of HIV-1, and two limited-passage patient isolates were investigated. Total anti-HIV antibody levels were not significantly different between different individuals. Neutralizing titres against HIVLA1 and HIVSF2 were 10- to 100-fold higher than against clinical isolates. The complement-mediated, antibody-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 infection titre was high (mean 1:14,000). Antibody-complement mediated cytotoxicity of both HIVLA1 and HIVSF2 was ineffective using human complement as a complement source. The antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity varied against the four isolates with tissue culture-adapted strains being more susceptible than clinical isolates. Finally, an ADCC effector cell function, natural killer or NK activity, was measured for all 25 patients, and NK activity of patients was decreased by nearly 75% compared to uninfected individuals. In summary, beneficial humoral immune responses are low in HIV-1 infected individuals with CD4 counts of less than 400/mm3 if the in vitro assay system is constructed to best mimic the in vivo situation. These results suggest that the lack of functional antibody responses to HIV may play an important role in viral pathogenesis.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

In vivo and in vitro humoral immunity in surgical patients.

In vivo and in vitro humoral immunity was studied in surgical patients. Laboratory controls (LC), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test reactive (HR), and anergic (HA) patients were immunized with tetanus toxoid. Maximum in vivo antibody levels occurred 14 days after immunization. Eighty-six, 47, and 17% of LC, HR, and HA subjects, respectively, showed a positive response (X2(2) = 21.1 with Yates, p less than 0.0005). Peak in vitro antibody production in unstimulated lymphocyte cultures occurred at day 6 after immunization. Antibody responses in vitro were reduced in all surgical patients, worst in HA, and correlated quantitatively with in vivo antibody responses at day 14 (Spearman rank correlation = 0.794, p less than 0.001). Total IgG production in vitro was not decreased; 595, 1080, and 1538 ng IgG/culture were produced by LC, HR, and HA, respectively. These data demonstrate decreased in vivo and in vitro humoral immunity in all surgical patients, worst in those with decreased DTH responses. There is a kinetic and quantitative correlation between in vivo and in vitro responses, the latter being a biologic reflection of the integrity and magnitude of the in vivo process. Finally, failure to produce specific antibody is not due to failure of total IgG synthesis.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1987

[General and local humoral immunity in patients with peptic ulcer].

Systemic and local humoral immunity and nonspecific defense factors were investigated in 88 patients with duodenal peptic ulcers and 18 patients with gastric ulcers. In acute conditions, nonspecific defence was depressed and blood IgG level was increased in peptic ulcer patients. An increase in complement titre, C3 and lysozyme, and a decrease in IgG were recorded after treatment, although normal levels were never attained. Salivary, gastric-juice and duodenal-content secretory IgA levels were characteristically increased during acute phases of peptic ulcer; salivary IgA declined after treatment. The disturbance of nonspecific defence, systemic and local humoral immunity, demonstrated in patients with peptic ulcers, may be regarded as a possible ulcerogenic mechanism.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Influence of genetically inherited complement deficiencies on humoral immune response in guinea pigs.

To assess the role of complement in the induction of the humoral immune response, we studied the antibody response of guinea pigs genetically deficient in the second component of the classical complement pathway (C2D-GP) to bacteriophage phi X 174--a T cell-dependent antigen--in comparison with normal guinea pigs and C4D-GP, for which a disturbance in induction of antibody response has been described. We were able to establish a clear dose-response relationship: with low doses of antigen (1 X 10(9) PFU/kg), the antibody response of both complement-deficient strains was grossly impaired as compared with normal guinea pigs. After primary immunization, the peak antibody titer was diminished (1 log10) and declined rapidly; after secondary immunization, the diminution became even more distinct. Both complement-deficient strains had unusual secondary antibody responses almost identical to their primary ones, and amplification of antibody titer, as well as regular isotype switch from IgM to IgG, was absent. By increasing the antigen dose (2 X 10(9) PFU/kg), the antibody responses of the complement-deficient guinea pigs tend to normalize, and when high doses of antigen (1 X 10(10) PFU/kg) were used, the behavior of the complement-deficient animals was nearly indistinguishable from that of normal animals. Partial restoration of the immune response was seen when substituting the genetic complement deficiency by giving serum as source of the missing complement component. The important contribution of the C2 deficiency is given by the now compelling evidence that it is not the missing individual component itself, but rather the common block in sequential activation of C3 via the classical pathway in both complement deficiencies, that is responsible for the impaired humoral immune response, especially at low antigen doses. We therefore postulate that an intact classical pathway contributes to reaching a normal humoral immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of the humoral immune response to Chlamydia outer membrane protein 2.

The humoral immune response to Chlamydia outer membrane protein 2 (Omp2) was studied. Omp2 is a highly genus-conserved structural protein of all Chlamydia species, containing a variable N-terminal fragment. To analyze where the immunogenic parts were localized, seven highly purified truncated fusion proteins constituting different regions of the protein were produced (Chlamydia pneumoniae-Omp2aa23-aa93, Chlamydia psittaci-Omp2aa23-aa94, and Chlamydia trachomatis-Omp2aa23-aa84, aa87-aa547, aa23-aa182, aa167-aa434, aa420-aa547). By an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with serologically defined patient sera, Omp2 was found to be a major immunogen of both C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis infections (P < 0.0001). The humoral immune responses were not confined to any particular region of the Omp2 protein, and no species-specific anti-Omp2 immunoglobulins were detected.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

A comparison of regional and systemic humoral immune responses to a nematode infection.

The kinetics of humoral immune response against Trichinella spiralis (TS) was characterized with immunofluorescence assay. The mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the spleen of infected rats were examined for concurrent expression of multiple antibody (Ab) isotypes from day 1 to day 15 after infection. The tissues were processed and stained with either a pan-B cell marker (OX33) conjugated with rhodamine (XRITC) or combinations of dual monoclonal Ab probes plus A secondary Ab conjugated with XRITC or fluorescein (FITC). As compared to the uninfected controls, the spleen and the MLN showed significant proliferation of dual-Ab expressing B cells (Debc) on days 5 and 7, respectively. During the immune response, only minimal numbers of B cells expressed single Ab isotype while most B cells expressed more than one isotypes of Ab. When combining all the numbers of Debc within each tissue for each respective days, and comparing those numbers with the total numbers of B cells that were OX33+ in the serial sections of the same tissue specimens, the combined Debc in the spleen were > 6 times higher than the OX33 labeled B cells on day 10, and the Debc in MLN were > 3 times higher than the OX33+ B cells on day 10. Our results thus indicate that the Debc most likely expressed more than two Ab isotypes during the peak days of the humoral immune response to the parasite and this phenomenon occurred in both regional and systemic lymphoid tissues.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (A2 to O). Qualitative and semiquantitative studies of the humoral immune response against different blood group A antigens.

The humoral immune response against blood group A antigens with different core saccharide structures has been investigated in four blood group O recipients transplanted with kidneys from two blood group A2 donors. Radioimmunoassay and thin-layer chromatogram binding assay studies showed that different individuals responded differently to the same antigenic stimulus. Antibodies were produced in the recipient that bound to the terminal trisaccharide of the blood group A antigens. In some cases antibodies that bound to a larger antigen epitope, including the fourth and fifth sugar in the polysaccharide core chain, also occurred. Immunoglobulin class-specific, as well as subclass specific, responses were seen. The antibody response in the blood group O recipients receiving an A2 graft seem to be dependent on the antigenic expression in the transplanted kidney. In view of the recent findings of individuality of A antigen expression in kidneys within the A1 and A2 subgroups, an extended typing of A2 donors may be important. The humoral immune response in the recipient may also be dependent on earlier contacts with ABO incompatible pregnancies, vaccinations, or infections. A possible correlation between pre- and posttransplant findings was noted in one case and deserves further notice.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of an adsorption enzyme immunoassay to evaluate the Haemophilus ducreyi specific and cross-reactive humoral immune response of humans.

Serodiagnosis of chancroid is limited by the cross-reactivity of Haemophilus ducreyi with Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. This research describes an adsorption enzyme immunoassay (EIA) that assesses the humoral immune response of North Americans and Africans to H. ducreyi. Adsorption effectively removed anti-H. influenzae and anti-H. parainfluenzae antibodies, revealing that North American control sera had no residual anti-H. ducreyi reactivity. However, African control sera still had a residual anti-H. ducreyi response. Assessment of the duration of the humoral immune response in sera from African patients with chancroid showed that the humoral antibodies persisted for up to 8 months after the diagnosis. This may explain the lack of specificity of the adsorption EIA in areas where chancroid is endemic. The detection of the humoral immune response was affected by the strain of H. ducreyi used, with indigent strains being most useful. Using H. ducreyi 35000 for Canadian sera, the sensitivity of the adsorption EIA was 100% and the specificity was 88%. For African sera, H. ducreyi strain R018 was used, and the adsorption EIA had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of only 23%. These data reveal that the existing humoral response in a country where chancroid is endemic differs from that in a country where it is not, and that care must be used interpreting unadsorbed humoral immune responses. The adsorption EIA approach may prove useful as an epidemiologic tool for definition of existing (past and present) levels of exposure to H. ducreyi.

Adolescent↗