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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Weight and water loss in the neonate in natural and forced convection.

We describe a simple method of determining weight loss and hence water loss of infants in incubators. Unlike previously reported methods, it does not interfere with the microenvironment surrounding the infant. Weight loss of 16 term and 32 preterm infants was measured in both forced and natural convection. No significant increase in water loss was observed in the term infants but in the preterm infants the mean loss in natural convection was 0.85 g/kg/hour compared with 1.26 g/kg/hour in forced convection: in the most extreme situation it was doubled. This water loss represents a substantial energy loss and suggestions to minimise it are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Kangaroo care compared to incubators in maintaining body warmth in preterm infants.

Many preterm infants cared for in incubators do not experience Kangaroo Care (KC), skin-to-skin contact with their mothers, due to fear of body heat loss when being held outside the incubator. A randomized clinical trial of 16 KC and 13 control infants using a pretest-test-posttest design of three consecutive interfeeding intervals of 2.5 to 3.0 h duration each was conducted over 1 day. Infant abdominal and toe temperatures were measured in and out of the incubator; maternal breast temperature was measured during KC. Repeated measures ANOVA showed no change in abdominal temperature across all periods and between groups. Toe temperatures were significantly higher during KC than incubator periods, and maternal breast temperature met each infant's neutral thermal zone requirements within 5 min of onset of KC. Preterm infants similar to those studied here will maintain body warmth with up to 3 h of KC.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved fluid management utilizing humidified incubators in extremely low birth weight infants.

OBJECTIVE: To compare fluid and electrolyte management in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants nursed in humidified versus nonhumidified incubators. STUDY DESIGN: Setting--tertiary intensive care nursery. Subjects--all infants with birth weight < 1000 g admitted 1/95 to 1/99 who were treated with incubators and survived for > 96 hours (N = 155). Intervention--retrospective comparison of daily weights, fluid intakes, urine outputs, and serum electrolytes between group 1 (n = 70, nonhumidified incubators, born 1/95 to 1/97) and group 2 (n = 85, humidified incubators, born 1/97 to 1/99) over the first 4 days after birth. RESULTS: Despite similar daily weight losses between groups, group 1 infants received higher fluid intakes, had lower urine outputs, and had a higher incidence of hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and azotemia (p < 0.05). Although no differences in mortality or the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or the overall rate of nosocomial infections were observed, the proportion of gram-negative isolates increased significantly (62%, p < 0.05) following the introduction of humidified incubators. CONCLUSIONS: ELBW weight infants nursed in humidified incubators have lower fluid requirements, improved electrolyte balance, and higher urine outputs during the first 4 days after birth compared to those nursed in nonhumidified incubators.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The incubator and the medical discovery of the premature infant.

The invention of the incubator in 1880 ignited a dramatic outpouring of popular and professional excitement over the prospect of reducing premature infant mortality. Yet the technology itself progressed slowly and fitfully over the next 50 years. The story is worth examining not so much from the standpoint of technological progress, but from the perspective of how responsibility for the newborn shifted from mothers to obstetricians and eventually pediatricians. It also illustrates how the history of technology involves more than invention. The invention of the incubator itself was less significant than the development of a system to support the device.

France↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of cereal-grain warming pad as a heat source for newborn transport.

OBJECTIVE: The study assessed warming pad (WP) filled with either mung beans or dry corn used in feeding livestocks as a heat source for newborn transport. Its use was to compensate for lack of transport incubator or to employ as a supplemental heat source for warming the infant or incubator when transport made in cold weather. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The WP was made of a strong-cotton-cloth bag (the fabric for making jeans) with a size of A4 paper sheet. The bag was filled with one kilogram of either mung beans or dry corn (used in feeding livestocks). The WP was heated in a 800-watts microwave oven for 2 minutes with grains thoroughly mixed inside to distribute heat evenly and put in a disposable A4-size brown envelope. The temperature at the surface of the brown envelope with the WP inside was recorded every 5 minutes for 120 minutes to assess which cereal grain could emit more heat and keep the heat longer Then the WP was heated in the microwave oven for 1, 1 1/2 and 2 minutes, placed in the same size of brown envelope and covered with two towels. The temperatures at the surface of the brown envelope and each layer of towels were recorded with the same frequency and duration. RESULTS: The cereal-grain WPs, both mung beans and dry corn, were equally effective in producing heat when warmed in the microwave oven. The mean maximal temperatures at the surface of brown envelope were too high for direct application to newborns. The mean maximal temperatures of towels covering the paper envelope with WP heated in the microwave oven for 1 minute were as followed. At the first towel, which was close to the WP, the mean temperature reached 42 degrees C (107.6 degrees F) in 10 minutes after warming and was maintained > or = 42 degrees C for 10 minutes. All temperature measurements at the first towel was < or = 42 degrees C at 35 minutes. At 2 hours the mean temperature of the first towel was 35.6 degrees C (96.1 degrees F) which was higher than room temperature by 5.3 degrees C (41.5 degrees F). The maximal mean temperature measured at the second towel, representing the infant's skin contact surface, was 39.7 degrees C (103.5 degrees F) at 15 minutes of which the peak temperature was 41.0 degrees C (105.8 degrees F). CONCLUSION: The cereal-grain WP, when used along with traditional nursing interventions as a heat source during newborn transport, should be safe with careful handling. It should be heated in the microwave oven exactly for one minute. A towel is placed above an A4-size brown envelope with the WP inside and the bundled infant is placed on it. Remove the towel at 35 minutes and lay the bundled infant on the brown envelope. It should be effective and safe in providing a warm transport for at least 2 hours since the temperature of the WP at the towel representing skin contact surface is not higher than 42 degrees C (107.6 degrees F) and there is no risk for hot water leakage.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of kangaroo mother care and conventional incubator care for thermal regulation of infants < 2000 g in Nigeria using continuous ambulatory temperature monitoring.

Although skin-to-skin contact (or kangaroo mother care, KMC) for preterm infants is a practical alternative to incubator care, no studies have compared these methods using continuous ambulatory temperature monitoring. To compare thermal regulation in low birthweight infants (< 2000 g) managed by KMC alternating with conventional care (CC) and to determine the acceptability to mothers of KMC, an experimental study with a crossover design with observational and qualitative data collected on temperature patterns and mothers attitudes to skin-to-skin care was conducted in the neonatal wards of three hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. Thirteen eligible infants were nursed by their mothers or surrogates in 38 4-hour sessions of KMC and the results compared with 38 sessions of incubator care. The risk of hypothermia was reduced by > 90% when nursed by KMC rather than conventional care, relative risk (RR) 0.09 (0.03-0.25). More cases of hyperthermia (> 37.5 degrees C) occurred with KMC, and coreperiphery temperature differences were widened, but the risk of hyperthermia > 37.9 degrees C (RR 1.3, 0.9-1.7) was not significant. Micro-ambient temperatures were higher during KMC, although the average room temperatures during both procedures did not differ significantly. Mothers felt that KMC was safe, and preferred the method to CC because it did not separate them from their infants, although some had problems adjusting to this method of care. Where equipment for thermal regulation is lacking or unreliable, KMC is a preferable method for managing stable low birthweight infants.

Adult↗