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PubMed1998

Effect of composition on biological fate of oil particles after intravenous injection of O/W lipid emulsions.

Plasma concentrations of oil particles after intravenous injection of oil-in-water (O/W) lipid emulsions were monitored based on the plasma concentration of phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG), and the light scattering intensity (LSI) of plasma. Previously, we found that their time profiles after injection of the standard O/W lipid emulsion composed of soybean oil (SO) and egg yolk phosphatides (EYP) were similar and suggested that the oil particles with diameter of about 200 nm were entrapped by reticuloendothelial system (RES). Herein, in order to develop a delivery system to avoid the RES uptake by using the lipid emulsions, biological fate of lipid emulsions with oil particles of various sizes or those emulsified by surfactants with polyoxyethylene segments were subjected to the investigations. Lipid emulsions with oil particles of various sizes (about 150-550 nm) were prepared by altering EYP content. The oil particles were stable in plasma in vitro, but oil particle size decreased time-dependently after intravenous injection. Plasma clearance of oil particles depended on their initial size and was decreased by pretreatment with dextran sulfate 500 (DS500), a known RES suppressor. These results suggested that oil particles are still entrapped by RES, even for small-sized oil particles (about 150 nm). Lipid emulsion with small-sized oil particles was also prepared using medium chain triglycerides. The oil particles were stable in vitro, but the time profiles of plasma concentrations of PL and TG, and LSI of plasma were different, and oil particle size decreased time-dependently after intravenous injection. Plasma clearance of the oil particles also depended on their initial size and was decreased by DS500, suggesting that in vivo instability could be due to RES-mediated processes. Artificial surfactants with polyoxyethylene segments, HCO-60 (HCO60) and polysorbate 80 (PS80), were used for RES avoidance. HCO60 resulted in drastic reduction of the plasma clearance of the oil particles for both lipid emulsions composed of soybean oil and medium chain triglycerides. The time-dependent decrease of oil particle size after intravenous injection was marginal. In contrast, PS80 could not prolong the circulation time of the oil particles, and their size decreased time-dependently after intravenous injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

I.C.I. 35868 - The effect of a change of formulation on the incidence of pain after intravenous injection.

I.C.I. 35868 is a promising new intravenous induction agent, but intravenous injection of the initial 2% formulation frequently caused pain. The solvent vehicle of the 2% formulation, which contained Cremophor E.L. and ethanol, was therefore investigated to see if this could be the cause of the pain. Twenty volunteers received both 5 ml isotonic saline and 5 ml solvent vehicle intravenously. The injection of saline never caused pain, but the solvent caused mild or moderate pain in 9 patients. I.C.I. 35868 was therefore reformulated in a 1% solution, excluding ethanol from the solvent. When intravenous injection of I.C.I. 35868 1% was compared to methohexitone 1% in 24 patients, both agents caused pain. Four out of 12 patients reveiving I.C.I. 35868 1% felt pain, with a total pain "score" of 6, but 6 out of 12 patients who received methohexitone 1%, felt pain, with a total pain "score" of 12. In no instance was intravenous injection followed by persistant pain, or evidence of thrombosis or phlebitis.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed1986

[Effects of the intravenous injection of an ionic contrast medium on the circulating plasma volume: an assessment with plasma colloid oncotic pressure].

UNLABELLED: We investigated effects of intravenous injection of ionic contrast medium (ICM) on circulating plasma volume (CPV) by measurements of changes in plasma colloid oncotic pressure (COP). METHOD: ICM (60% meglumine iothalamate 30 ml) was injected intravenously as a bolus into 7 healthy male volunteers. The venous blood samples were drawn before, and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 minutes after the injection. Relatively massive doses of the ICM (150-180 ml) were infused intravenously into 6 male cardiac patients with normal cardiac and renal function during ECG gated cardiac X-ray computed tomography. The blood samples were drawn before, soon after and an hour after the infusion. The plasma COP values of the blood samples were measured with a needle-type osmometer and the sequences of CPV were estimated from the changes of COP values. RESULTS: The bolus injection of the ICM increased the CPV by 10%, 8-9 ml of the CPV per 1 ml of the ICM, and the increase continued during the study (at least for 10 minutes). The massive infusion of the ICM resulted in about 20% increase of the CVP soon after the infusion, and then induced a diuletic effect. The CVP returned to the basal level in one hour, but some patients became rather dehydrated. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that an intravenous injection of ICM produced considerable expansion of CPV and subsequent dehydration. Careful considerations would be necessary when patients with impaired cardiac or renal function are treated with intravenous ICM during X-ray computed tomography or digital subtraction angiography.

Adult↗