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Results for “Integrative taxonomy”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Toward an empirically based classification of personality disorder.

A framework for an empirically based classification of personality disorder is proposed that has two components: (a) a definition of personality disorder, and (b) a scheme for describing individual differences in personality disorder traits. It is suggested that the diagnosis process should begin by establishing the presence of personality disorder and then proceed to a description of the personality on a set of trait dimensions. It is argued that a definition of personality disorder should reflect an understanding of the nature of the "harmful dysfunction" implied by a diagnosis of personality disorder. With this approach, personality disorder is defined as the failure to solve life tasks involving the development of integrated representations of self and others, and the capacity for adaptive kinship and societal relationships. The second component of a classification is a system to describe individual differences. It is suggested that these should be based on taxonomies of normal and disordered traits, and that the classification incorporates both higher-order patterns and more specific basic traits. Given that personality appears to be inherited as a large number of genetic dimensions, it is suggested that the primary level for describing individual differences is that of the basic or lower-level traits rather than broader or higher-level traits used in descriptions of normal personality.

Empiricism↗

PubMed2005

The Integr8 project--a resource for genomic and proteomic data.

Integr8 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/integr8/) is providing an integration layer for the exploitation of genomic and proteomic data by drawing on databases maintained at major bioinformatics centres in Europe. Main aims are to store the relationships of biological entities to each other and to entries in other databases, to provide a framework that allows for new kinds of data to be integrated, and to offer an entity-centric view of complete genomes and proteomes. Basic tools for data integration comprise the Proteome Analysis database, the International Protein Index (IPI), the Universal Protein sequence archive (UniParc) and the Genome Reviews. Entry points for the Integr8 portal depend on the users entity of interest: from browsing the taxonomy or with a predetermined species of interest, the species page can be used, and a simple search page leads to different applications when looking for certain protein sequences or genes. Customisable statistics data are available from the BioMart application, and pre-prepared data can be downloaded from the FTP site.

Computational Biology↗

PubMed2003

Medical errors, incidents, accidents and violations.

Atul Gawande: 'The real problem isn't how to stop bad doctors from harming, even killing their patients. It's how to prevent good doctors from doing so.' A. Gawande: When doctors make mistakes. The New Yorker, 1st February 1999; 40-55.Errors are an integral part of human behaviour and performance, and in this respect, medical/ surgical practice is no exception. Undoubtedly medical errors account for substantial patient morbidity and mortality. The subject is complicated due to complex and at times confusing taxonomy and the lack of agreed definitions and classification of medical/ surgical errors. It is not possible to eliminate errors from clinical practice but we can improve the quality of medical care by adopting error-tolerant operating medical systems (E-TOMS) based on progress in cognitive psychology, human factors, and human reliability assessment made during the past 30 years. E-TOMS should enable detection, reporting and targeted reduction of errors, and together with effective team dynamics, good clinical governance incorporating root-cause analysis of adverse events during the delivery of health care should improve the quality of care that we can provide for our patients.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

[Nursing diagnosis of the patient in the immediate postoperative period].

The aim of this study was to identify the nursing diagnoses that are more frequent in patients in immediate post-operative period. Data were collected and recorded on specially cards, through evaluation of 28 patients in the first two hours after the admission of the patient. The nursing diagnoses were set by one of the authors, based on Taxonomy I, proposed by North American Nursing Diagnosis Association--NANDA. The diagnoses that occurred mostly were: Risk for injury (100.0%), Risk for infection (92.8%), Sensory perceptual alterations (89.2%), Risk for aspiration (82.1%), Impaired physical mobility (71.4%), Impaired tissue integrity (82.1%) and Hypothermia (67.8%).

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Interrelationship among "NANDA, NOC and NIC". A pilot study and an evaluation of a nursing document].

OBJECTIVES: (a) to determine the effectiveness of a nursing document which integrates nursing diagnoses, nursing treatments/actions (NIC), and results (NOC); (b) to verify the application of the aforementioned document in a hospitalization unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, transversal and observational study. MATERIALS: Nursing documents (NANDA, NIC and NOC taxonomies). PHASES: 1st: analysis of the content in the nursing documentation for 23 pneumonic patients: Selection of nursing diagnoses and the most frequent interdependent problems. 2nd: Selection of results and nursing treatment/actions. 3rd: Elaboration of the document and a description of the Likert scales to define the state of the indicators for each result. 4th: A pilot study of the document applied to 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS: the application of the document permits one to identify the real status of a patient; to establish specific objectives; to improve the recording of data; to observe the effectiveness of treatment; to include educational activities; to give greater continuity and quality to a treatment plan.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2004

New developments in museum-based informatics and applications in biodiversity analysis.

Information from natural history collections (NHCs) about the diversity, taxonomy and historical distributions of species worldwide is becoming increasingly available over the Internet. In light of this relatively new and rapidly increasing resource, we critically review its utility and limitations for addressing a diverse array of applications. When integrated with spatial environmental data, NHC data can be used to study a broad range of topics, from aspects of ecological and evolutionary theory, to applications in conservation, agriculture and human health. There are challenges inherent to using NHC data, such as taxonomic inaccuracies and biases in the spatial coverage of data, which require consideration. Promising research frontiers include the integration of NHC data with information from comparative genomics and phylogenetics, and stronger connections between the environmental analysis of NHC data and experimental and field-based tests of hypotheses.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Burden of unidentifiable mycobacteria in a reference laboratory.

Modern identification techniques at the genomic level have greatly improved the taxonomic knowledge of mycobacteria. In adjunct to nucleic acid sequences, mycobacterial identification has been endorsed by investigation of the lipidic patterns of unique mycolic acids in such organisms. In the present investigation, the routine use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of mycolic acids, followed by the sequencing of the 16S rRNA, allowed us to select 72 mycobacterial strains, out of 1,035 screened, that do not belong to any of the officially recognized mycobacterial species. Most strains (i.e., 47) were isolated from humans, 13 were from the environment, 3 were from animals, and 9 were from unknown sources. The majority of human isolates were grown from the respiratory tract and were therefore most likely not clinically significant. Some, however, were isolated from sterile sites (blood, pleural biopsy, central venous catheter, or pus). Many isolates, including several clusters of two or more strains, mostly slow growers and scotochromogenic, presented unique genetic and lipidic features. We hope the data reported here, including the results of major conventional identification tests, the HPLC profiles of strains isolated several times, and the whole sequences of the 16S rRNA hypervariable regions of all 72 mycobacteria, may encourage reporting of new cases. The taxonomy of the genus Mycobacterium is, in our opinion, still far from being fully elucidated, and the reporting of unusual strains provides the best background for the recognition of new species. Our report also shows the usefulness of the integration of novel technology to routine diagnosis, especially in cases involving slow-growing microorganisms such as mycobacteria.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed2000

[Nursing diagnoses from NANDA's taxonomy in women with hospitalized premature child and King's conceptual system].

This study aimed at identifying nursing diagnoses presented by mothers with a hospitalized preterm child in an NICU by the use of King's Conceptual System and Taxonomy I of NANDA's nursing diagnoses. The case-study methodology was applied to 35 puerperal women. Eight diagnoses were identified, the frequency of which was over 50%, as follows: Risk of Infection, Risk of Injury, Impaired Tissue Integrity, Altered Health Maintenance, Risk of Inefficient Breast-feeding; Risk of Altered Parent/Infant Attachment; Fear; Parental Role Conflict and Impaired Social Interaction.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Soil-landscape relationships in Shenyang area].

Soil is a natural object distributed in succession on the earth surface, and its genesis and development has a close connection with landscape. Based on the field survey and the comparative analysis of soil profile characteristics, particle composition, and some chemical characteristics in Shenyang area, the soils in this area were classified into three orders (luvisols, cambisols and entisols), five suborders, seven groups, nine subgroups, nine families, and fourteen series, according to the "Chinese Soil Taxonomy (revised three drafts)". There existed a good corresponding relationship between soil types and their landscape characteristics. Soil property was not only a synthetic reflection of landscape elements topography, parent material, water condition and so on, but also an integral result of long-term environmental changes and anthropogenic influences.

China↗

PubMed2003

iProClass: an integrated database of protein family, function and structure information.

The iProClass database provides comprehensive, value-added descriptions of proteins and serves as a framework for data integration in a distributed networking environment. The protein information in iProClass includes family relationships as well as structural and functional classifications and features. The current version consists of about 830 000 non-redundant PIR-PSD, SWISS-PROT, and TrEMBL proteins organized with more than 36 000 PIR superfamilies, 145 000 families, 4000 domains, 1300 motifs and 550 000 FASTA similarity clusters. It provides rich links to over 50 database of protein sequences, families, functions and pathways, protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications, protein expressions, structures and structural classifications, genes and genomes, ontologies, literature and taxonomy. Protein and superfamily summary reports present extensive annotation information and include membership statistics and graphical display of domains and motifs. iProClass employs an open and modular architecture for interoperability and scalability. It is implemented in the Oracle object-relational database system and is updated biweekly. The database is freely accessible from the web site at http://pir.georgetown.edu/iproclass/ and searchable by sequence or text string. The data integration in iProClass supports exploration of protein relationships. Such knowledge is fundamental to the understanding of protein evolution, structure and function and crucial to functional genomic and proteomic research.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed2001

[Early clinical exposure--an instant success. The new medical curriculum at the University of Aarhus].

INTRODUCTION: In the new medical curriculum at the University of Aarhus, a third term, 20-week course focussing on early patient contact was launched. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine prototypical and clinically important disease entities each formed the basis of one-week courses covering an introductory clinical lecture, presentation of "paper" cases, and formalised training of pertinent clinical skills. This was integrated with plenaries and group work in physiology pertaining to the disease and the patient cases. In addition, seminars were held in patient-doctor relationships, and environmental and social medicine. Introductory lectures were given on topics, such as medical ethics, taxonomy of diseases, the organisation of hospital-based health care. At the end of the term, the students resided for eight weeks at county hospitals, which do not traditionally participate in pregraduate teaching. Each student followed one particular patient, which formed the basis of a written essay. RESULTS: Early clinical lectures (87 +/- 8%, mean +/- SD) and use of clinical cases (73 +/- 8%) were well received by third term students, and 87% found that the "paper" cases facilitated their understanding of physiology. The evaluation of the hospital training was very positive (rated excellent or good by > 95%). DISCUSSION: We conclude that early introduction to clinical practice is feasible and well received by the students.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Classical taxomomies].

The sequence of classic paradigms in taxonomy that partly replaced each other and partly co-exist is given as follows: the theory of "organ and organism similarity", the naturalistic theory, the descriptive theory, and the phylogenetic theory. The naturalistic classics accepted the notion of "the plan of creation". The rejection of appealing to this plan brought forth certain problems in the formulation of the purpose of taxonomy; these problems were differently solved by the descriptive and the phylogenetic classic traditions. The difficulties of the current paradigms arising from the loss of a "strong purpose", a problem to be solved by taxonomists that is to be clear and interesting to a wide range of non-professionals. The paradox of formalization led to the losing of content of the methods due to their formalization. To attract attention to taxonomy, a new "image of the results" of its work that would be interesting to the non-professionals is necessary. The co-existence of different methods of reseach applied to different groups of facts leads to the loss of integrity of the research. It is not only that the taxon becomes a hypothesis and such hypotheses multiply. The comparison of these hypotheses is problematic, because each of them is supported by its own independent scope of facts. Because of the existence of a fundamental meronotaxonomic discrepancy, taxonomic systems based on different groups of characters appear to be incomparable, being rather systems of characters than systems of taxa. Systems of characters are not directly comparable with each other; they can be compared only through appealing to taxa, but taxa themselves exist only in the form of a number of hypotheses. Consequently, each separate taxonomic approach creates its own nature, its own subject of research. Therefore, it is necessary to describe the subject of research correctly (and indicate the purpose of research), as well as to distinguish clearly between results achieved through different systems of characters. The diversity of current "classic" approaches calls for a unification within the frame of a more general theory. The development of such a theory can be achieved through the formulaiton of a substantial theory of organization that would reflect the formal unity of a taxon, i.e., a theory of meron organization that woud hepl establish the relationship of taxonomic systems developed for different merons.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Mechanisms of mammalian otoacoustic emission and their implications for the clinical utility of otoacoustic emissions.

We review recent progress in understanding the physical and physiological mechanisms that generate otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). Until recently, the conceptual model underlying the interpretation of OAEs has been an integrated view that regards all OAEs as manifestations of cochlear nonlinearity. However, OAEs appear to arise by at least two fundamentally different mechanisms within the cochlea: nonlinear distortion and linear reflection. These differences in mechanism have be used to construct a new taxonomy for OAEs that identifies OAEs based on their mechanisms of generation rather than the details of their measurement. The mechanism-based taxonomy provides a useful conceptual framework for understanding and interpreting otoacoustic responses. As commonly measured in the clinic, distortion-product and other evoked OAEs comprise a mixtures of emissions produced by both mechanisms. This mixing precludes any fixed correspondence with the conventional, measurement-based nomenclature. We discuss consequences of the taxonomy for the clinical measurement and interpretation of OAEs.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Science, policy, and practice: three cultures in search of a shared mission.

Research on child development, the design of social policies, and the delivery of human services for children and families reflect three related yet separate cultures. The capacity to navigate across their borders, to understand their different rules of evidence, to speak their distinctive languages, and to achieve credibility in all three worlds while maintaining a sense of intellectual integrity in each, requires respect for their differences and a commitment to their shared mission. The transmission of knowledge from the academy to the domains of social policy and practice is a formidable task. This challenge could be facilitated by a simple taxonomy that differentiates established knowledge from both reasonable hypotheses and unwarranted or irresponsible assertions that are made in the name of science. An investment in effective "cross-cultural" translation offers a potent strategy for enhancing both the generation of new research and the application of cutting-edge knowledge to make a difference in the lives of children and their families.

Child↗

PubMed1994

An expert system for the analysis and interpretation of evoked potentials based on fuzzy classification: application to brainstem auditory evoked potentials.

EPEXS is an expert system for evoked potential analysis and interpretation (a medical examination performed in clinical neurophysiology laboratories), working from available clinical records and numerical data extracted from evoked potential traces. EPEXS integrates two formalisms of knowledge representation: rules and structured objects. The rules represent the elementary concepts (shallow knowledge) and include a model of possibility based on the Dubois and Prade default reasoning and possibility theory. The structured objects (prototypes) are organized as hierarchical taxonomies (underlying knowledge). These allow the description of both the objects and their relationships. The heuristics used to interpret knowledge are based on two hypotheses: the unicity of the pathological process leading to several given symptoms and the progression from the general to the specific, leading to the adoption or rejection of a class of diagnoses. This avoids the problem of the differential diagnosis. These sources of knowledge are used in a dynamical way that could be described as a four-step process: acquisition of clinical data in order to define the nosological frame of the pathology, production of hypotheses about the nature and topography of lesions, interpretation of data in accordance with these hypotheses, and finally evaluation of their likelihood. The validation shows that EPEXS topographic diagnoses were correct in 100% of cases and 92% of it nosologic diagnoses were correct, and no pathological record was interpreted as normal. When examined on a given pathology basis EPEXS was not significantly different from human experts as regards to performance, specificity, and sensitivity.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2005

Molecular epidemiology: a multidisciplinary approach to understanding parasitic zoonoses.

Sound application of molecular epidemiological principles requires working knowledge of both molecular biological and epidemiological methods. Molecular tools have become an increasingly important part of studying the epidemiology of infectious agents. Molecular tools have allowed the aetiological agent within a population to be diagnosed with a greater degree of efficiency and accuracy than conventional diagnostic tools. They have increased the understanding of the pathogenicity, virulence, and host-parasite relationships of the aetiological agent, provided information on the genetic structure and taxonomy of the parasite and allowed the zoonotic potential of previously unidentified agents to be determined. This review describes the concept of epidemiology and proper study design, describes the array of currently available molecular biological tools and provides examples of studies that have integrated both disciplines to successfully unravel zoonotic relationships that would otherwise be impossible utilising conventional diagnostic tools. The current limitations of applying these tools, including cautions that need to be addressed during their application are also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

NUREBASE: database of nuclear hormone receptors.

Nuclear hormone receptors are an abundant class of ligand activated transcriptional regulators, found in varying numbers in all animals. Based on our experience of managing the official nomenclature of nuclear receptors, we have developed NUREBASE, a database containing protein and DNA sequences, reviewed protein alignments and phylogenies, taxonomy and annotations for all nuclear receptors. The reviewed NUREBASE is completed by NUREBASE_DAILY, automatically updated every 24 h. Both databases are organized under a client/server architecture, with a client written in Java which runs on any platform. This client, named FamFetch, integrates a graphical interface allowing selection of families, and manipulation of phylogenies and alignments. NUREBASE sequence data is also accessible through a World Wide Web server, allowing complex queries. All information on accessing and installing NUREBASE may be found at http://www.ens-lyon.fr/LBMC/laudet/nurebase.html.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1986

Units of analysis and kinetic structure of behavioral repertoires.

It is suggested that molar streams of behavior are constructed of various arrangements of three elementary constituents (elicited, evoked, and emitted response classes). An eight-cell taxonomy is elaborated as a framework for analyzing and synthesizing complex behavioral repertoires based on these functional units. It is proposed that the local force binding functional units into a smoothly articulated kinetic sequence arises from temporally arranged relative response probability relationships. Behavioral integration is thought to reflect the joint influence of the organism's hierarchy of relative response probabilities, fluctuating biological states, and the arrangement of environmental and behavioral events in time.

Journal Article↗