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PubMedDate not supplied

[Family relations and informal social networks in the social structure and demographic change].

Demographic changes and social structural transformations lead to changes in family size, the family cycle and in intergenerational relationships. Contrary to an abridged and overgeneralized public, political and scientific discussion, one can, by no means, assume a decrease in family functions concerning the aged. It seems that in some areas emotional and instrumental functions of the family increase. In other areas functions are transferred and generally there is a whole new division of labor between family and other informal networks. These informal networks are obviously becoming increasingly meaningful in the sense of a family "freely chosen". Because of considerable variability in social structure generalizations in this area cannot be made. On the whole, one can expect a continuing expansion and differentiation in the range and type of support offered the elderly by the family and other networks.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

A falsifying adolescent.

The author describes an adolescent patient who, while often speaking factual truths, maintained an aura of falsity in her life, and in two interludes of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, that functioned as a barrier to psychological insight. To match her falsity, the analyst at times modified his functioning as a "real" therapist and took on her personification of neglectful and false adults. Eventually, the analyst became an object that the adolescent could trust and rely on. In discussing the case, the author introduces and applies Bion's ideas regarding truth and falsity, and three variations of container-contained relationships-symbiotic, commensal, and parasitic-in the context of the case's relational perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Effects of surrogate parenting on grandparents' well-being.

OBJECTIVES: This study assesses whether grandchildren's moving into or out of grandparents' households affects grandparents' depressive symptoms and life satisfaction, and whether such effects vary by gender or race. It further examines whether effects of surrogate parenting on grandparents' subjective well-being are direct or mediated through the impact of surrogate parenting on other life changes, namely, health, work hours, income, socializing, and social supports. METHODS: The analyses rely on panel data from the National Survey of Families and Households, Waves 1 and 2. The sub-sample consists of Black and White grandparents with grandchildren younger than age 18 (N = 1,789). Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions and path analyses are used to identify direct and indirect effects of grandchildren's move into and out of grandparents' household on change in depressive symptoms and life satisfaction (residualized gain scores). RESULTS: The data indicate that grandchildren's move into the household increases depressive symptoms among grandmothers. On the other hand, grandchildren's leaving the household leads to reduced well-being among grandfathers. Grandmothers report less participation in church activities and more supports from friends and relatives after the grandchildren move in, whereas grandfathers frequent bars/taverns more when grandchildren move in and reduce time spent with church activities and paid work when grandchildren remain in the household. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that effects of surrogate parenting differ by gender, and that they are partially contingent on grandparents' vulnerabilities (marital status, education, and presence of childless dependent children in the household) before grandchildren join the household. Mediating effects of other life changes are relatively small.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The experience of being an older staff nurse.

The nursing workforce is aging at an unprecedented rate, yet we know very little about the experiences of older staff nurses. A qualitative design with purposeful sampling was used to describe the experience of being an older staff nurse. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 11 staff nurses over the age of 55 who were employed at least part-time in six hospitals located in the southeastern United States. Data analysis was guided by a feminist perspective utilizing the voice-centered relational method developed by Brown and Gilligan. Study findings demonstrate that older nurses are working because they continue to care, despite the stressors of intergenerational conflict with younger nurses, less respect from patients and families, and inequity in pay. Older nurses are confident in their abilities and are capable of meeting the demands of hospital nursing.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Programming for family care of elderly dependents: mandates, incentives, and service rationing.

In response to a demographic imperative, many countries have established policies to increase family involvement in the care of their dependent elderly relatives. Reflecting fiscal constraints and cultural norms, these policies are often designed to place the burden of care on family rather than government. This article offers a survey and critique of three approaches to increasing family care of elderly people: filial support legislation, incentives for family caregivers, and service rationing provisions. Drawing in part on the results of a survey with respondents from 33 countries, it concludes that policies that require or encourage relatives to provide care may have adverse consequences for elderly people and their families. Human services advocates should support policies and interventions that provide universal access to a continuum of care alternatives that facilitate rational health care decision making by families and that empower and sustain family members who choose to care for elderly relatives.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Brief analytic essay on unconscious forces facilitating transgenerational repetition of physical or sexual abuse].

Transmission of abusive conduct is mainly determined by unconscious guilt and identification with the aggressor. The abused child is bound to split the parental object. The hostile side is eclipsed due to dependence and regression. Therefore deprived of the hated object, the guilt surges forcefully with the role reversal of the following generation. The former victim, whose identifications with the aggressor are actuated, discharges his guilt by projective identifications with the new victims. The ongoing splitting perpetuates the pathology of the relation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Changing attitudes toward the old in Oriental families in Israel.

Old people held a central position in traditional Jewish-Oriental family and society. After immigration to Israel this changed within a very short time, as Israel's Western-style society is not based upon the authority of the elder generation. Often this change was accompanied by the development of negative attitudes toward the aged, appearing in many families as disrespect and even as physical neglect of parents. But in other families the traditional attitudes of honoring the elder generation were retained, although in them too the rise of the nuclear family led to loss of power and importance formerly held by the aged members. The changing attitudes within the family are reflected in discussions by disadvantaged soldiers of Oriental origin in classes for basic training in the Israeli army and by answers of fifth-grade children to questions on their relations with their grandparents.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of kin propinquity on infant mortality.

This study tests the grandmother hypothesis and analyzes the effect of kin propinquity on infant mortality in a 19th century American frontier communal, polygynous population. The study shows that the presence of maternal grandmothers, aunts, uncles, and paternal aunts were significantly associated with increased infant survivorship while grandfathers, paternal grandmothers, and paternal uncles showed little effect. This study has implications for understanding the evolution of a long postreproductive life span, postmarital residential strategies, and behavioral strategies that enhance inclusive fitness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The transition to young adulthood: generational boundary dissolution and female identity development.

This research explored links between differential qualities of family connectedness and young adult females' development of an independent identity. Identity development involves exploration of possible roles and choices in particular domains such as occupation, dating, and friendship, followed by commitment to a set of values and behaviors in one of these areas. In this study, women who reported that their parents encouraged autonomy while still maintaining closeness also reported more exploration in their friendship and dating relationships. In contrast, reports of parent-child boundary dissolution, characterized by role-reversal, enmeshment, and overinvolvement, were related to less exploration, particularly in dating relationships. Mother-daughter boundary dissolution, specifically, was linked to women's tendency to base their commitments to a career and relationships with others on parental values and expectations without ever exploring alternative choices. Father-daughter boundary dissolution was related to lower exploration as well as lower commitment to values and beliefs in any area. These findings lend support to theoretical and clinical impressions that intergenerational boundary violations hinder the development of an independent identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Nurturing for careers in drug use and crime: conduct norms for children and juveniles in crack-using households.

A very sizable proportion of juvenile delinquents and adult criminals come from backgrounds and family kin systems having deviant parents or kin. This paper provides a focus upon the child-rearing practices directly observed by trained ethnographer during a case study of one highly criminal, drug-using household/kin network. The concrete expectations (and actual practices--called conduct norms--with which the household adults respond to (or "nurture") children and juveniles are delineated. While children are taught to "pay attention" to what adults do, adults typically model various deviant activities and rarely engage in conventional behaviors. Drug-using, and especially crack-using, men and women are expected not to raise (or financially support) children born to them; other kin expect to raise children of such unions. Children are not expected, nor able, to develop strong affective bonds with any household adults, and receive little or no psychological parenting. Adults do not take strong measures to protect children/juveniles from harm, and often adults are a major source of harm. In many ways the conduct norms in such crack-using households are well designed to "nurture" those persons who will be antisocial as children, delinquents as juveniles, and become criminals, drug misusers, and prostitutes in adulthood--and who have very few chances to become conventional adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Family support for first-time mothers in the Aleutians.

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines changes in the support first-time mothers receive from parents and other relatives in Aleutian communities. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected as part of the Social Transitions in the North study. Data used in this study came from the Aleutian communities of St. Paul, Akutan, Unalaska and Sand Point, Alaska. METHODS: The STN study data using a combination of background ethnographies, a detailed survey instrument, open-ended interviews, Kleinman focus groups and genealogies. These were meant to complement and build upon each other. RESULT: While it appears that teenage pregnancies still occur while the unmarried mother lives with her parents, the social context of such situations has changed considerably since the 1970s. Many respondents indicated that although families are more fragmented than previously, the responsibility for raising children continues to be shared throughout the extended family. Nuclear family households have become more prevalent. Government transfers and housing have become more readily available for young single mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The extended family is still a viable social and economic unit in Aleutian villages. People may live in nuclear family households, but parents, grandparents and other relatives are still a strong support for young mothers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spanning the ages: meeting the needs of different generations.

Never before has the health care profession been challenged like it is today. With competitive pressures of increased customer awareness, regulatory compliance and staffing concerns, there are also challenges related to various generational/diversity issues.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Grandmothers raising grandchildren: family structure and well-being in culturally diverse families.

PURPOSE: This study addressed well-being of grandmothers raising grandchildren in coparenting and custodial households in a sample of African American, Latino, and White grandmothers. DESIGN AND METHODS: A sample of 1,058 grandmothers was recruited through the schools and media. Grandmothers raising or helping to raise school-aged grandchildren in Los Angeles were interviewed, and analyses were conducted within ethnic groups. RESULTS: African American grandmothers experienced equal well-being in coparenting and custodial families; however, if the stresses related to the parents' problems were removed by statistical control, they favored the custodial arrangement. Latino grandmothers had greater well-being in coparenting families, reflecting a tradition of intergenerational living. White custodial grandmothers experienced somewhat higher levels of affect (positive and negative) but showed no difference in other types of well-being. IMPLICATIONS: The cultural lens through which grandparenthood is viewed has a marked impact on the adaptation to custodial or coparenting family structures.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

[III. Social relationships].

In this four-part review article, an update of psychological gerontology from 1988 to 1997/1998 in German speaking countries is given. Part III of this review focuses on social relationships in old age. Two perspectives are chosen for this analysis. The first perspective describes the process of actively coping with developmental tasks in social relationship - the elderly are not seen as a "passive" but as an "active" part in social relationships. Moreover, this perspective focuses on empirical relations between different patterns of social integration and the psychological situation in old age. The second perspective stresses on a special aspect of social engagement: the engagement and productivity in intergenerational relationships. Empirical data make clear that the elderly not only receive (emotional and instrumental) support, but also give a lot of support in these relationships.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Individuation, peers, and adolescent alcohol use: a latent growth analysis.

The study used latent growth modeling to investigate longitudinal relationships between individuation, peer alcohol use, and adolescent alcohol use among African American, Mexican American, and non-Hispanic White adolescents (N = 6,048) from 7th, 8th, and 9th grades over a 3-year period. Initial levels of peer alcohol use were significantly related to changes in adolescents' alcohol use, whereas initial adolescent alcohol use also significantly related to changes in peers' alcohol use, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Higher levels of intergenerational individuation were related to smaller increases in adolescent alcohol use and higher levels of separation were related to larger increases in youth drinking. The findings were similar across ethnic groups. Implications for development of prevention and intervention programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗