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Coding errors and the trauma patient--is nursing case management the solution?

The aim was to investigate the accuracy of clinical information coding and the financial consequence for trauma patients at a tertiary trauma centre using the resources of trauma nursing case managers. Clinical data for admitted trauma patients in August and September 2000 were compared with data routinely obtained by trauma case managers on their daily rounds. We audited patient injuries, in-hospital complications, investigations, and procedures. Clinical information records requiring alteration were returned to the clinical information manager with additional information and re-entered into the clinical information database. 100 trauma patient records (15% of admissions for 2000) were audited. 28% of recoded records had to have their diagnosis related group (DRG) changed, which resulted in the identification of additional funding of over $39,000. We conclude that the implementation of episode funding for acute episodes, such as the complex trauma patient, is placing increased importance on accuracy of coding. The validity of coding is dependent on legible, comprehensive and complete documentation and is improved dramatically by using nursing case manager patient progress summaries.

Case Management↗

The prevention of venous thromboembolism: a statewide evaluation of practices in Massachusetts.

The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of Massachusetts Medicare patients who received prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism following colectomy, hysterectomy or total hip arthroplasty. The sample frame was all 90 Massachusetts acute care hospitals, and the time frame was 1 April to 30 September 1994. The patients discharged with an International Classification of Disease (ICD-9-CM) discharge diagnostic code (recorded in the Massachusetts Medicare Claims Database) for colectomy, hysterectomy or total hip arthroplasty were used to identify the target patient population. The sample population comprised 1397 patients randomly selected from the target population, including 467 total hip arthroplasties, 474 colectomies, and 456 hysterectomies. Medical records were reviewed by trained nurse abstractors who collected information on the use of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism. Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism was employed by surgeons practicing in Massachusetts hospitals in 93 per cent of total hip arthroplasty cases (regional variation 85-98 per cent), 84 per cent of colectomies (regional variation 57-93 per cent), 66 per cent of hysterectomies (regional variation 35-71 per cent), and in 87 per cent of the subset of 111 hysterectomies with malignancy (regional variation 25-100 per cent). The results of this statewide study demonstrated significant regional and hospital-to-hospital variation in use of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism following major surgery. A lower rate of prophylaxis use was observed in hospitals with fewer than 200 beds and in hospitals that did not have teaching programmes. Hospitals with below-average rates of prophylaxis were targeted for intensive quality improvement interventions.

Anticoagulants↗

Obtaining and evaluating data sets for secondary analysis in nursing research.

Secondary analysis of existing data offers many advantages to the nurse researcher. Data from large-scale studies may be reanalyzed and refined by secondary analysts with a fresh perspective, thus enhancing the original study's contribution to scientific knowledge. High-quality data can be obtained for comparatively little expenditure of time and money. The secondary analyst, however, must exercise care in evaluating and analyzing a data set to maximize the internal and external validity of the reanalysis. Because the secondary analyst's lack of involvement in data collection procedures may decrease insight into the original study's limitations, vigilant skepticism should accompany all phases of the research process in secondary data analysis, just as it should in all other research. Miller (1982) advised, "Begin by assuming the worst and seek out the same kinds of information about sample selection procedures, sample size, response rates, field procedures, and coding conventions that you would insist on if you were collecting your own data" (p. 722). By systematically evaluating potential data sets according to rigorous predetermined criteria, the nurse researcher can minimize the possible pitfalls inherent in secondary analysis. On the other hand, investigators who use secondary sources appropriately can make significant contributions to nursing science at less cost than that engendered by traditional research methods.

Data Collection↗

Practices in the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of Massachusetts Medicare patients who received prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism following colectomy, hysterectomy, or total hip arthroplasty. Sample frame: All 90 Massachusetts acute care hospitals. Time frame: 1 April through 30 September, 1994. Target population: Patients discharged with an International Classification of Disease (ICD-9-CM) discharge diagnostic code (recorded in the Massachusetts Medicare Claims Database) for colectomy, hysterectomy, or total hip arthroplasty were used to identify the target patient population. Sample population: 1,397 patients randomly selected from the target population, including 467 total hip arthroplasties, 474 colectomies, and 456 hysterectomies. Data extraction: Medical records were reviewed by trained nurse abstractors who collected information on the use of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism. Results: Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism was employed by surgeons practicing in Massachusetts hospitals in 93% of total hip arthroplasty cases (regional variation 85-98%), 84% of colectomies (regional variation 57-93%), 66% of hysterectomies (regional variation 35-71%), and in 87% of the subset of 111 hysterectomies with malignancy (regional variation 25-100%). Conclusions: The results of this statewide study demonstrated significant regional and hospital-to-hospital variation in the use of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism following major surgery. A lower rate of prophylaxis use was observed in hospitals with fewer than 200 beds and in hospitals that did not have teaching programs. Hospitals with below-average rates of prophylaxis were targeted for intensive quality improvement interventions.

Journal Article↗

Was the decreasing trend in hospital mortality from heart failure attributable to improved hospital care? The Oregon experience, 1991-1995.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the trend in risk-adjusted hospital mortality from heart failure. STUDY DESIGN: Oregon hospital discharge data from 1991 through 1995 were analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 29,530 hospitalizations because of heart failure in elderly patients (age > or = 65 years) were identified from International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, codes 428.0-428.9. The logistic regression and life table analyses were used to assess the risk-adjusted trend in hospital mortality from heart failure. RESULTS: From 1991 through 1995, 1757 (5.9%) patients with heart failure died in the hospital; 920 (52.4%) of them died within 3 days. The percentage of patients discharged to skilled nursing facilities increased from 6.1% in 1991 to 9.8% in 1995 (P value for trend < .001), whereas the percentage of patients discharged directly to home decreased from 69.2% in 1991 to 62.4% in 1995 (P value for trend < .001). The mean length of stay decreased from 5.15 days in 1991 to 3.97 days in 1995. The age- and sex-standardized mortality rate decreased by 33.8% from 7.4 in 1991 to 4.8 in 1995 (P value for trend < .01). Additional adjustment for comorbidity using multiple logistic regression revealed a greater reduction of 41.0% in the mortality rate (odds ratio = 0.59; 95% confidence interval = 0.50, 0.69) and a reduction of 46.0% in the 3-day mortality rate (odds ratio = 0.54; 95% confidence interval = 0.43, 0.67) across the 5-year period. Life table analysis showed consistently lower cumulative mortality rates during the first week after admission in 1995 compared with those in 1991 (P < .001). CONCLUSION: There was a decreasing trend over time in the risk-adjusted hospital mortality rates from heart failure, which was not an artifact of decreasing length of stay. Our findings raised the possibility of improved hospital care for heart failure in Oregon.

Aged↗

Postacute care services use for dysvascular amputees: a population-based study of Massachusetts.

OBJECTIVE: Rehabilitation and other postacute care services utilization for persons with a lower limb amputations due to dysvascular disease is important information for physiatrists, therapists, patients, and health-policy planners. The purpose of this study was to examine rates of inpatient rehabilitation services use in a statewide population. DESIGN: Massachusetts Hospital Case Mix and Charge Data for 1997 were used to select persons with dysvascular limb amputations. Disposition locations after amputation were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 2487 persons who incurred a lower limb amputation, with the majority being white (94%), male (58%), and elderly (69 yrs). Most had diabetes (62%) or peripheral vascular disease (51%). The most common disposition was home (33%), with 16% receiving inpatient rehabilitation after amputation. Persons with transtibial and transfemoral amputations were the most likely to receive inpatient rehabilitation, 28% and 19% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sixteen percent of dysvascular amputees received inpatient rehabilitation services. This was higher than the 1997 rate for Maryland (12%) and suggests geographic differences in services utilization. Prospective studies are necessary to examine outcomes for persons receiving rehabilitation services in different care settings to define the optimal rehabilitation venue for functional restoration. Development of more specific International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision-Clinical Modification codes for dysvascular amputations would further research and public policy efforts.

Aged↗

Application of human reliability analysis to nursing errors in hospitals.

Adverse events in hospitals, such as in surgery, anesthesia, radiology, intensive care, internal medicine, and pharmacy, are of worldwide concern and it is important, therefore, to learn from such incidents. There are currently no appropriate tools based on state-of-the art models available for the analysis of large bodies of medical incident reports. In this study, a new model was developed to facilitate medical error analysis in combination with quantitative risk assessment. This model enables detection of the organizational factors that underlie medical errors, and the expedition of decision making in terms of necessary action. Furthermore, it determines medical tasks as module practices and uses a unique coding system to describe incidents. This coding system has seven vectors for error classification: patient category, working shift, module practice, linkage chain (error type, direct threat, and indirect threat), medication, severity, and potential hazard. Such mathematical formulation permitted us to derive two parameters: error rates for module practices and weights for the aforementioned seven elements. The error rate of each module practice was calculated by dividing the annual number of incident reports of each module practice by the annual number of the corresponding module practice. The weight of a given element was calculated by the summation of incident report error rates for an element of interest. This model was applied specifically to nursing practices in six hospitals over a year; 5,339 incident reports with a total of 63,294,144 module practices conducted were analyzed. Quality assurance (QA) of our model was introduced by checking the records of quantities of practices and reproducibility of analysis of medical incident reports. For both items, QA guaranteed legitimacy of our model. Error rates for all module practices were approximately of the order 10(-4) in all hospitals. Three major organizational factors were found to underlie medical errors: "violation of rules" with a weight of 826 x 10(-4), "failure of labor management" with a weight of 661 x 10(-4), and "defects in the standardization of nursing practices" with a weight of 495 x 10(-4).

Hospitals↗

[What place can the health executive hold in the internal contract process?].

The current context of cost control relative to health expenditures forces hospitals to wonder about their management style. Therefore, the question of the efficiency of the health system is raised. Would the formalization by contract bring the beginnings of an answer? This is what its growing development within numerous public health establishments leads one to suppose, thus signing an evolution towards some new "medical and administrative" governance. Through this article, I therefore suggest to you a questioning on the essence of the contractual method, its stakes, its limits and especially a projective approach on the consequences of this management method considering the "health executive" function. As the stake in this reflection is to highlight the fact that if the health executive has a place acknowledged in the internal formalization by contract, its competence will constitute an increase in value in the contractual process. Indeed, this questioning seems important to me and this, all the more as the ordinance dated May 2, 2005 including "various arrangements relative to the functioning of public health establishments and modifying the public health code", stipulates that public hospitals should resort to the method of internal formalization by contract in setting up centres of activity and this, at the latest, before December 31, 2006.

Contract Services↗

Anesthesia staffing and anesthetic complications during cesarean delivery: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Obstetrical anesthesia services may be provided by Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs), anesthesiologists, or a combination of the two providers. Research is needed to assist hospitals and anesthesia groups in making cost-effective staffing choices. OBJECTIVES: To identify differences in the rates of anesthetic complications in hospitals whose obstetrical anesthesia is provided solely by CRNAs compared to hospitals with only anesthesiologists. METHODS: Washington State hospital discharge data were obtained from 1993 to 2004 for all cesarean sections, and were merged with a survey of hospital obstetrical anesthesia staffing. Anesthetic complications were identified via International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes. Resulting rates were risk-adjusted using regression analysis. RESULTS: Hospitals with CRNA-only staffing had a lower rate of anesthetic complications than those with anesthesiologist staffing (0.58% vs. 0.76%, p=.0006). However, after regression analysis, this difference was not significant (odds ratio for CRNA vs. anesthesiologist complications: 1.046 to 1, 95% confidence interval 0.649-1.658, p=.85). DISCUSSION: There is no difference in rates of complications between the two types of staffing models. As a result, hospitals and anesthesiology groups may safely examine other variables, such as provider availability and costs, when staffing for obstetrical anesthesia. Further study is needed to validate the use of ICD-9-CM codes for anesthesia complications as an indicator of quality.

Adolescent↗

Modeling nursing care in health level 7 reference information model.

This article describes the attempt that was made to fit nursing knowledge into the Reference Information Model developed by Health Level 7 (HL 7 RIM). A part of nursing knowledge concerning pressure ulcer was used to show the possibilities of modeling nursing knowledge, terminology, and information in the Health Level 7 Reference Information Model. The purpose of this modeling work was to allow the integration of nursing information in electronic patient records and to ensure the interoperability and exchange of nursing information. Based on earlier reviews of pressure ulcer literature, an overview was made of relevant variables, coding, and information required for nursing care for pressure ulcer. Next, a use case was made and followed by modeling the required information in the Unified Modeling Language. It is possible to integrate nursing knowledge, terminology, and information requirements in the Health Level 7 Reference Information Model.

Humans↗

Health problems encountered by nurse practitioners and physicians.

The effects of specialty, setting, and provider group on the distributions of health problems managed by nurse practitioners and physicians in obstetric-gynecology, adult medicine, pediatrics, and family practice specialties are studied. Proportional samples by clinic were drawn from a total of 39,243 patient visits made to 16 ambulatory care clinics during an 18-week period. A Patient Encounter Form was used as the instrument and the ICD-9-CM was used as the coding system. Distributions of health problems differed between nurse practitioners and physicians in each clinic. Specialty affected the distributions of health problems managed by both provider groups. Setting affected the distributions of health problems for all specialties except the distributions of health problems not related to diseases or injuries (V codes) in family practice. Provider group effects were inconclusive. Community-based settings seem especially appropriate for nurse practitioner practice.

Adult↗

[Injuries with biological risk in a major hospital: analysis of a caseload].

This article report preliminary data on injuries involving risks from biological agents occurred in healthcare workers of a major hospital over a 5-years period ('96-'00). The role of Occupational Competent Physician is underlined. Injuries' database, archives of occupational diseases, discharge diagnosis and notification of transmissible infectious diseases were consulted. 200 injuries (3/4 percutaneous) were on average registered yearly, with a decreasing trend. Subjects had a mean age of 34 years and 7 years of length of employment at the hospital. 60% of exposures occurred in nurses and 43% workers belonged to surgical areas. Serological data of the "source patients" were available for 1/3 of the cases and 35% of them were bloodborne viruses infected; 1 seroconversion for HCV was registered. On the whole, our results are similar to data from national and international literature. However a few factors limited the data collection and interpretation, mainly the lack of computer formats and different ways of coding and filing the information. The periodical analysis of injuries is useful to the Occupational Physician, particularly for educational intervention and sanitary surveillance of workers. Moreover, the Occupational Physician plays an important role in injuries prevention, especially in spreading the information on Standard Precautions, evaluating the human factor, reducing the "under-reporting" of accidents, counselling, evaluating prognosis and resuming work.

Accidents, Occupational↗

Improving quality while managing costs in emergency medicine.

This article correlates quality of care with cost of care. The authors describe their experience in developing an internal measure of quality and two surrogates for cost. They examine archival data for 3,671 patients in the emergency department of a large community teaching hospital. Their results indicate statistically significant differences among emergent, urgent, and routine care assessments by triage staff, nurses, and physicians. Only 56 percent of the assessments were consistent. Triage was significantly less predictive of nursing acuity assessments than physician resource-based relative value scale codes. The authors conclude that by reducing process variation in patient acuity assessments, health care managers can improve quality of care while managing costs.

Cost Control↗

A computerized method of identifying potentially preventable heart failure admissions.

Heart failure (HF) is both highly prevalent and costly to society. Successful self-care is essential to effective HF management. This study sought to develop a method to identify, via medical records (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification) coding, HF admissions attributable to ineffective self-care. Expert panels completed an iterative series of mailed surveys to generate and validate a list of coded diagnoses that represent HF sequelae modifiable through self-care. Sixteen diagnoses resulted. Chart review at one hospital revealed that these modifiable sequelae were frequently present but not coded. A computerized method of identifying self-care deficits would allow nurses to identify patients in need of patient education.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Needle-related procedures are a common source of pain and distress for children. Several psychological (cognitive-behavioral) interventions to help manage or reduce pain and distress are available; however, a previous comprehensive systematic review of the efficacy of these interventions has not been conducted. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to 2005), PsycINFO (1887 to 2005), EMBASE (1974 to 2005), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1982 to 2005), Web of Science (1980 to 2005), and Dissertation-Abstracts International (1980 to 2005). We also searched citation lists and contacted researchers via various electronic list-servers and via email requests. SELECTION CRITERIA: Participants included children and adolescents aged two to 19 years undergoing needle-related procedures. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with at least five participants in each study arm comparing a psychological intervention group with a control or comparison group were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. Included studies were coded for quality using the Oxford Quality Scale devised by Jadad and colleagues. Standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were computed for all analyses using RevMan 4.0 software. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty eight trials with 1951 participants were included. Together, these studies included 1039 participants in treatment conditions and 951 in control conditions. The most commonly studied needle-procedures were immunizations and injections. The largest effect sizes for treatment improvement over control conditions exist for distraction (on self-reported pain, SMD -0.24 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.04), combined cognitive-behavioral interventions--reduced other-reported distress (SMD -0.88, 95% CI -1.65 to -0.12; and behavioral measures of distress (SMD -0.67, 95% CI -0.95 to -0.38) with hypnosis being the most promising--self-reported pain (SMD -1.47, 95% CI -2.67 to -0.27), with promising but limited evidence for the efficacy of numerous other psychological interventions, such as information/preparation, nurse coaching plus distraction, parent positioning plus distraction, and distraction plus suggestion. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there is preliminary evidence that a variety of cognitive-behavioral interventions can be used with children and adolescents to successfully manage or reduce pain and distress associated with needle-related procedures. However, many of the included studies received lower quality scores because they failed to describe the randomization procedure and participant withdrawals or drop-outs from the study. Further RCTs need to be conducted, particularly for the many interventions for which we could not locate any trials.

Adolescent↗

The attitudes of nurses and third and fourth year nursing students who deal with ethical issues.

Ethical attitudes towards pregnant women were examined by using a questionnaire among 50 nurses, 50 midwives and 100 nursing students (third and fourth years). The main findings show that nurses and students differ in: (1) their knowledge of the Code of Ethics; (2) their protection of patients' rights with regard to secrecy and privacy; and (3) their reporting of mistakes. These findings highlight the need for more serious study of ethics among senior professional nurses.

Adult↗

The ethics and practical importance of defining, distinguishing and disclosing nursing errors: a discussion paper.

Nurses globally are required and expected to report nursing errors. As is clearly demonstrated in the international literature, fulfilling this requirement is not, however, without risks. In this discussion paper, the notion of 'nursing error', the practical and moral importance of defining, distinguishing and disclosing nursing errors and how a distinct definition of 'nursing error' fits with the new 'system approach' to human-error management in health care are critiqued. Drawing on international literature and two key case exemplars from the USA and Australia, arguments are advanced to support the view that although it is 'right' for nurses to report nursing errors, it will be very difficult for them to do so unless a non-punitive approach to nursing-error management is adopted.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗