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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Demonstration of Bartonella grahamii DNA in ocular fluids of a patient with neuroretinitis.

We describe the clinical and laboratory features of a 55-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-negative female patient who presented with bilateral intraocular inflammatory disease (neuroretinitis type) and behavioral changes caused by a Bartonella grahamii infection. Diagnosis was based on the PCR analysis of DNA extracted from the intraocular fluids. DNA analysis of the PCR product revealed a 100% identity with the 16S rRNA gene sequence of B. grahamii. The patient was successfully treated with doxycycline (200 mg/day) and rifampin (600 mg/day) for 4 weeks. This is the first report that demonstrates the presence of a Bartonella species in the intraocular fluids of a nonimmunocompromised patient and that indicates that B. grahamii is pathogenic for humans.

Aqueous Humor↗

PubMed1985

[Changes in intraocular pressure in response to experimental testing of the amygdaloid complex].

Prolonged electrical stimulation of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus increased the intraocular pressure, the secretion of the intraocular fluid and the amount of proteins and glycosaminoglycans in it. Bilateral electrolysis of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus caused a resistant decrease of the intraocular pressure due to reduced secretion and to increase of the outflow coefficient of the intraocular fluid.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1985

Inflow and outflow relations after intraocular fluid-Healon exchange in a case of chronic ocular hypotension.

A 47-year-old patient was legally blind in her only eye for months due to long-lasting ocular hypotension following chronic uveitis and several operations for cataract and secondary glaucoma. With injections of 0.7 to 2.5 cc 1% Healon into the anterior chamber and vitreous cavity at intervals of 2 to 12 months, intraocular pressure levels between 5 and 12 mmHg could be maintained resulting in an improvement of the visual acuity up to 25/100. The treatment has been continued for over 5 years. A positive correlation was found between the volume of injected Healon and the integral of intraocular pressure over time, and between visual acuity and pressure level. Reduced aqueous flow, high trabecular outflow resistance, and a low rate of clearance of Healon from the vitreous cavity is obviously responsible for the long-lasting elevation of low intraocular pressure levels and for the restoration of useful vision.

Blindness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Role of cytopathology in the diagnosis of ocular malignancies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the positive predictive value of ocular cytologic specimens and to describe the cytopathologic findings encountered in ocular samples from patients with intraocular neoplasms. STUDY DESIGN: Intraocular fluids and ocular fine needle aspirates (FNAs) cytologically diagnosed as either suspicious or positive for malignancy during a 15-year period were reviewed, and follow-up was obtained. RESULTS: Seventeen patients with intraocular samples diagnosed as suspicious or positive for malignancy (9 vitreous, 6 anterior chamber, 3 FNAs) were identified. The mean patient age was 58 years (range, 3-91). Cytologic diagnoses included: lymphoma (5), suspicious for lymphoma (2), melanoma (6), suspicious for melanoma (2), carcinoma (2) and retinoblastoma (1). Clinical and/or surgical follow-up was available in 12 cases and was consistent with the presence of malignancy in all but one case, which proved to be fungal endophthalmitis. One of two patients with a cytologic diagnosis of carcinoma had melanoma on follow-up. Cytologic samples suspicious or positive for lymphoma showed single, large cells with scant cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli. Cytologic samples suspicious or positive for the epithelioid type of melanoma showed loosely cohesive groups or single cells, marked cellular pleomorphism, large nucleoli, scant to moderately abundant cytoplasm and variable amounts of melanin. Cytologic samples from spindle cell melanomas showed spindle cells without nuclear or cellular pleomorphism, without hyperchromasia, and with inconspicuous nucleoli and occasional nuclear grooves. Loose aggregates of small cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm characterized the retinoblastoma samples. CONCLUSION: The positive predictive value of intraocular fluid cytology was 92%. Reactive lymphoid processes may be difficult to differentiate from lymphoma and epithelioid melanoma from carcinoma in intraocular cytologic specimens.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Ocular pharmacokinetics in rabbits using a novel dual probe microdialysis technique.

Ocular infections involve delicate internal structures of the eye that often require treatment with antimicrobial agents. A major constraint to the study of ocular drug absorption from systemic administration is the inaccessibility of the vitreous for continuous serial sampling. A novel dual probe microdialysis technique has been employed in our laboratory, which will enable the delineation of complete ocular pharmacokinetics of a drug. New Zealand albino rabbits weighing 2--2.5 kg were used. The animals were kept under anesthesia throughout the experiment. A concentric probe was implanted in the vitreous chamber about 3 mm below the corneal scleral limbus. Simultaneously a linear probe was implanted in the anterior chamber across the cornea. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured using Schiotz tonometer. The total protein concentrations in the aqueous and vitreous humors were determined using the Bio-Rad protein assay method. The aqueous and vitreous elimination kinetics of fluorescein were studied after intravitreal and systemic administrations over a period of 10 hr. Microdialysis technique was also compared to the conventional direct sampling technique by determining the intravitreal kinetics of fluorescein. Results suggest that IOP reverted to normal within 2 hr after the implantation of the probes. The increase in the vitreal total protein concentration was not significantly different from the baseline. The increase in the aqueous total protein concentration was less than five times the basal concentration throughout the experiment. The blood-aqueous and blood-retinal barrier integrity was delineated by determining the permeability index for fluorescein and were found to be 9.48 +/- 4.25% and 1.99 +/- 0.66% for the anterior and vitreous chamber, respectively. The rate constant of penetration of fluorescein into the anterior chamber was found to be 8.48 +/- 1.33 x 10(-2) min(-1), which was significantly higher than into the vitreous i.e. 4.34 +/- 2.82 x 10(-2) min(-1). The terminal elimination rate constant of fluorescein from the anterior chamber (1.48 +/- 0.79 x 10(-2) min(-1)) was found to be similar to that of the plasma terminal elimination rate constant (1.57 +/- 0.25 x 10(-2) min(-1)), but significantly higher than from the vitreous (3.0 +/- 0.7 x 10(-3) min(-1)). The terminal vitreal elimination rate constant of fluorescein after intravitreal administration was found to be similar by both microdialysis (3.98 +/- 0.6 x 10(-3) min(-1)) and direct sampling (4.38 +/- 1.4 x 10(-3) min(-1)) techniques. In case of direct sampling technique the area under the vitreous concentration-time curve was higher compared to that obtained by the microdialysis technique. There was no breakdown of the blood ocular barriers as shown by a very small change in the intraocular fluid protein concentrations. This was also confirmed by the fluorescein kinetics, which were in accordance with the previous studies. IOP data suggests that the intraocular fluid dynamics were not affected and the animals stabilized within 2 hr after the implantation of the probes. Fluorescein data suggests that the vitreous compartment is surrounded by a tighter barrier compared to the anterior chamber. This technique appears to be more sensitive, reproducible and requires only one animal for the determination of entire ocular pharmacokinetic profile.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Herpesvirus antibody levels in the etiologic diagnosis of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome.

Quantitative antibody levels to three herpesviruses in acute and chronic sera from six patients with clinical signs of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome were consistent with a specific etiologic diagnosis only in the two cases associated with cutaneous herpes zoster. Available data on acute and convalescent antibody titers to herpes group viruses from these six patients in addition to data from 27 acute retinal necrosis cases from the literature disclosed that only 13 of the 33 patients (39%) had a diagnostic increase or decrease in herpes group viral antibody levels on serial sampling. Three patients had nondiagnostic changes in viral antibody levels despite positive vitreous cultures for herpesviruses. In contrast, a review of 25 cases from the literature with paired antiviral serum and intraocular fluid antibody levels suggested a more promising approach to the etiologic diagnosis of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. By calculating the ratio of antiviral antibodies in intraocular fluid and serum, an etiologic diagnosis could be made in 12 of 14 (86%) of subacute and convalescent samples. The sensitivity of this method decreased to 72% (13 of 18) when fluids were obtained earlier in the course of the disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Ocular neovascularization. Experimental animal model and studies on angiogenic factor(s).

We have been investigating experimentally the factors which initiate and perpetuate ocular neovascularization (NV). Our studies can be divided into four categories: production of a primate experimental model of ocular NV, morphological studies, tissue culture studies, and biochemical studies. We have been successful in producing a reliable primate model of ocular NV following retinal vein occlusion (RVO). The morphological and fluorescein angiographic studies have established that the new vessels seen in the animal model represent true NV and not simple dilatation of the pre-existing vessels. The tissue culture studies have shown the presence of vasoproliferative activity in the intraocular fluids in eyes with ocular NV in our animal model. The various biochemical studies conducted so far have provided preliminary results on various aspects, including the protein electrophoretic pattern and lysosomal enzymes in the intraocular fluids from eyes with and without ocular NV and effects of anoxia and of corticosteroids. The results of our various studies are very briefly reviewed and the importance of angiogenesis is discussed.

Angiogenesis Inducing Agents↗

PubMed1998

[5-S-cysteinyldopa as a tumor marker for primary uveal malignant melanoma].

The clinical significance of 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5-S-CD), a major intermediate in melanin synthesis, was evaluated as a potential diagnostic tumor marker for uveal melanoma. Serum concentrations of 5-S-CD in 6 out of 7 patients with uveal melanoma in the absence of extraocular metastases were close to those of controls. In contrast, serum concentrations of 5-S-CD were found to be elevated in 3 patients with systemic metastases of melanoma. In addition, 5-S-CD in intraocular fluids, including both aqueous and vitreous humor, was elevated in patients with uveal melanoma regardless of the presence or absence of systemic metastases. These results suggest that 5-S-CD in the intraocular fluid may serve as a useful biochemical marker for the diagnosis of uveal melanoma.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

In vitro evaluation of intraocular infusion fluids: effects on the lens and cornea.

Glutatione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution (GBR), GBR deficient in adenosine and glutathione, and a newly proposed glucose-phosphate-Ringer solution (GPR) have been found to maintain lens function and corneal endothelial viability with approximately equal efficacy during prolonged periods of incubation. Currently used intraocular irrigating solutions do not perform as well in maintaining the function of borderline decompensated lenses and in sustaining endothelial viability.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Intraocular pressure during hemodialysis].

Hemodialysis, a useful treatment for patients with severely compromised renal function, has also unfavorable side effects. In the ophthalmologic area, a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) during dialysis accompanied by ocular pain has been reported. In our study when measuring IOP, as well as serum osmolality and plasma CO2 pressure every 30 minutes during routine hemodialysis in renal failure patients with a normal aqueous outflow facility, the mean percent changes of IOP to the initial value showed no significant difference at any time, although the changes in serum osmolality decreased significantly. The mean percent changes of plasma CO2 pressure also did not show any significant difference during dialysis. In patients with a poor aqueous outflow facility, the mean percent changes of IOP increased significantly after 90 minutes, with the exception of the change at 180 minutes. The mean percent changes of serum osmolality decreased significantly after starting dialysis. A negative correlation in the mean percent change of IOP with that of serum osmolality was detected. The administration of an intravenous hyperosmotic agent prevented significant changes not only in serum osmolality but also in IOP. Therefore, it is considered that hemodialysis causes a decrease in serum osmolality, resulting in an osmotic gradient between the plasma and the intraocular fluids due to the presence of the blood-ocular barrier. Although the osmotic gradient draws water from the plasma into the eye, if there is no abnormal obstruction in the aqueous outflow pathway, an amount of aqueous humor matching the increase in intraocular fluid goes through the pathway out of the eye to maintain the normal level of IOP. In eyes with an obstructed aqueous outflow pathway, however, this compensatory mechanism of aqueous humor drainage does not work well, and results in an IOP elevation.

Aqueous Humor↗

PubMed1989

[Cyclocryotherapy in chronic glaucoma].

For the last 10 years, cyclocryotherapy has been performed on nearly 700 glaucomatous eyes using practically the same technique. The cyclocryotherapy was standardized: six applications in the lower half of the globe, 4 mm posterior to the limbus as measured from the center of the 2.5 mm diameter cryoprobe. Freezing lasted 60 s; the temperature of the cryoprobe in the air was -65 degrees C and about -55 degrees C during the application. The cryo-induced lesion was found macroscopically, as well as with the microscope, in the pars plana and both epithelial layers were destroyed. The ciliary processes were only slightly affected. Alterations were also seen in the posterior part of Schlemm's canal and in the trabecular meshwork. The trabecular meshwork showed wide intertrabecular spaces. The trabecular lamella were partially interrupted with destroyed cellular elements. Tonographic and fluorophotometric findings showed a transient reduction in the formation of the intraocular fluid in the early postoperative stage. During the same plan there was a considerable breakdown of the blood aqueous barrier. Clinically, one can see a reaction in the anterior chamber with or without fibrinoid exudation. In the late stage, the inflow of the intraocular fluid mostly reached the preoperative level, whereas the outflow improved significantly. Following cyclocryotherapy, a IOP reduction of about 40% was achieved. In 85% of the treated glaucomatous eyes, if was possible to bring the IOP under control. However, in half of these eyes medical therapy was also needed. Cyclocryotherapy represents an alternative to the filtering operation, and it is not necessary to enter the bulb with this procedure.

Ciliary Body↗

PubMed1994

Bioavailability of hydrocortisone acetate from ophthalmic ointments.

The biopharmaceutical studies of 1% hydrocortisone acetate ophthalmic ointments were carried out with isolated pig's eyes and demonstrated that the drug concentration in intraocular fluids depended on: a) ointment base used - the best bioavailability was obtained using white petrolatum with addition of 10% anhydrous lanolin, b) eye fluid examined - concentration of hydrocortisone acetate in aqueous humor was several times higher than in vitreous humor, c) presence of corneal epithelium - in all studied cases abrasion of corneal epithelium was accompanied by well-marked increase of drug concentration in intraocular fluids.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1994

[Hydrodynamics of the rabbit eye after general administration of cytostatics].

The aim of the experimental studies, carried-out on 32 rabbits, was to explain the hypotensive effect of cytostatic drugs. It was found that a statistically significant lowering of the intraocular pressure without any changes in the coefficient of the outflow of intraocular fluid occurred on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th day after administration of cytostatic drugs. On the 2nd and 3rd day, there were also observed a decrease of sodium and an increase of potassium blood concentrations. It ought to be supposed that those changes caused disturbances in Na/K ATP-ase activity with an inhibition of the active transport in the ciliary epithelium and a decrease of the secretion of intraocular fluid in ciliary body.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Accommodative hyperemia of the ciliary body as one of the pathogenetic factors in myopia].

Thermometry of 40 eyes before and after visual work at near with different correction of ametropia and tonography of 20 eyes with progressive myopia and 20 eyes with stationary myopia conducted before and after 15-minute reading load under full correction have revealed that visual work at near is accompanied by working hyperemia of ciliary body (rise of temperature in the anterior segment of the eye ball) and hyperproduction of intraocular fluid. In eyes with stationary myopia, hyperproduction is fully compensated by improvement of aqueous outflow from the eye. In eyes with progressive myopia, ophthalmic hypertension takes place because of insufficient improvement of the outflow facility coefficient. It is likely that working hyperemia of the ciliary body and hyperproduction of intraocular fluid under conditions of visual work at near can be realized as a factor of myopization of the human eye in case of a certain predisposition: in eyes with a not fully formed angle of the anterior chamber or in eyes with anomalous development of the angle.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Biomechanical characteristics of interactions between the drainage and accommodation regulatory systems of the eye in health and in contusion lens subluxation].

Biomechanical aspects of joint functioning of the accommodation system of the eye and the system regulating the discharge of intraocular fluid are considered proceeding from the concept of joint automated regulation. A multifunctional biomechanical model of the eye, created by the authors on the basis of numerous data and permitting them to quantitatively trace the relationships in the functions of the drainage and accommodation intraocular regulatory systems in health and in contusion subdislocation of the lens, is analyzed for various clinical situations. Theoretical and practical prerequisites for the development of novel methods for the diagnosis and treatment of primary open-angle and secondary phacotopic glaucoma are discussed, specifically, regulation of intraocular fluid discharge by purposeful shifting of the range of activity of the accommodation regulatory system. A detailed analysis of mutual functioning of the above ocular systems is practically important for clinical ophthalmology, for it accelerates the development of novel methods of diagnosis and pathogenetically-based therapy of a number of ocular diseases.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1985

Ocular neovascularization. Tissue culture studies.

The proliferative activity of a number of intraocular fluids, bovine retinal extract, and normal serum (from humans and cynomolgus monkeys) was investigated by in vitro tissue culture studies, with the use of tritiated thymidine incorporation by the cultured endothelial cells of human umbilical veins. There was increased tritiated thymidine incorporation by (1) the aqueous, vitreous, and intraocular fluid (IOF) (which filled the eye after lensectomy and vitrectomy) removed from cynomolgus monkey eyes with iris neovascularization or with neovascular glaucoma (NVG) that developed after experimental retinal vein occlusion, (2) by aqueous and vitreous removed from human eyes with NVG or proliferative diabetic retinopathy; (3) by the serum, and (4) by the bovine retinal extract. However, tritiated thymidine incorporation was not increased by the normal aqueous, vitreous, or IOF.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Diagnosis and management of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome.

The acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome is an increasingly occurring entity characterized by the triad of acute confluent peripheral retinitis with papillitis and anterior-chamber uveitis. We present case reports on four patients (age, 12-65 years) with an ARN syndrome caused by herpes simplex or varicella zoster virus and discuss diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Immediate antiviral therapy in three patients exhibiting the typical clinical features reduced the intraocular inflammation. However, due to proliferative vitreoretinopathy with peripheral retinal necrosis, vitrectomy with encircling band and silicone oil instillation was necessary in all patients. The suspected diagnosis of an ARN syndrome induced by herpes simplex virus (HSV) was confirmed in one case during the early stage of the disease by the detection of increased levels of HSV-IgA in the vitreous and in another case by the measurement of increased titers of HSV-IgG in the vitreous. For the first time, we found intraocular HSV DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in one of these patients. In a fourth patient intraocular varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection was confirmed by the detection of elevated VZV-IgA levels and by positive PCR in the intraocular fluids. Two patients who were diagnosed and treated early retained a visual acuity of 0.4 and 0.5, respectively, whereas in the other two patients, whose diagnosis and therapy were delayed (> 6 weeks), visual acuity was reduced to light perception. We conclude that use of the PCR in the intraocular fluids together with detection of autochthonous antibodies in the vitreous seem to be the most important diagnostic laboratory tools.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[Intraocular lymphoma--a clinical study of 14 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].

AIM: To evaluate the course of clinical picture of intraocular lymphoma, possibilities of examination of this disease and the association with general symptoms of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in patients with manifestations of uveitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study in 14 patients followed in the period of 1996-2001 in the Center for Diagnostics and Therapy of Uveitis, Ocular Clinic of General Faculty Hospital and 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague. RESULTS: The group included 7 women and 7 men at the average age of 57.3 years (18-82) with clinical picture of uveitis. The time period from the first symptoms to the diagnosis of NHL was 5-38 months (mean, 14.6 month). In two patients the diagnosis of systemic NHL preceded ocular symptoms, in four other patients the diagnosis of systemic or central nervous system NHL (CNS NHL) was established during ocular manifestations of uveitis. Intraocular lymphoma was the only first manifestation of CNS NHL in six patients for the period of 9-34 months (mean, 15.2). Two patients have been so far affected by primary intraocular lymphoma (PIL) for 8 and 14 months respectively, and presently do not display any signs of systemic or CNS NHL. Clinical signs of intraocular inflammation of both eyes were encountered in 71.4% of patients. Vitritis (85.7%) and tumor infiltration of retina (65.3%) were the most frequent manifestations of NHL. Intraocular NHL was diagnosed on the basis of cytological examination of samples of intraocular fluids in 8 patients (57.1%). In four patients radiotherapy was applied onto 5 eyes and in 5 patients radiotherapy of CNS was used. Nine patients were treated with chemotherapy. 50% of patients died until the end of 2001, the survival from the establishment of diagnosis was 20.6 months on the average. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular lymphoma should be considered as the eye and life-threatening disease. Cytological examination of intraocular fluids in patients with uveitis who do not respond to the therapy with steroids in the usual way may give more precision and shorten the establishment of diagnosis in this masquerade syndrome. Early diagnosis and therapy may improve the prognosis of NHL.

Adolescent↗