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PubMed1997

Immunological properties of cellular and whole-culture leptospiral bacterins.

Two bivalent leptospiral bacterins were compared for safety in guinea pigs and for potency in hamsters. One bacterin (Bacterin A) was prepared from the cellular material of Leptospiral icterohaemorrhagiae and Leptospira canicola cultures propagated in Stuart's modified medium with 7% rabbit serum. The 2nd bacterin (Bacterin B) contained whole leptospiral cultures grown in synthetic medium. Neither bacterin induced adverse local or systemic reactions when injected intraperitoneally (I/P) in guinea pigs. In hamsters, 1/400 and 1/800 of the recommended dose of bacterin B for cattle protected 100% of the vaccinated hamsters against challenge exposure of either virulent leptospiral serotype. A dose representing 1/400 of the recommended dose of bacterin A for cattle protected 80% of vaccinated hamsters against challenge exposure to L. icterohaemorrhagiae and 90% against challenge exposure to L. canicola, whereas the 1/800 dose level protected only 10% of the vaccinated hamsters challenge exposed to virulent culture of L. icterohaemorrhagiae or canicola. The possibility was demonstrated that at least one soluble antigen of strong immunogenic properties is produced in cultures of L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Rodent leptospirosis in Colorado.

A study was conducted to evaluate leptospirosis in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and mice (Mus musculus) in southeastern Larimer County, Colorado. Leptospira serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was isolated from fourteen of 143 feral brown rats, an infection rate of 9.8%. Serological evidence of infection with this stereotype was found in 66.4% of the rats. Serological evidence of L. serotype ballum infection was present in three of 17 muskrats. Leptospires were seen in histological sections of kidney tissue from two of 61 feral mice. No isolations were made from cultures and serology was not done on mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Serologic survey for infectious pathogens in free-ranging American bison.

From November 1991 through March 1992, we evaluated 101 free-ranging American bison (Bison bison) from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA) for exposure to infectious organisms that commonly infect cattle. No titers were detected for bluetongue virus, bovine leukemia virus, or Campylobacter fetus in these 101 bison. Detectable antibodies occurred against Anaplasma marginale (eight of 76, 11%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (31 of 101, 31%), bovine viral diarrhea (31 of 101, 31%), bovine herpesvirus 1 (29 of 76, 38%), Leptospira interrogans icterohaemorrhagiae (four of 101, 4%), L interrogans hardjo (seven of 101, 7%), L interrogans autumnalis (one of 101, 1%), L interrogans bratislava (seven of 101, 7%), L interrogans australis (one of 101, 1%), and parainfluenza 3 virus (27 of 75, 36%). The low antibody titers and the lack of gross lesions are evidence that while previous exposure to infectious organisms may have occurred, none appeared to have active infections.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed2003

Leptospirosis in dogs: a serologic survey and case series 1996 to 2001.

All leptospirosis microscopic agglutination test titers for the Leptospira serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, grippotyphosa, bratislava, hardjo, and pomona conducted on 1,260 blood samples from dogs at the University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between March 1996 and March 2001 were evaluated. Low titers (1:100 to 1:400) were predominantly L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola, which represented the predominant serovars (65.4%) among all positive samples with low titers. L. grippotyphosa was the predominant serovar (72.1%) among samples with clinically significant titers (greater than 1:800). The medical records of 87 dogs with a titer greater than 1:800 that were patients at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Illinois were reviewed. A clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis was made in 15 cases (17.2%) based on the elevated titer, appropriate clinical signs, lack of recent vaccination, and lack of concurrent disease that could explain the clinical signs present. Renal disease was present in 10 of the cases, concurrent renal and hepatic disease in two, and hepatic disease in three. In 12 cases, the predominant serovar was L. grippotyphosa; titers to L. grippotyphosa and L. bratislava were equal in magnitude in three cases.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Leptospirosis in dogs: a serologic survey and case series 1996 to 2001.

All leptospirosis microscopic agglutination test titers for the Leptospira serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, grippotyphosa, bratislava, hardjo, and pomona conducted on 1,260 blood samples from dogs at the University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between March 1996 and March 2001 were evaluated. Low titers (1:100 to 1:400) were predominantly L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola, which represented the predominant serovars (65.4%) among all positive samples with low titers. L. grippotyphosa was the predominant serovar (72.1%) among samples with clinically significant titers (greater than 1:800). The medical records of 87 dogs with a titer greater than 1:800 that were patients at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Illinois were reviewed. A clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis was made in 15 cases (17.2%) based on the elevated titer, appropriate clinical signs, lack of recent vaccination, and lack of concurrent disease that could explain the clinical signs present. Renal disease was present in 10 of the cases, concurrent renal and hepatic disease in two, and hepatic disease in three. In 12 cases, the predominant serovar was L. grippotyphosa; titers to L. grippotyphosa and L. bratislava were equal in magnitude in three cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the first Cuban vaccine against human leptospirosis].

A controlled double-blind trial was conducted with the participation of 80 adult volunteers of both sexes, who were randomly divided into groups of 40 individuals each one. The case-base study received the vaccine and the control group was administered placebo to know the safety, the behaviour of reactogenicity, and to star the immunogenicity studies of the first Cuban vaccine against human leptospirosis. The vaccine used in the case-base study was an inactivated and trivalent vaccine containing strains of Leptospira canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona, since they have the highest circulation in the country. The results obtained showed the inocuity of the vaccine as no adverse severe reactions were detected. The general symptomatology observed was low, where as febricula was the most common general symptom. It appeared during the first 3 days of observation and there were no significant differences between the 2 group. Only a mild pain at the site of the injection was reported as a local symptom, which was more frequent in the vaccinated group than in the control group (7.8 against 1.5%, respectively). The seroconversion obtained was of 29% by microagglutination, and of 34.2% by ELISA. The final results allowed to conclude that this vaccine is safe for human adults at the ages under study, and give the possibility to continue other studies in more advanced stages to complete the requirements for obtaining its license.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Respiratory distress due to pulmonary hemorrhage in leptospirosis].

Two patients who lived in Buenos Aires suburbs died from leptospirosis in July 2000 and March 2001. They developed a nonspecific febrile illness followed by hemorrhagic pneumonia and respiratory distress in absence of typical manifestations such as jaundice, nephropathy, thrombocitopenia or hemorrhages in other organs. In the house and surroundings of one patient rodents were captured and three strains of leptospira, serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae were isolated. Laboratory guinea pigs were inoculated and they were sacrificed as soon as respiratory symptoms appeared. Necropsy showed primary lung injury, which was similar to the histopathological lesions found in one of the patients. Neither jaundice, nor renal damage was found. Pericardiac hemorrhages were considered as a possible cause of cardiopulmonary collapse. This clinical form has not been reported previously in this region, where conditions are indeed suitable for the human illness to appear.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Leptospirosis in Israel: a report of 14 cases caused by icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (1968-82).

Fourteen cases of leptospirosis due to the Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae (Weil's disease) were serologically confirmed in the last 15 years. In two cases, Icterohaemorrhagiae was also isolated from the patients' blood. Both positive cultures were obtained in Korthof's medium by indirect passage through brain-heart infusion medium. One of the isolates was identified as serovar budapest, which has never been reported in Israel. In most of the cases, paradoxical cross-reactions with serovars of the Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and Canicola serogroups were observed in the early stages of the illness. In all cases, we suspected that the source of the infection was serovars of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup shed in the urine of Rattus norvegicus rats. Thirteen of the affected persons were working and living in the Tel Aviv area, all in places not known to be Icterohaemorrhagiae endemic before 1968. One patient was working and living in the Hadera region. All patients were jaundiced, and one died. The illness was usually accompanied by pronounced and long-lasting elevation of blood bilirubin and urea levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidemiological and epizootiological characteristics of leptospirosis in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)].

Among zoonotic infections with natural foci in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), leptospiroses have assumed greater importance. Their morbidity is sporadic, mainly afflicting rural adults. The serogroups pomona, grippotyphosa, and icterohaemorrhagiae are prevalent in the etiological structure of leptospiras. An epizootiological survey has revealed natural and anthropurgic leptospirosis foci which present a hazard primarily to rural inhabitants who deal with animal husbandry, fur-bearer breeding, hunting, and fishing. The vole (Microtis) and root vole (Microtis oeconomus) serve as the major reservoir and source of leptospiroses in the natural foci, while cattle and caged Arctic foxes do in the anthropurgic ones. High sizes of house and grey mice which are carriers of the Leptospira javanica and icterohaemorrhagiae, have been recorded in the residential and domestic constructions of localities. A complex of antileprospirotic measures that limits the influence of the leading factors of infection transmission and the risk of human infection is substantiated.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Neospora caninum and Leptospira serovar serostatus in dairy cattle in Ontario.

No significant association existed between Neospora caninum titer and serostatus to Leptospira serovar hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, or pomona in cattle on 78 dairy herds in Ontario. Leptospira titer increased with parity. Amongst herds not vaccinated against Leptospira, the proportions of herds with > or = 1 animal seropositive to serovar hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, or pomona were 45%, 42%, and 58%, respectively.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of antibodies to leptospirosis in experimentally infected dogs using the microcapsule agglutination test.

Six puppies were infected with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and another five animals with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, respectively. Antibodies were examined at 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 days after infection, using the microcapsule agglutination test (MCAT) and the conventional microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Compared with the MAT, the MCAT detected early specific IgM antibody with high sensitivity. The MCAT titres reached a peak at the 7th day after infection and declined gradually after the 11th day, while the MAT titres increased up to the 14th day.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2005

Prevention of renal infection and urinary shedding in dogs by a Leptospira vaccination.

Prevention of urinary shedding of Leptospira interrogans spp. by chronically infected dogs remains a key objective of the vaccination in dogs against leptospirosis which is a zoonotic disease. An inactivated bivalent vaccine composed of Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae [L. icterohaemorrhagiae] and canicola [L. canicola] bacterins was tested for its ability to protect puppies against a challenge exposure with L. icterohaemorrhagiae. The vaccine was administered twice at a 3-week interval to six puppies aged from 8 to 9 weeks. Six other puppies were used as unvaccinated controls. All puppies were challenged 2 weeks after the second vaccine injection by intraperitoneal (IP) administration of L. icterohaemorrhagiae (day 0). Clinical signs, haematological and biochemical changes and evidence of Leptospira in blood, urine and kidney were monitored for 4 weeks after the challenge exposure (days 0-28). Puppies were euthanised on day 28 for post-mortem and histological examinations of liver and kidney. Control group presented clinical pictures of severe or subclinical infection. One dog developed severe clinical signs (hypothermia, depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, dehydration, icterus, weight loss) and died on post-infection day (PID) 7 due to an acute renal failure. Gross and microscopic lesions were in accordance with this clinical pattern. In the five remaining control dogs, the challenge exposure induced mainly a systemic infection including leptospiraemia, leptospiruria and renal carriage. The vaccinated group remained healthy throughout the study period. In conclusion, immunisation with a Leptospira vaccine was shown to protect dogs against symptomatology and leptospiraemia, urine shedding and renal infection.

Animals↗