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PubMed1978

The induction of salivary antibodies by topical sensitization with particulate and soluble bacterial immunogens.

This investigation attempted to characterize systematically the secretory and serum immune responses following oral administration of soluble and particulate bacterial immunogens. Following oral sensitization of axenic mice with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, Candidin, or streptococcal group H antigen, a substantially longer latent period was observed before all salivary samples exhibited specific agglutinins when compared to a similar immunization regimen with intact nonviable micro-organisms. Also, the peak titres of salivary agglutinins were significantly lower when the soluble antigenic counterparts of particulate E. coli or Candida albicans were utilized as immunogens. Examination of serum antibodies showed that following administration of E. coli LPS, similar titres of exocrine and serum agglutinins were noted. The serum titres were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than those elicited by oral immunization with particulate E. coli. After termination of the topical immunization regimen, salivary agglutinins were found to decline rapidly whether immunization was via soluble or particulate antigens; however, immunization with particulate bacterial antigens appeared capable of stimulating and maintaining a higher rate of local antibody secretion than similar sensitization with soluble immunogen preparations.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Care of the burn wound.

The initial therapy of thermal injuries is directed at removal of loose debris and necrotic epidermis, alleviation of pain, and prevention of infection. Following initial wound debridement, bacterial growth in the wound itself is controlled primarily through the use of tropical antibiotic agents and daily hydrotherapy to clean the wounds and remove any loose eschar. Effectiveness of topical therapy is monitored by quantitative burn wound biopsy cultures; growth of greater than 10(4) micro-organisms per gram of tissue indicates invasive burn wound sepsis. Such bacterial invasion may be further controlled through the adjunctive use of antibiotics administered into the sub-eschar space. Once eschar separation has exposed healthy granulation tissue, the burn wound must be covered with suitable biologic dressings prior to autografting. All open wounds may then be autografted with sheet grafts to the face, neck, and areas exposed to trauma or by expansion mesh grafts to cover large areas from limited donor sites. Upon completion of autografting, a vigorous physical therapy program is necessary to rehabilitate victims of massive thermal injury to a functional existence.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1978

The early cellular response to M. leprae. An ultrastructural study.

The ultrastructural changes that develop in mouse peritoneal macrophages from 10 minutes up to 14 weeks after exposure to Mycobacterium leprae are presented. Phagocytosis occurred by a process of engulfment by cytoplasmic processes and incorporation into a phagosome, into which lysosomal enzymes were subsequently introduced. Electron transparent zones (E.T.Z.) were not observed around phagocytosed bacilli in this study, however discrete droplets of lipid-like material appeared in the cytoplasm of macrophages, between 2 and 4 weeks after ingestion of the micro-organisms. Phagosomes with double limiting membranes were observed in macrophages harvested as early as 40 minutes after exposure to M. leprae, contrary to the observations of Evans and Levy (1972).

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Investigations into the incidence of the various causative agents of mastitis in cattle. Studies done in the ambulatory clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht].

The clinical and bacteriological findings in every head of cattle treated for clinical mastitis in the Ambulatory Clinic of the Veterinary Faculty of Utrecht University were recorded over a period of twelve months. Cattle affected with mastitis were classified into a number of groups, a classification based on the clinical symptoms shown by the animals. In each of these groups the incidence of the various causative agents of mastitis was determined. Another subject of study was the distribution of the causative agents over the various groups. The high proportion (34 percent) of coliform micro-organisms, isolated from animals affected with acute mastitis and showing symptoms of generalized disease was a striking feature.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1978

Macrophage secretion and the complement cleavage product C3a in the pathogenesis of infections by mycoplasmas and L-forms of bacteria and in immunity to these organisms.

Mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture exposed to Mycoplasma pulmonis show marked biochemical changes. This micro-organism induces the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages. The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death. Secretory products of macrophages may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory responses elicited by mycoplasma infections. One of the products of activated macrophages is the complement cleavage product C3a. Purified C3a was incubated with M. hominis, M. pulmonis, Proteus mirabilis and an L-phase variant of this organism. All mycoplasmas and the L-phase variant were lysed by low concentrations of C3a, whereas the bacterial form of Pr. mirabilis was resistant.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Development of anaesthetic technique for endolaryngeal surgery 1960--1976 (author's transl)].

In 1960 direct laryngoscopy in combination with general anaesthesia with relaxation and intermittent positive negative pressure ventilation via a smallbore blocker tube was introduced. When, in 1965, microlaryngoscopy was developed it was exclusively performed with this technique. Since 1960, 44, 464 ear, nose or throat operations were carried out. 3,305 (7.4%) were endolaryngeal operations. 943 of them were performed in surface analgesia. 2,363 microlaryngoscopic operations were done under general anaesthesia. 22.5 per cent of the patients were women and 77.5 per cent were men. Their age varied between 6 weeks and 86 years. 2.4 per cent were children under 6 years of age and 33 per cent were aged over 60 years. The main advantages of this method over "open laryngeal surgery" are: 1. it provides a large measure of safety for the patient since even old and obese persons with a rigid rib cage can be adequately ventilated; the cuff prevents aspiration; there is no danger of the patient waking up during relaxation since he is being kept ventilated with a mixture of nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane. Ventilation via the blocker tube begins immediately after intubation and not, as in open jet ventilation, after insertion of the laryngoscope. 2. The surgeon and his team are not exposed to the risk of infection since, in contrast to the "open larynx" methods, the closed system effectively prevents the escape of pathogenic micro-organisms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Standardised antibiotic therapy in major lung surgery (author's transl)].

Sputum and bronchial biopsies and smears were obtained from 221 patients who had undergone partial pneumonectomy without preceding antibiotic therapy. The results of 343 sputum examinations and of 126 bacteriological examinations of biopsies and smears were evaluated. Pathogenic bacteria were demonstrated in about 50% of the sputa and in about 25% of the biopsies and swabs. Anaerobic micro-organisms were extremely rare. Treatment was with tetracycline. Before antibiotic therapy Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococci and E. coli predominated, afterwards there were practically only staphylococci and Esch. coli. The incidence of primary resistance to the usual antibiotics was high, especially in respect of gram-negative organisms. The difference in incidence between primary and secondary resistance was one of degree. The least effective agents were ampicillin and amoxicillin, the most active were the aminoglycosides. Erycin proved satisfactory in infections with grampositive organisms while the cephalosporins were active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The development of resistance and the clinical picture suggest that "eradication" of the infection during the postoperative stage is not advisable as it causes the selection of more or less drug-resistant organisms. A more satisfactory approach is gradually to reduce the infection until the immediate postoperative stage is over. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of the sputum is important, as the choice of the appropriate antibiotic is determined by the result of gram-staining.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1979

[Retinal detachment surgery: Incidence and causes of silicone sponge implant rejection].

In 51 patients with retinal detachments silicone sponge implants have been applicated. In 9 of these cases (17,6%) the implants had to be removed 3 weeks to 16 months postoperatively because of inflammatory reactions. The influence of these complications on the healing of the retinal detachment is considered as relatively unimportant. In light- and electron-microscopic examinations we could establish that the reactions are mainly caused by infections (which primarily spread within the caves of the sponge implants). Chronic infections caused by so-called apathogenic bacteria are more frequent than acute infections by so-called pathogenic micro-organisms. A foreign body reaction could be proved only in one case, in which the sponge was loosened and displaced. Defence reactions against the foreign body material probably develop only if mechanical irritation of the tissue is caused by the sponge material.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers III. communication: laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction kinetics of Escherichia coli in cooling tower plumes (author's transl)].

The present paper reports on laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction rate of micro-organisms. The investigations were carried out with a pure culture of E. coli, a germ type from the enterobacterial group. By a suitable variation of the thermodynamic parameters it was possible to simulate the conditions through which the cooling tower plume passes inside the chimney of the cooling tower and when it mixes with ambient air. The results allow the following changes in the germ counts in the plume of a wet cooling tower to be expected: 1. As long as the cooling tower plume contains droplets, the capacity of the carried germs to form colonies does not change materially. 2. In the case of unsaturated plumes we must distinguish between two situations: a) The tests in which the germ suspension was sprayed into unsaturated air without any admixture of secondary air, did not demonstrate any dependence of the reduction rate on the relative humidity. b) In contrast to this, the tests in which the germ-carrying droplets were evaporated by admixing a stream of unsaturated secondary air, showed that the capacity to form colonies clearly decreased with diminishing relative air humidity. Case b) is of importance for the dissemination and immission of germs from cooling towers, because here, too, the visible plume initially laden with drops is dried by the admixture of unsaturated ambient air.

Escherichia coli↗

PubMed1977

Anti-microbial treatment for hospital carpets.

Seven commercial bactericides, three hospital disinfectants and one carpet finish were examined for their ability to show diffusible bactericidal activity in agar, their ability to prevent the multiplication of a known number of micro-organisms applied to the treated carpet and the occurrence or otherwise of odours after contamination of the carpet samples with food and secretions. None of the carpet bactericides tested showed any diffusible bactericidal activity, but some had a certain degree of effectiveness in suppressing odours.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1977

Antibacterial and anthelminthic properties of visnaginone and khellinone derivatives.

The compounds tested, derivatives of visnaginone and khellinone, showed antibacterial activity on gram negative and gram positive micro-organisms. Some of the compounds possess an antibacterial activity on some pathogenic bacteria, i.e. Brucella abortus, for which there is no remedy as yet. All the chalcones tested were inactive except Ib, which showed antiparasitic broad spectrum.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Immunological defence mechanisms and inflammation (author's transl)].

The interaction of immunological defence mechanisms and inflammation is reviewed. To begin with, those cells are discussed, which play a role in the immunological response, viz. the cells by which antigen is recognized (macrophages, B and T lymphocytes) and the effector cells (macrophages, plasma cells and sensitized T cells) and their products. Then, the cells involved in an inflammatory response (neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes, mast cells) are discussed, attention also being paid to their products and functions. The fact is stressed that, initially, there is an inflammatory response, resulting in the formation of antigen-antibody complexes or interaction of antigens and lymphokines of sensitized T cells, inflammatory cells being subsequently attracted. Finally, a few instances are cited in support of the theory that both immunological defence mechanisms and the inflammatory response are important factors in the defences of the host against invading micro-organisms, parasites and tumour cells.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1979

[Cerebrospinal fistula tight closure of dural defects using surgical adhesives. A comparative experimental study (author's transl)].

In 3 cats artificial bony and dural defects of the posterior frontal sinus walls facing the frontal brain were closed with the help of a physiologic fibrin-based adhesive system (FAS) and a synthetic tissue adhesive (N-butylcyanoacrylate) in an attempt at comparing the relative merits and demerits of the 2 techniques. The bony and dural defects were partially covered with fascial tissue. Subsequently, the defects were sealed with adhesive using cyanoacrylate for the left frontal sinus and FAS for the right one. Unless healing was complicated by wound infection, fibrous tissue was found to have bridged the defects on either side 14 days after surgery, ensuring cerebrospinal fistula tight closure. Wound infection occurred in 2 cases involving the frontal sinuses closed with FAS. Micro-organisms had apparently been introduced from the respiratory tract and, in one case, spread to the contralateral frontal sinus treated with cyanoacrylate. Thus, the risk of infection associated with FAS appears to be higher than that of conventional techniques. Germ growth was found to be inhibited in vitro by adding an antibiotic to the FAS. For this reason, we would recommend the admixture of an antibiotic to the FAS whenever the adhesive is used in surgical fields which are exposed to infection. Further sutdies are needed to find the best suited antibiotic, its optimum dosage and mode of applications.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Problem of "biological compatibility" of crew members during prolonged space flight and possible directions for its solution].

The concept of biological compatibility of men can be defined as a phenomenon which includes an effect (that might be favorable or unfavorable) of one individuum on the other via trace amounts of chemicals released into their environment and micro-organisms. The paper presents the main results of studies of biological compatibility of crewmembers of space vehicles and outlines possible directions of research to be carried out in this area.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1979

[Soil as a reservoir of opportunistic mycostic agents].

We studied the soil as a reservoir of vegetable detritus, keratinous materials of birds, terrestrial animals and micro-organisms. In the last group we can mention the bacteria and fungi. We classified the opportunistic fungi in three groups: (1) parasites of plants or growing on the vegetable detritus; (2) geophylic dermatophytes; (3) pathogenic fungi that in some cases behave like opportunistic ones. In each group we studied the opportunistic fungi of the soil, their relations with it chemical and physical composition, the mycoflora and the role of animal habitats.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1976

Mycoplasma in tissue culture: overview of detection methods.

Mycoplasma contamination of tissue cultures is too costly, scientifically damaging and inappropriate, and perhaps, even medically hazardous to be ignored. Prevention by continuous surveillance demands adequate mycoplasma testing procedures. Despite a proliferation of indirect methods, the present consensus indicates that careful and extensive microbiological testing is still the cornerstone of any mycoplasma detection program. The finding of 'non-cultivable' or possible tissue-adapted micro-organisms plus the variability in microbiological expertise of many laboratories, makes the selection of at least one additional method imperative. At the present, though no one test will prove 100% satisfactory and selection should partly depend on available expertise, the method based on the ratio of the specific activities of incorporated radio-labelled uridine to uracil into RNA appears to be an acceptable choice due to its simplicity and general validity.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1977

Microbial secondary metabolites with potential use in cancer treatment. (Plasmid involvement in biosynthesis and compounds.

Antibiotics and small molecular enzyme inhibitors produced by micro-organisms are microbial secondary metabolites which have no obvious function in the growth of microorganisms. Involvement of plasmids in their biosyntheses has been studied and the structure of the microbial world where various compounds with widely varying structures have been found has been shown to be due to the presence of a great variety of plasmids. On the basis of this structure of microbial world, the author has found the microbial products which have various activities useful in treatment of cancer or in suppression of carcinogenesis. In this paper, the author reviewed his following studies: the plasmid involvement in biosyntheses of bioactive microbial secondary metabolites; the mechanism of therapeutic effect of bleomycin, and the development of useful analogs and derivatives of bleomycin and anthracyclic antibiotics; the screening method to find compounds affecting immune system, and the action of bestatin in enhancing delayed-type hypersensitivity and therapeutic effects of anticancer agents; enzyme inhibitors with potential utility in treatment or prevention of cancer.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1979

[Immunotherapy of malignant growths (author's transl)].

Our knowledge of antigens which are associated with different types of malignant tumours is steadily increasing. These antigens exist in considerable numbers, but, so far with few exceptions, only their presence can be demonstrated by certain methods; to isolate and identify them has not yet been possible. These antigens are, therefore, suitable not so much for the primary diagnosis, but rather, like the carcinoembryonic antigen, the tissue-polypeptide antigen or the alpha-feto-protein, for assessing the success of treatment. Active immunization has recently received a fresh impulse by the use of the enzyme neuraminidase, derived from Vibrio cholerae, in the treatment of tumour cells. There is no passive specific immunotherapy in human cancer. As to specific active immunotherapy BCG, Corynebacterium parvum and preparations of these and other micro-organisms together with polynucleotides, levamisol, statolon, tilorone have been employed. Although the results are not uniform they are promising. Attempts at cellular transfer of immunity are not very encouraging. It should be emphasized that the findings apply to human cancer. Experimental studies have produced very interesting results.

Animals↗