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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Militarism and mortality. An international analysis of arms spending and infant death rates.

Examination of data from 141 countries showed that infant mortality rates for 1979 were positively correlated with the proportion of gross national product devoted to military spending (r = 0.23, p less than 0.01) and negatively correlated with indicators of economic development, health resources, and social spending. In a multivariate analysis controlling for per caput gross national product, arms spending remained a significant positive predictor of infant mortality rate (p less than 0.0001), while the proportion of the population with access to clean water, the number of teachers per head, and caloric consumption per head were negative predictors. The multivariate model accounted for much of the observed variance in infant mortality rate (R2 = 0.78, p less than 0.0001), and showed good fit to similar data for the year 1972 (R2 = 0.80, p less than 0.0001). The model was also predictive of infant mortality rates in subgroup analysis of underdeveloped, middle developed, and developed nations. Analysis of time trends confirmed that an increase in military spending presages a poor record of improvement in infant mortality rate. These findings support the hypothesis that arms spending is causally related to infant mortality.

Capital Expenditures↗
PubMed1989

Ciguatera in the Pacific: a link with military activities.

Ciguatera fish poisoning is widespread in the Pacific. Outbreaks and the rise in incidence of the disease are related largely to military activities that disturb coral reef ecology. Nuclear test explosions and the setting up of the infrastructure for these tests are major components of such military activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The use of Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 43560 in the development of a two-phase partitioning bioreactor for the destruction of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-s-triazine (RDX).

Research on the biodegradation of explosives has focussed exclusively on the treatment of contaminated soil and water. In the present work the anaerobic degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-s-triazine (RDX) by Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 43560 was investigated, and a two-phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) was developed for the destruction of pure, past-date munitions. TPPBs are characterized by a cell-containing aqueous phase, and an immiscible and biocompatible organic phase into which very large amounts of toxic and/or insoluble substrates can be dissolved. Based on equilibrium partitioning, the substrate is then transported to the cells, in response to their metabolic requirements, providing a means of demand-based substrate delivery, and high bioreactor productivity. Through consideration of the critical logP of E. cloacae, whether various classes of solvents could be used as sole carbon and energy sources, the capacity of various organics to dissolve RDX, and solvent cost, 2-undecanone was ultimately selected as the delivery solvent for the TPPB. Using this solvent, both batch and fed-batch operation of the TPPB were undertaken, and the volumetric degradation rate of RDX was found to be higher in this arrangement than any previous values reported in the literature. This work has demonstrated the potential of a method for the destruction of decommissioned munitions involving the dissolution of RDX in 2-undecanone, the use of the RDX-rich solvent as the second phase in a TPPB to degrade this explosive, and the subsequent recycling and re-use of the solvent.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1997

Cardiac disease construction on the borderland.

The diagnosis of possible heart disease in the well patient has undergone remarkable shifts over the past century. The traditional medical view places strong emphasis on the contribution of technological data to the diagnosis of disease. In the case of serious heart disease, cardiac diagnostic technologies can play a defining role but, more often in the clinical context, patients are assessed for heart disease which is minor. The question is whether disease is present at all. In this borderland between health and disease, the interpretation of technological data is inherently uncertain. The diagnosis then depends more heavily on the social utility of particular disease categories. Shifts in diagnostic categorisation are not therefore attributable solely to more extensive forms of cardiac imaging but are socially constructed in an interactive context which involves the technology, the medical profession and the wider social structures which exist at the time of diagnosis. Claims of technological certainty create a social space within which the medical profession generates disease categories. These shifting disease categories may serve the needs of patients but may also be influenced by those of other players.

Cardiology↗
PubMed1997

Toxicology of blast overpressure.

Blast overpressure (BOP) or high energy impulse noise, is the sharp instantaneous rise in ambient atmospheric pressure resulting from explosive detonation or firing of weapons. Blasts that were once confined to military and to a lesser extent, occupational settings, are becoming more universal as the civilian population is now increasingly at risk of exposure to BOP from terrorist bombings that are occurring worldwide with greater frequency. Exposure to incident BOP waves can cause auditory and non-auditory damage. The primary targets for BOP damage are the hollow organs, ear, lung and gastrointestinal tract. In addition, solid organs such as heart, spleen and brain can also be injured upon exposure. However, the lung is more sensitive to damage and its injury can lead to death. The pathophysiological responses, and mortality have been extensively studied, but little attention, was given to the biochemical manifestations, and molecular mechanism(s) of injury. The injury from BOP has been, generally, attributed to its external physical impact on the body causing internal mechanical damage. However, a new hypothesis has been proposed based on experiments conducted in the Department of Respiratory Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, and later in the Department of Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh. This hypothesis suggests that subtle biochemical changes namely, free radical-mediated oxidative stress occur and contribute to BOP-induced injury. Understanding the etiology of these changes may shed new light on the molecular mechanism(s) of injury, and can potentially offer new strategies for treatment. In this symposium. BOP research involving auditory, non-auditory, physiological, pathological, behavioral, and biochemical manifestations as well as predictive modeling and current treatment modalities of BOP-induced injury are discussed.

Air Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of the forensic scientist at pseudo-military incidents.

Most forensic scientists called to a scene are briefed by a police officer and requested to carry out a specific function. The investigation of terrorist incidents in Northern Ireland provided a major challenge for scientists, involving large numbers of participants and several separate scenes. In two such cases, the areas initially sealed off were confined to the obvious focus of interest, the bodies and the damaged building, but the scenes expanded to other areas, including firing points and escape routes, house take-overs, hostage situations, and abandoned vehicles thought to have been used in the incidents. Because of security factors, all these scenes had to be examined quickly to preserve any evidence yet carefully to avoid contamination and to ensure the safety of all the personnel involved.

Firearms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Model describing the effect of employment of the United States military in a complex emergency.

The end of the Cold War vastly altered the worldwide political landscape. With the loss of a main competitor, the United States (US) military has had to adapt its strategic, operational, and tactical doctrines to an ever-increasing variety of non-traditional missions, including humanitarian operations. Complex emergencies (CEs) are defined in this paper from a political and military perspective, various factors that contribute to their development are described, and issues resulting from the employment of US military forces are discussed. A model was developed to illustrate the course of a humanitarian emergency and the potential impact of a military response. The US intervention in Haiti, Northern Iraq, Kosovo, Somalia, Bosnia, and Rwanda serve as examples. A CE develops when there is civil conflict, loss of national governmental authority, a mass population movement, and massive economic failure, each leading to a general decline in food security. The military can alleviate a CE in four ways: (1) provide security for relief efforts; (2) enforce negotiated settlements; (3) provide security for non-combatants; and/or (4) employ logistical capabilities. The model incorporates Norton and Miskel's taxonomy of identifying failing states and helps illustrate the factors that lead to a CE. The model can be used to determine if and when military intervention will have the greatest impact. The model demonstrates that early military intervention and mission assignment within the core competencies of the forces can reverse the course of a CE. Further study will be needed to verify the model.

Altruism↗
PubMed2002

Quantitative NMR spectroscopy using coaxial inserts containing a reference standard: purity determinations for military nerve agents.

A novel 31P NMR method for the determination of purity for the military nerve agents sarin, soman, and VX has been developed. In contrast to more conventional quantitative NMR methods, stem coaxial inserts are placed into the sample tube to introduce reference material into the analysis without mixing or reaction with the analyte. All sample preparation is eliminated, and the analysis is completed expeditiously in less than 25 min. The method is highly specific and rugged with respect to operator-induced variability, experimental parameters, and all influences from nuclear magnetic relaxation. Nerve agent purity can be determined with a precision and accuracy typically better than 1%, and impurities can be detected at concentrations as low as 25 microg/mL. The limit of quantitation has been estimated at 85 microg/mL. In terms of precision, accuracy and execution time, the method rivals typical chromatographic methods.

Chemical Warfare Agents↗