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PubMed2006

Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European Countries.

Variations in the essential oil composition of Achillea millefolium L. growing in Estonia and in other European countries, were determined. The oils were obtained in yields of 0.9-9.5 mL kg-1. A total of 102 components were identified. The quantitatively most important components of yarrow were sabinene, beta-pinene, 1,8-cineole, artemisia ketone, linalool, alpha-thujone, beta-thujone, camphor, borneol, fenchyl acetate, bornyl acetate, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, germacrene D, caryophyllene oxide, beta-bisabolol, delta-cadinol, chamazulene etc. Samples from Estonia contained high amounts of monoterpenes and chamazulene. High amounts of monoterpenes and chamazulene were also found in samples from Hungary, Greek, Moldavia, Latvia, Lithuania and Germany. The oils from France, Belgium, Russia, Armenia, Spain and Italy were rich in oxygenated monoterpenes and contained a little amount of chamazulene. The drugs from Greece, Estonia, Moldavia and Scotland were rich in sesquiterpenes. The Millefolii herba grown in Estonia conforms to the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) standards in the aspect of the essential oil contents.

Achillea↗

PubMed1996

Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis D viruses indicating a new genotype I subgroup among African isolates.

Genetic analysis was performed on 13 hepatitis D virus (HDV) isolates from Ethiopia, Somalia, Jordan, Kuwait, Bulgaria, Moldavia, and Sweden. The complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization are described for the first time for two African HDV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed all the African isolates to be intrarelated and to form a novel group within HDV genotype I; the suggested designation for this group is IC. The genetic distance to previously described type I isolates was about 0.15. The HDV genotype I isolates (total of 22 examined) phylogenetically formed three clusters, each of them corresponding to certain geographic regions; the "western" group consisted of six HDV isolates from western Europe and the United States plus one from Kuwait; the "eastern" group consisted of two isolates from Moldavia and one each from Bulgaria, Nauru, mainland China, and Taiwan; and the "African-Middle East" group consisted of six HDV isolates from Ethiopia and one from Somalia, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Pulmonary mucormycosis in a diabetic patient.

We present the case of a 54 year-old male from Moldavia with diabetes mellitus (type II diabetic), admitted to hospital in January 1999, with ketoacidosis and consolidation of the lower left lobe. The diagnosis of mucormycosis was confirmed by identification of large, nonseptate hyphae of the order Mucorales. A strain of Rhizopus oryzae (Rhizopus arrhizus) was isolated from culture on sabouraud medium. The patient was treated by systemic amphotericin B, associated with surgical debridement (lobectomy). The treatment with amphotericin B was stopped after ten days and the patient was completely asymptomatic and returned to Moldavia. Mucormycoses are rare, and tend to be encountered in individuals with predisposing factors such as malignant blood disorders (immunocompromised patients) or diabetes mellitus. Prognosis is poor, resembling infection with Aspergillus, despite aggressive treatment as in the present case. The gravity of the condition can be accounted for by the thrombotic and necrosing nature of the fungal invasion of lung vessels.

Diabetes Complications↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathology of dermatoglyphics in ocular diseases].

The paper studies dermatoglyphics, viewed from a pathological perspective, on a group of 200 blind subjects or suffering from other grave congenital ocular affections, many of them hereditary, living in the province of Moldavia, from which 400 finger prints and palms have been collected. The observation to be made in that the advanced degree of sight's affection, up to the total loss, is correlated with an ample and strong pathological charge of the digital and palmar dermatoglyphic image of the subjects affected, suggestively expressed at the sample's level by a higher incidence of the distortions with serious medical implications, quite close to that recorded at deaf-mutes, mental handicapped people, in the grave congenital cardio-vascular affections, or at parents with malformed children from Moldavia. From the multitude of dermatoglyphic distortions put into evidence, the author considers that it is only one that might be specific to the serious congenital grave ocular affections, that is a certain disposal of the epidermal ridges, as a dense or very dense network at the level of the Th/I, in a ratio of 80% with women and 38% with men. The very high frequency of this distortion for females subjects might assume that the gene responsible for such a pathological configuration is placed on chromosome X.

Dermatoglyphics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Morbidity from various causes in rural children in the Republic of Moldova].

Child morbidity in the rural areas of the Republic of Moldavia was evaluated based on the data of attendances for medical care and complex medical examinations performed in 7,434 children aged between 0 and 14 years from five districts of the Republic. The age-group, sex and disease-groups distribution of morbidity are presented. These data were compared with the results obtained in other areas of the former Soviet Union. Measures for lowering the morbidity in the rural children of the Republic of Moldavia are suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Determination of urinary iodine as a marker of iodine deficiency].

PURPOSE: Determination of ioduria in order to establish the actual degree of iodine deficiency in school-age children from 4 counties in Moldavia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urinary iodine was determined in 927 school-children aged 7-14 years from 4 counties: Suceava, Iaşi, Neamţ and Botoşani. The determination was made by cerium-arsenate method and by a semi-quantitative method. RESULTS: The median value of ioduria was 3 micrograms/dL in Suceava, 8.8 micrograms/dL in Iaşi, 7.1 micrograms/dL in Botoşani. In Roman-Neamţ 93.75% of all samples had a value of ioduria below 10 micrograms/dL. From this point of view, Suceava and Roman are with moderate iodine deficiency; Iaşi and Botoşani are with mild iodine deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the existence of a program of iodine prophylaxis, there are still many regions in Moldavia with iodine deficiency, so it is important to have more measures of sanitary education and prophylaxis in these regions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Marital status behaviour of women in the former Soviet Republics.

This paper uses the most recent data and life table analysis to describe the marital behavior of women in the republics of the former USSR. For the first time a multistate life table analysis was used to describe the marital careers of women from all the 15 republics. In the near future, such a comparative analysis will no longer be possible due to the unavailability of statistical data, especially in some of the Asian states. The analysis shows that despite 70 years of influence by Soviet ideology and lifestyle, the institution of marriage was little subject to rapid change, and retained its traditions for each culture and its ethnic features. Marriage was a universal institution in the former USSR. The majority of the women in all of the former republics entered marriage at least once. The mean age at first marriage varies from 20.5 in Moldavia to 22.8 in Azerbaijan. The proportion of marriages that end in divorce differs from 16% in Georgia to 41% in Latvia. On average more than 30% of divorced women remarry in Latvia and Ukraine and less than 5% in Georgia.

Demography↗

PubMed2006

Suicide mortality of Eastern European regions before and after the Communist period.

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of Eastern European suicide mortality both before and at the end of the Communist period, as well as the changes that occurred during this period. Regional data on suicide mortality were collected from Czarist "European Russia" in 1910 and from the corresponding area in 1989. The distribution of suicide mortality was mapped at both points in time. Regional continuity over time was further studied with the help of geographical units specially constructed for this purpose. In 1910, suicide mortality was found to be high in the northern Baltic provinces, in the urban parts of north and central Russia, the more urbanized parts of northern and western Poland, in east Ukraine, and in the northern Caucasus, while suicide rates were generally low in south Russia, Dagestan, and in southern Poland. In 1989, suicide mortality was highest in the Urals, the east Russian "ethnic" areas, and in southeast Russia. The rates were low in Poland, Moldavia, and in most of the northern Caucasus. The across-time analysis using specially constructed comparison units showed that the spatial distributions of suicide mortality in 1910 and 1989 were not correlated with each other. Additional analyses pointed to a short-term consistency of regional patterns both in the 1900s-1920s and the 1980s-1990s. The lack of regional continuity in suicide mortality in the area may imply an absence of strong and continuous regional cultures, or a strong influence of other factors, such as societal modernization, on suicide mortality. Suicide as an act changed its social nature during the Communist period, becoming more normal, and more equally distributed among social classes and geographical locations.

Communism↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in Romania.

A collection of 89 Vibrio cholerae O1 strains, isolated in Romania between 1977 and 1994, and 6 strains from the Republic of Moldavia, was characterized by ribotyping, toxin gene restriction pattern (toxinogenotype) and distribution of cholera toxin gene (ctx), accessory toxin gene (ace) and zonula occludens toxin gene (zot). After Bg/I endonuclease restriction of chromosomal DNA, a total of 18 ribotypes and 21 toxinogenotypes were distinguished. Deletions in the core region of the toxin gene cassette were found in 20% of strains; however, with the exception of one strain, all the isolates contained the ctx gene. Used in association, the three methods of molecular typing provided an accurate characterization of V. cholerae O1 isolates.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1997

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Russia and neighbouring countries: high incidence of mixed isolates.

A total of 365 isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from 12 major administrative territories of Russia (from St. Petersburg in the west to South Sakhalin in the east) and from the Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Byelorussia, Moldavia, Ukraine and Kirghizia were identified by analysis of restriction polymorphism of ribosomal rrf-rrl spacer amplicons. The isolates were obtained mainly from ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus ticks. Other sources included small mammals, human patients and I. trianguliceps ticks. The results showed that B. garinii (two variants) together with B. afzelii circulated throughout the territories studied. The distribution of the variant NT29 of the species B. garinii, the most frequently isolated, was associated with that of I. persulcatus ticks. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and the species B. valaisiana and B. lusitaniae (formerly the genomospecies VS116 and PotiB2, respectively) were isolated only from I. ricinus ticks in the western part of the studied territories. None of these three species were found in 327 isolates from Russia where I. persulcatus is the most frequently distributed vector. This work also provides evidence for a high incidence of mixed Borrelia infections within vectors and hosts (9.3% of isolates were mixtures of Borrelia species). A detailed analysis of Borrelia species distribution over the territories studied is presented.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Teenagers, young people and family planning: a survey in five Romanian high schools.

Family planning was for a long time prohibited in Romania. This has reduced the demand for contraceptives. Even though contraceptives were made accessible and their use promoted since the beginning of December 1989, abortion has still been the preferred form of fertility regulation, as the people of Romania are unaware of the advantages of contraception. The purpose of the present survey was to assess the level of sexual knowledge, attitudes and practice of teenagers and young people from urban areas of Romania and to identify if there was any significant difference in terms of age, education and sexual activity. A baseline examination was undertaken in which data were collected from 279 students who attended five high schools and six post high schools from the Moldavia cities, Iassy, Piatra-Neamt and Bîrlad. Students were asked to complete a self administered questionnaire, and a 97.5% response rate for the whole survey was achieved. Difference between answers were tested using chi-square test from 2x2 table and median test, average. A P-value <0.05 was considered to be significant. The study established that knowledge, attitudes and practice vary by age (adolescents (< or =19y) vs young people (>19y)) and education (high school vs post high school) in some regards. At the aggregate level, regarding knowledge, a statistically significant difference was found between adolescents and young people; but no statistically significant difference was found between high school and post high school students. Apart from lack of basic knowledge the study confirmed that many false beliefs regarding contraceptives are held by the survey participants. People who were sexually active were no better informed than the rest of survey participants, but they had a significantly higher percentage of positive attitudes regarding effectiveness of pills and withdrawal. Both, the knowledge and attitudes of students necessarily required appropriate sex education which, ideally should be introduced before young people become sexually active.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Regional collaboration in public health training and research among countries of South Eastern Europe.

UNLABELLED: It is argued that each country of South Eastern Europe should have its own school of public health. However, a basic prerequisite of modern public health training is the comprehensiveness of the programme and a worldview approach. Most of the countries of South Eastern Europe face the same difficulties to adapt their inherited communist structures of public health training to Western standards. A regional collaboration would facilitate the process of establishing schools of public health in all countries of the region and support the training of public health professionals at all levels. KEY POINTS: South East Europe includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Moldavia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, and Slovenia. Public health institutions in South East Europe face similar difficulties to adapt their inherited teaching structures to Western standards. Public health institutions in South East Europe should make a joint effort towards establishing regional training programmes. A regional approach in public health training would enable an efficient use of resources in countries of South East Europe.

Communism↗

PubMed2006

Pharyngeal Gonorrhea in female sex workers: Response to a single 2-g dose of azithromycin.

OBJECTIVES: A sharp increase in the incidence of gonorrhea has been observed in Tel Aviv, Israel, since 1999. Almost one half of interviewed patients admitted contracting the infection from a sex worker. In two thirds of the cases, oral sex (fellatio) was the most probable route of acquiring the disease. In the current study, we assessed the prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea among sex workers in Tel Aviv and evaluated the efficacy of a single 2-g dose of azithromycin in eradicating the infection. METHODS: Throat specimens were obtained for gonococcal culture from 301 female sex workers practicing in brothels. A questionnaire covering demographic and sexual behavior information was administered to all participants, and a single 2-g dose was administered orally under supervision. Women with positive cultures were reexamined a week later for eradication of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. RESULTS: N gonorrhoeae was isolated from 27 women (9%). The median age of women with pharyngeal gonorrhea was 23 years (range, 18-32 years); 85% were born in former Soviet Union (mostly Russia, Ukraine, Moldavia). Regular condom use in vaginal sex was reported by 88% of the participants, whereas only 60% reported always using condoms in oral sex. All isolates were susceptible to azithromycin (MIC < or = 0.5 microg/ml). Gonococci were eradicated in 20/21 individuals (95%). CONCLUSION: A high carriage rate of gonococci in the throat and a low rate of condom use in oral sex were documented among sex workers in Tel Aviv. A single 2 g dose of azithromycin was very effective in eradicating gonococci from the throat.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

A new leptospiral serovar, ngavi, in the Tarassovi serogroup isolated from Zimbabwe oxen.

Two strains of the genus Leptospira, belonging to serogroup Tarassovi, were isolated from kidneys of apparently healthy oxen slaughtered at an abattoir in Zimbabwe. Both strains belonged to the same serovar but could not be assigned to previously known serovars using the cross-agglutinin absorption test. The name ngavi is proposed for the new serovar containing these two strains; strain SBF 16 is the reference strain. The Zimbabwe isolates showed some antigenic similarity to serovar gatuni when analyses were carried out using eight monoclonal antibodies, and had restriction patterns similar to those of serovars tarassovi, tunis, moldaviae and guidae when their chromosomal DNAs were analysed using RFLP analysis. The restriction patterns of the two strains could be distinguished from each other and from those of the four serovars when their Southern blots were hybridized with a probe synthesized from a repetitive sequence element cloned from serovar hardjo strain Hardjo-bovis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological considerations of the arbo- and arenaviruses].

The complex epidemiological process of arboviral and arenaviral diseases, their dependence on a multitudine of etiologic agents, the risk of severe manifestations, absence of a specific treatment and difficulties in preparing the vaccines, place these diseases among those of high concern at national and international level. The multidisciplinary investigations carried out in Moldavia by M. Duca, Eugenia Duca, Gr. Teodorovici, Alla Vâţă, St. Dumitriu, V. Luca, D. Buiuc, A. Ivan and others have elucidated numerous aspects regarding the epidemiology and prevention of arboviral diseases. The increased morbidity by meningitis and meningoencephalitis recorded in Romania the interval summer--early fall 1996 was attributed based on serologic diagnosis, to West Nile virus. The etiological investigations were done both in our country (Cantacuzino Institute, Institute of Virology, Laboratory of the Ministry of National Defence) and abroad (Pasteur Institute at Paris, Colindale Institute London, CDC, Atlanta, USA). For the Romanian population the risk for a periodical re-emergence of some arbovirus diseases is due to favorable local conditions with the relationships with geographical areas were these diseases have and endemic-epidemic evolution are added.

Arbovirus Infections↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The malaria situation in the Russian Federation (1997-1999)].

Profound socio-economic changes within the CIS countries in the 1990s brought a lot of negative changes in malaria prevention in targeted countries. The previously stable connection and cooperation in prophylactic activities have been interrupted. Supply of antimalarials, insecticides and equipment had been stopped. Many qualified cadres in the sanitary-epidemiological services in the countries were lost. Because of difficult economic situation they had to change their occupation and place of job. After prolonged period of a stable benign epidemiological situation within Russia the number of imported cases started to grow up. The sharp increase of imported malaria cases from Azerbaijan and Tajikistan had been noticed since 1994 (Tab. 1). For the first time in the history of malaria registration the number of cases imported from the CIS countries has been exceeded the number of malaria cases imported from all other countries in the world in 1995. Later in the end of the 1990s the imported malaria cases has been registered in Russia from some other CIS countries apart from Azerbaijan and Tajikistan. There were malaria cases imported from Armenia (13 cases), Moldavia (2), Turkmenistan (2), and Uzbekistan (2) in 1998. The number of imported malaria cases in Russia in 1999 (Jan-July) is 437. There is no information about introduced or indigenous malaria cases registered until now] within Russia. There were 13 introduced malaria cases as the result of numerous imported ones. 13 introduced cases have been registered in 10 oblasts (administrative regions of Russia). This number has been increased to 53 (!) in 1998 in 20 oblasts. There was one local outbreak of P. vivax malaria in Izberbash settlement (Dagestan). Number of indigenous malaria cases were 5 (1996), 18 (1997), 1 (1998). The contra-epidemic measures in Izberbash have included active cases detection and treatment indoor insecticide spaying and one tour of mass primaguine treatment during interseasonal period of time. Additional indigenous cases after imported and introduced ones have been detected in Krasnodar (1 cases), Samara (1), Tolyaty (1), and Cherkessk (5) in 1998. One induced P. falciparum malaria case has been detected Moscow in 1998. Medical nurse from urological branch of the Moscow hospital No. 29 has penetrated by syringe needle her hand after performing of intravenous injection to the patient with imported P. falciparum malaria. No other induced cases have been detected. Because of local administrative problems with primaquine supply not all P. vivax malaria cases have received complete treatment. As the result of these events there was malaria relapsed cases registered every year. The actual number was 20 (1993), 37 (1994), 45 (1995), 59 (1996), 99 (1997). Due to late appearance of patient with P. falciparum malaria before medical staff and as a result late diagnosis and late and some time inappropriate treatment there were several lethal malaria cases registered [table: see text] every year. Inappropriate treatment means that treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases was consisted of chloroquine only. The cumulative number of lethal cases in 1994-1997 was 12, and the same number in 1998 was 6. One should mention that one lethal case in 1998 in Volgograd was due to P. vivax. The subject was chronic alcoholic and combination with P. vivax malaria brings him to death. Some calculation reveals the risk of resurgence of malaria in Russia. If one analyses all P. vivax imported cases from the point of view of time and place of detection the following picture would be emerged: 83% of all imported cases has been localized within cities, and 17% only--in rural areas. Half of the latter has been appeared during cold part of years when transmission was impossible. The result of approximately 200 imported cases has been appeared in a right time and place there were 75 introduced cases.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to ECHO 30 virus in Romania during the 1999 summer.

Between April-September 1999 an unusually high number of acute aseptic meningitis was reported in six North Eastern counties of Romania. At the end of 1999 summer the epidemic area extended in South Romania including the Capital City Bucharest. The total number of cases surpassed 5500. The majority of confirmed cases were young children under 15 years of age. More than 1800 cases were registered in the same interval in the neighboring Republic of Moldavia. We report the isolation of ECHO 30 virus from 12 CSF samples of 52 tested on RD and human diploid cells. A small case control study identified high seroneutralization titers confirming a recent ECHO 30 infection in 74% of patient's samples and in 54% of samples from control children tested. The time spent outdoors and poor hygiene practices were prominent risk factors for transmission.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1994

Distribution and dynamics of rural population in Central Eastern Europe in the 20th century.

This is an analysis of rural population trends in Central Eastern Europe during the twentieth century. The region is defined as including "Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Kaliningrad District, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Moldavia, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia....For each of them the size of rural population and its density have been evaluated, and then, the dynamics of demographic evolution described. An important part of the analysis has been the comparison of rural population to total population. On the basis of this comparison, structural changes and demographic trends have been defined. Particular attention has been paid to the processes of depopulation as well as their range and intensity in rural areas of Central Eastern Europe."

Demography↗