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Localization of 99mTc-labeled immune splenocytes at tumor site and detection by gamma camera imaging.

Better diagnostic techniques are needed to delineate the size and location of malignant primary tumors and metastatic deposits. We are developing an in vivo tumor visualization technique utilizing 99mTc-labeled immune lymphoid cells. We have investigated the in vivo organ and tissue distribution and tumor localization of 99m sodium pertechnetate, 99mTc, reduced by SnCl2 - 2H2O and 99mTc-labeled viable immune and nonimmune lymphocytes 32 hrs after injection into tumor-bearing mice. The distribution and tumor localization of the 99mTc-labeled compounds and splenocytes within tumor-bearing mice after 32 hrs was determined by imaging with a gamma camera and was quantitated by counting the various dissected organs and tissues in a gamma counter. The gamma camera images and postmortem dissection and counting showed localization of radioactivity at several sites, including the tumor in mice injected with radiolabeled immune splenocytes whereas studies utilizing other 99mTc-labeled substances or nonimmune cells showed little or no localization of radioactivity in the tumor when compared to normal leg tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Adsorption of suppressor cell activity on mouse macrophage monolayers.

Suppressor cell activity is high in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice sensitized to the allogeneic P-815 mastocytoma. The suppressor cells inhibit proliferation of normal mouse spleen cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Preincubation of tumor-allosensitized spleen cells on monolayers of syngeneic or allogeneic macrophages reduces suppressor activity. Preincubation on monolayers of spleen cells does not affect suppressor activity. Suppressor cells can be retrieved from the macrophage monolayers used for adsorption. Heat-killed macrophages fail to adsorb out suppressor cell activity. Incubation of tumor-allosensitized spleen cells on syngeneic macrophage monolayers does not reduce cytotoxic cell activity. Removal of suppressor cell activity by macrophage adsorption restores helper activity of tumor-allosensitized spleen cells. These results demonstrate that suppressor cell activity can be reduced by contact with macrophages and point to an additional role for the macrophage in regulating the immune response to tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The measurement of haemagglutinin and matrix protein present on the surface of influenza virus infected P815 mastocytoma cells.

A thermodynamic approach has been used to measure the amount of haemagglutinin and matrix protein expressed at the surface of P815 cells infected for periods between 4.5 and 11 h with either WSN (H0N1) or JAP (H2N2) strains of type A influenza virus. This involved measuring the interaction of different concentrations of labelled (Fab)2 preparations of specific antibody with normal and infected cells. Assuming that one molecule of (Fab)2 bound to one molecule of antigen, values for the number of molecules of antigen/infected cell ranged from 7.6 X 10(5) to 1.7 X 10(7) for haemagglutinin and 1.3 X 10(5) to 1.1 X 10(6) for matrix protein. The ratio of haemagglutinin/matrix protein was lower for WSN-infected cells (1.7) than for JAP-infected cells (10). The same reagents were reacted with three purified A type virions; WSN, JAP and Port Chalmers (H3N2). Each preparation bound anti-matrix protein (Fab)2 though the value for haemagglutinin/matrix protein was much higher (66) than for infected cells and suggested that a virion may have a small number (about 12) of matrix protein molecules exposed though it was not excluded that the matrix protein detected was exposed only on damaged virions. Pre-treatment of infected cells with unlabelled reagent (anti-haemagglutinin) reduced the subsequent binding of the same labelled reagent but not the binding of the labelled matrix protein reagent and vice versa, suggesting that the haemagglutinin and matrix protein were not very close to each other on the cell surface.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1975

Adjuvant activity of mycobacterial fractions. III. Adjuvant effect of cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis BCG on cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice.

A quantitative assay and characterization of oil-attached cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS) which stimulates cell-mediated immunity of spleen cells to alloantigens in mice were carried out by an in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity test using 51Cr-labeled target cells. C57BL/6J mice (H-2b) were immunized intraperitoneally with mastocytoma cells (H-2d) with or without oil-attached BCG-CWS. The cytotoxicity, comparable to that of spleen cells from mice immunized with mastocytoma cells (3 X 10(7)), could be induuced in spleens of mice immunized with a mixture of mastocytoma cells (10(4)) and oil-attached BCG-CWS. The enhancing effect persisted from 55 days or more after the alloantigenic immunization. Oil-attached BCG-CWS enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity of T cells in the spleen and the mesenteric lymph node, but not in the thymus. The cytotoxicity showed specificity toward the alloantigen used for immunization. In addition to BCG-CWS, the cell walls of Nocardia rubra and Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8 and the peptidoglycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aoyama B were found to be potent stimulants of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice. Oil-attached BCG-CWS did not enhance humoral response to mastocytoma cells but enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity when viable mastocytoma cells were used as antigen. The above result was supported by the fact that anti-hapten antibody response induced by viable trinitrophenyl (TNP)-mastocytoma cells (10(4)) plus oil-attached BCG-CWS did not increase to the maximum levels as was observed in mice immunized with a larger number of mastocytoma cells (3 X 10(7)) alone, while cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by the same treatment increased to the maximum level obtained by immunization with mastocytoma cells (3 X 10(7)) alone.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1975

Chemical and immunological studies on the cell walls of Propionibacterium acnes strain C7 and Corynebacterium parvum ATCC 11829.

The chemical and immunological properties of the cell walls prepared from the cells of anaerobic coryneforms, Propionibacterium acnes C7 and Corynebacterium parvum ATCC 11829, were partially investigated. The cell walls prepared from P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 were composed of fatty acids, polysaccharides consisting glucose, galactose and mannose and mucopeptides consisting mainly of alanine, glutamic acid, alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, glycine, muramic acid and glucosamine. As the fatty acid constituents of the cell wall of P. acnes C7, iso-pentadecanoic acid and iso-heptadecanoic acid were detected as major components. Both cell walls prepared from P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 showed potent adjuvant activity on the formation of circulating antibody and development of delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo and on the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro, however, could not augment helper function of carrier-primed T cells and on the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to mastocytoma P815-X2 cells in C57BL/6J mice. It is also shown that the cell walls of P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 act on mouse spleen cells as mitogen.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1975

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: heterogeneity of effector cells in human peripheral blood.

We have compared antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in three model systems. target cells were 51Cr-labeled mouse mastocytoma cells, chicken erythrocytes (CRBC), and human erythrocytes (HRBC) coated with appropriate heterologous or isologous antisera. Effector cells were characterized on the basis of their adherence, phagocytosis, radiosensitivity, and sedimentation velocity(s) at 1 g. In predominantly mononuclear (Ficoll-Isopaque-purified) PBL preparations (MPBL) HRBC were lysed by an adherent, phagocytic population of cells that was markedly radio-resistant. Sedimentation velocity analysis further established that these effector cells were restricted to rapidly sedimenting fractions (s greater than 4.5 mm/hr). On the other hand, mastocytoma cells were lysed by a population of MPBL that was nonadherent, nonphagocytic, and relatively radiosensitive. These cells mainly restricted to slowly sedimenting fractions (s greater than 4.5 mm/hr) following 1 g velocity sedimentation. CRBC appeared to be susceptible to lysis by both types of mononuclear effector cell. In some experiments, enriched populations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated. These cells were found to lyse both HRBC and CRBC very efficiently, whereas mastocytoma cells were lysed very little if at all by the same effector populations. Taken together, these results suggest that antibody-coated mastocytoma cells are lysed uniquely by effector cells in human peripheral blood with the physical properties of lymphocytes, whereas antibody-coated HRBC are lysed by both monocytes and PMN, but not by lymphocytes. Antibody-coated CRBC would appear to be lysed by all of the three effector cell types tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Changes in the surface of virus-induced cells recognized by cytotoxic T cells. I. Minimal requirements for lysis of ectromelia-infected P-815 cells.

P-815 mastocytoma cells developed susceptibility to immune T-cell-mediated cytolysis shortly after infection by ectromelia virus. Intracellular viral replication and late protein synthesis seem to bu unnecessary events. Interference with early protein synthesis, however, inhibits the development of susceptibility to lysis. The important intracellular events necessary for subsequent cytolysis appear to occur within 1 hour of infection. Virus rendered non-infectious by ultraviolet irradiation but not by gamma irradiation is able to induce these changes. By determining the minimum and essential events of the infectious process which result in T-cell-mediated cytolysis, the task of establishing the molecular changes occurring in the target cell surface membrane necessary for immune T-cell recognition should be simplified.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Natural killer cells may be the only cells in normal mouse lymphoid cell populations endowed with cytolytic ability for antibody-coated tumour target cells.

Mouse normal lymphoid cells were analysed as to their ability to perform in three cytolytic systems: Ability to act as 'natural killer', NK, cells against a NK sensitive tumour target, YAC; as effector cells against IgG-coated 815 cells, or to function as effector cells against IgG-coated CRBC. NK activity and ADCC against the IgG-coated P815 cells were found to vary in parallel as affected by age, organ distribution and genotype of the effector cells. On the other hand, ADCC against CRBC was largely carried out by effector cells distinct from those functioning as NK cells or in ADCC against P815. Temperature pretreatment schedules at 37 degrees C showed both NK cells and ADCC ability against P815 to be highly sensitive on contrast to ADCC against CRBC. Likewise, inoculation of Corynebacterium parvum intraperitoneally will lead to reduction in ADCC ability against CRBC but increase in ADCC against P815 and NK activity. Blocking experiments using 'cold' inhibitor cells in the cytolytic assays indicated that NK cells and effector cells against IgG-coated P815 cells are the very same cells. We thus conclude that NK cells in the mouse also have the ability to express K cell activity against IgG-coated tumour target cells. In fact, our data suggest that the NK cells may be the only cell type in the mouse equipped with cytolytic potential for antibody-coated murine nucleated cells

Age Factors↗