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PubMed1993

An investigation of the distribution of the protein content of samples of corn, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal.

This study examines the critical assumption of a normal distribution for protein content in feedstuffs. Data were collected from broiler feed mills on the nutrient content of corn, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal. Tests of normality for protein within each feedstuff were performed by each of two methods: 1) the Shapiro-Wilk test (n < 50) or Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (n > 50); and 2) the D'Agostino-Pearson K2 test. Results indicate that protein is non-normally distributed in corn and in meat and bone meal, but protein is normally distributed in soybean meal.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1975

[Value of alkane-produced protein and three animal meals for growth and body nitrogen of meal worms (Tenebrio molitor L.)].

Different types of chemical and biological procedures for screening protein quality of many foods are available. It is recognized however that such assays cannot be part of a routine screening technic. For good technologists and plant breeders in search of novelties, the main problems arise from the small size of samples available and the need to evaluate a large number of materials in a short period of time. The development of more accurate, economical and/or faster bioassay methods would be useful for solving some of the general and applied nutrition problems. The possibility of using larvae of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) as a bioassay test organism for nutritional evaluation of proteins has been suggested (8) and previous investigations (9, 10, 11, 12,13, etc.) indicated that these larvae can be used in such studies because of a short, rapid growth period and a sensitivity to slight changes in protein quality and quantity. The present investigation was designed to asses the nutritional quality of artificial diets containing various levels of BP-protein (pure n-alkanes grown yeast or yeast G) when fed to larvae of T. molitor. The results were compared with those of Difco vitamin-free casein, fish and meat meals studied in the same manner. The chemical compositions of these proteins sources was also reported. Defatted meals of the samples were used to prepare diets containing from 0,6 to 20 p. 100 of dietary protein. The basic protein free diet used contained: dextrose: 97 p. 100, McCollum's salt mixture: 2 p. 100, cholesterol: 1 p. 100 and a solution of B-vitamins and zinc chloride: 0,1 ml/g. The dextrose portion of the diets is adjusted as the protein concentration fluctuates. Larvae of T. molitor, Gembloux strain, race F, ranging in weight from 9,60 to 12,00 mg were selected from stock cultures, rearing in the ground wheat-Brever's yeast medium. They were starved for 48 hr. and were weighed again before being placed on the test diets for 4 weeks. Groups of thirty larvae having an average initial weight of approximately 10 mg were reared individually in vials at 27 degrees C and 70 p. 100 relative humidity with 1,5 g of diet each. At the end of the experimental period,the larvae were weighed to the nearest 0,1 mg and the gains in fresh weight were recorded. Then, all the larvae from the same diet, previously killed with chloroform were used from nitrogen determinations. Data on gains in weight and body nitrogen of larvae were analyzed, using analysis of variance and NEWMAN and KEUL's multiple range test. The results suggest that the protein levels allowing maximuum growth and body nitrogen vary from 9 to 12 p. 100 and these levels were suitable for the comparisons. Based on the criterion of larval weight, the nutritional quality of the protein sources was : BP-protein greater than casein = fish meal greater than meat meal (P less than 0,01)...

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2001

Hepatic gluconeogenesis in rats trained to eat a single meal daily. Role of eating periodicity and the amount of food ingested in the last meal.

Rats trained to eat a single daily meal (MF rats), from 8:00-10:00 a.m., increased food intake from the 1st to the 12th (125%) day of feeding training. In this work we compared the influence of the higher food ingestion in the last meal and feeding training on hepatic gluconeogenesis. Thus, rats at the 1st (MF(1st day-5g) group) and 13th day (MF(13th day-5g) group) of training, refed with a fixed amount of food (5g) were employed. In addition, a third group of MF rats, refed on day 12 with 75% (12g) of the food ingested by MF rats on the 13th day of the feeding training (MF(13th day-12g)) was included. The experiments were performed at 22 h after meal (8:00 a.m.). Our results demonstrated that feeding training had a crucial role in determining gluconeogenesis from pyruvate (5 mM). Additionally, gluconeogenesis from L-glutamine (5 mM) was influenced by periodicity of eating and the amount of food ingested in the last meal. In contrast, gluconeogenesis from L-alanine (5 mM) was not influenced by both factors. In conclusion, our findings suggested that the hepatic gluconeogenesis was influenced by food ingestion and/or feeding training depending of the substrate investigated. These effects on gluconeogenesis may have implications for use in diabetic regimens.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Gastric analysis with fractional test meals (ethanol, caffeine, and peptone meal), augmented histamine or pentagastrin tests, and gastric pH recording.

For centuries it was recognized that the stomach produces a juice, which has acidic properties, however, it was not until 1824 when Prout demonstrated the presence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. At the same time experiments on a patient with gastric fistula began by W. Beaumont showing alterations of acid secretion after meals and under various psychological conditions. After the discovery by L. Popielski in 1920 that histamine is a direct stimulant of oxyntic glands, histamine started to be used in the 1930s in gastric secretory tests. Then in 1949 the dose of histamine was established by K. Kowalewski to induce in humans maximal gastric secretion and in 1953 Kay from UK, using a similar dose of histamine (0.04 mg/kg), introduced augmented histamine test to determine maximal acid output. The digestive period of gastric secretion can be divided into 3 phases: cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase. When an acidified meal reaches the antrum or proximal part of the small intestine, the inhibitory autoregulatory mechanisms are triggered. Using a peptone meal as a physiological stimulant of gastric secretion, Fordtran and Walsh designed in 1973 the intragastric titration method. Histamine stimulates H1 and H2 receptors, producing some side effects so Betazole (Histalog), an analogue of histamine was introduced, because of smaller side effects than with histamine. In 1967, pentagastrin, which contains a C-terminal amino-acid sequence of gastrin and does not exert serious side effects, was applied first in Poland as a stimulant of gastric acid secretion instead of histamine. At the present time, a 12 or 24 h pH-metry with a magnetic recording of gastric acidity using the Digitrapper was found to have a greater diagnostic value in assessment of gastric acid secretion under natural conditions including meal than classic gastric secretory tests. This technique has been widely used in detecting the duodeno-gastric or gastro-esophageal reflux (GERD) and testing various drugs affecting gastric acid secretion and healing acid-pepsin disorders.

Caffeine↗

PubMed1988

Gallbladder kinetics in obese patients. Effect of a regular meal and low-calorie meal.

Gallbladder contractility has been studied in 21 obese patients (greater than 130% ideal weight) and 30 nonobese subjects before and at regular intervals after the administration of a regular solid-liquid meal, and after a low-calorie, low-fat meal used conventionally for weight-loss purposes (Modifast). Gallbladder volume was determined by means of real-time ultrasonography, using a linear array scanner with a 3.5 MHZ probe. In seven of the obese patients, gallbladder contractility was also evaluated after a 10-day regimen with Modifast. The obese group showed a statistically significant greater gallbladder fasting volume and blunted contractility than controls both after the ordinary and the low-calorie meal. The 10-day low-calorie regimen was associated with a statistically significant increment in fasting gallbladder volume, while the percent volume reduction after Modifast did not change. It is suggested that, in addition to metabolic factors, gallbladder hypocontractility in the obese may contribute to the high incidence of cholesterol gallstones noted in these patients. A low-calorie, low-fat diet augmenting gallbladder volume may favor bile stasis and therefore the likelihood of developing gallstones.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nicotine alters the usual reciprocity between meal size and meal number in female rat.

Tobacco smoking reduces appetite and body weight (BW). Cessation of smoking leads to hyperphagia and weight gain. Daily food intake (FI) is a function of meal number (MN) and meal size (MZ), i.e., FI=MNxMZ. Under normal conditions, the female Fischer rat has a periodic reciprocal fluctuation between MZ and MN corresponding to phase of estrous cycle. Wide fluctuations between MZ and MN compensate each other to keep FI constant. Nicotine (5 mg/kg BW/day) was infused via osmotic minipump for 7 days. Controls received saline. FI, MZ, and MN were measured by an Automated Computerized Rat Eater Meter. Nicotine significantly decreased BW and FI via a decrease in MZ without compensatory increase of MN. Nicotine cessation led to hyperphagia, normalizing BW loss via an increase in MZ, which exceeded a compensatory decrease in MN. Nicotine significantly prolonged the estrous cycle by an extension of proestrous phase. Nicotine significantly lengthened the intermeal interval (IMI), delaying the start of the next meal and simultaneously decreasing subsequent MZ. Stopping nicotine led to normalization of IMI and MZ. Data show that nicotine alters the usual reciprocal regulation between MZ and MN and leads to a prolongation of the estrous cycle.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of fermented dried blood meal and cooked dried blood meal as protein supplements for growing pigs.

In Kenya, protein supplements for use in pig feed manufacturing are usually in short supply. The available supplements are expensive. Blood, a by-product of livestock processing, is readily available and it can be processed into blood meal. Normally, blood from small slaughterhouses is wasted and adds to environmental pollution. Some pig farmers collect blood from these small slaughterhouses and cook it before feeding it to pigs. Fermentation in molasses has also been suggested as an alternative processing method. The objective of this experiment was to compare the value of cooked dried blood meal (CDBM) and fermented dried blood meal (FDBM) as protein supplements for growing pigs. The results indicated that both methods of processing could be applied by small-scale farmers. However, fermentation of blood is superior to cooking because FDBM supported a higher performance than CDBM when they supplied equal N levels especially at higher levels of N supply.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1985

Food-induced changes in theophylline absorption from controlled-release formulations. Part II. Importance of meal composition and dosing time relative to meal intake in assessing changes in absorption.

Theo-24 (G. D. Searle & Co.) is an ultra-slow-absorbing formulation of theophylline suitable for once-a-day dosing in slow and normal metabolizers of theophylline. Relative to fasting conditions, increased rate and extent of theophylline absorption occur when this product is administered immediately after a breakfast with a high fat content. Our study demonstrated that factors such as meal composition (fat content) or dosing time relative to meal intake can modify the high fat-induced changes in absorption. For consistent, slow absorption, patients taking high doses (greater than or equal to 900 mg) of Theo-24 once a day should take this product in the morning under fasting conditions or with a breakfast containing less than or equal to 10 gm fat. If a high-fat breakfast (greater than 55 gm fat) is taken, then Theo-24 should be administered at least 1 hour before the meal.

Absorption↗

PubMed1984

The voluntary food intake by growing pigs of diets containing 'treated' rapeseed meals or extracts of rapeseed meal.

The intake by growing pigs of a diet containing British rapeseed meal (Brsm) extracted once with water was greater than that of a similar diet containing untreated Brsm, and a diet containing Brsm extracted twice with water was eaten more readily than one containing Brsm extracted once with water. Treatment of Brsm with slaked lime increased slightly its acceptability by growing pigs. The addition of a water extract of Brsm to a soya-bean meal (Sbm) diet reduced voluntary intake compared with the voluntary intake of the same Sbm diet with water added. Addition to the diet of a water extract passed through an anion exchange column increased food intake but if a cation exchange column was used there was no effect on intake. Treated rapeseed meals and extracts were analysed for glucosinolates, sinapine and tannins; the results indicated that glucosinolates rather than sinapine or tannin were associated with low feed intake.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1976

[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 2. Report. Utilization of the feed proteins in the use of soy bean extraction residue, waste liquor yeast, horse bean meal fish meal and maize gluten for a basic ration].

Nitrogen trials were performed on lactating pigs to investigate the utilization of protein from some feeding rations. The basal ration fed to the sows consisted of ground barley+oats+flaked potatoes or ground barley+sugar beet chips. The basal ration was supplemented with a protein source. The protein feeds used were extracted soya bean meal, horse bean meal, fish meal, maize gluten and waste liquor yeast. Data for the average biological value of the dietary proteins were as follows (in the given order of protein feeds): 61%, 59%, 54%, 58% and 37%. PPV data were: 44%, 43%, 39%, 44% and 28%. The proteins of nearly all rations were deficient in lysine when compared with the range of amino acids present in the proteins of sow milk.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1983

[Effect of a supplement of partly hydrolized straw meal to a diet of fish meal and horse beans on N balance and amino acid excretion in the feces of swine].

2 test pigs each (male castrated pigs) of an average live weight of 51-71 kg received either a wheat/fish meal diet (Ia) or a wheat/horse bean diet (IIa). Due to a supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal the crude fibre content was increased from 3.0% (= Ia) to 10.1% (= Ib) and from 5.2% (= IIa) to 12.1% (= IIb) in the dry matter. This straw meal supplement decreased the apparent digestibility of the crude protein in I from 92.5 to 85.7% and in II from 89.0 to 79.0%. N-excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake followed the regression line: y = 228 + 31.2x(r = 0.98) y = mg N/100 g DM-intake x = % crude fibre in the DM of the diet The excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake of 15 investigated amino acids, too, in each case showed a significant increase with the rising crude fibre content of the diet. The widest growth angle (tan alpha) of all the essential amino acids investigated was shown by lysine and those amino acids with branched chains. The conclusion is that in the presence of a fermentable crude fibre source and a good N-supply those 4 amino acids show a suitable bacterial synthesis rate and a low decomposition rate.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1987

Further results of complete replacement of fish meal by means of poultry by-products meal in feed for trout fry and fingerling (Salmo gairdneri).

By further experiment lasting 44 days trout fingerlings were fed with feed containing 50% poultry by-products meal in order to prove the possibility of using it as sole source of animal protein. Water temperature was 10-15 degrees C. The daily weight gain amounted to 2.17% with a feed conversion of 1.62 kg feed/kg gain. The control group being fed with standard feed (FB) containing 51.5% fish meal reached a daily weight gain of 2.33% with a feed conversion of 1.39 kg feed/kg gain. Due to higher lipid content of test diet the test group reached a higher fat content than the control group (10% compared to 5.9%). Suggested recipe makes it possible to use poultry by-products meal in pelleted feed for trout fingerlings.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1980

Zinc absorption from composite meals. I. The significance of whest extraction rate, zinc, calcium, and protein content in meals based on bread.

The absorption of zinc in man from composite meals based on bread was measured with a radionuclide technique using 65Zn and whole-body counting. Bread was made up from wheat flour of 100 and 72% extraction rate. A lower absolute amount of zinc was absorbed from the white bread compared to the absorption from the same amount of wholemeal bread. When the two types of bread were enriched with zinc chloride the absorption was higher from the white bread than from the wholemeal bread. Addition of calcium in the form of milk products improved the absorption of zinc from a meal with wholemeal bread. A significant positive correlation was found between zinc absorption and the protein content in meals containing milk, cheese, beef, and egg in various combinations with the wholemeal bread.

Absorption↗

PubMed1999

Hydrogen gas production of broiler chicks in response to soybean meal and alpha-galactoside free, ethanol-extracted soybean meal.

In order to measure broiler chick hydrogen gas production, a sealed atmosphere chamber was constructed and chicks were intubated with soybean meal (SBM), alpha-galactoside free, ethanol-extracted soybean meal (ESBM), and ESBM with alpha-galactosides added to the levels of SBM (ESBMG). Six male broiler chicks averaging 156 g of weight were deprived of feed for 12 h prior to intubation with 6 g of the test soybean meals. Two chicks were used for each treatment. Following intubation, chicks were placed in the sealed atmosphere chamber for 20 min at 2-h intervals for 28 h. At the end of this 20-min period, a sample of the chamber atmosphere was collected with a gas-tight syringe and analyzed for hydrogen gas by gas-solid chromatography. The hydrogen production of the two chicks intubated with SBM peaked 7 h postintubation at 127 ppm. The ESBM produced a peak at approximately 17 h postintubation at 26 ppm. Intubation with ESBMG resulted in peak hydrogen production at approximately 12 h postintubation at an average of 67 ppm. Results indicate that chicks intubated with SBM produced 3.2 times the amount of total hydrogen gas than those chicks intubated with ESBM. Chicks intubated with ESBMG produced 2.2 times the amount of total hydrogen gas than chicks intubated with ESBM. The research indicates the alpha-galactoside oligosaccharides are a major cause of hydrogen gas production from SBM in poultry.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Improving patient meal satisfaction with room service meal delivery.

Cancer and cancer therapies cause side effects that prevent patients from consuming adequate amounts of food. As evidenced by patient meal consumption studies conducted at patients' bedside, only 39 percent of patients surveyed consumed greater than 50 percent of their main entree. The Food and Nutrition Services Department at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center used the organization's performance improvement process, STRAIGHT-A, to develop and execute a room service program designed to increase patient meal consumption and improve patient meal satisfaction A multidisciplinary task force developed policies and procedures and tested new menu items as part of the room service plan. After program implementation, 88 percent of patients surveyed consumed greater than 50 percent of their main entree.

Cancer Care Facilities↗

PubMed2002

Red wine with the noon meal lowers post-meal blood pressure: a randomized trial in centrally obese, hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: Despite being recognized as a cause of hypertension at higher doses, consumption of lesser amounts of alcohol appears to protect against cardiovascular disease and acutely reduces blood pressure. We tested the hypothesis that two glasses of red wine, taken together with the noon meal, would cause postprandial reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. METHOD: Thirteen (8 female) middle-aged, centrally obese, hypertensive and otherwise healthy participants received, in an open randomized crossover experiment, red wine (250 ml to approximately 23 g of ethanol) and a placebo equivalent, together with a standardized lunch. Blood pressure was measured with 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. RESULTS: Wine with the meal produced a mean (SD) reduction of 5.3 (7.66) mmHg in postprandial blood pressure (p = .03), which persisted for most of the remaining daytime interval. The maximal blood pressure reduction was 8.5 (11.84) mmHg, occurring 3 hours after intervention (p = .02). In addition, nocturnal dipping in systolic blood pressure was lessened during the wine intervention period (5.3 [10.19] vs 11.1 [8.08] mmHg; p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of 250 ml of red wine, together with the noon meal, resulted in reduction of the postprandial blood pressure of centrally obese, hypertensive subjects. The effect lasted throughout most of the remaining daytime interval and appeared to modify the usual blood pressure variation pattern.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of corn gluten meal and meat meal as a protein source in dry foods formulated for cats.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the nutritional value of corn gluten meal (CGM) and meat meal (MM) as a dietary source of protein in dry food formulated for adult cats. ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult cats (4 males and 4 females). PROCEDURE: Diets containing CGM or MM as the main protein source were each fed for a 3-week period in a crossover study. Digestibility and nutritional balance experiments were conducted during the last 7 days of each period. Furthermore, freshly voided urine was obtained to measure urinary pH, struvite crystals, and sediment concentrations. RESULTS: Daily food intake and dry-matter digestibility were significantly higher for the MM diet. Fecal moisture content also was higher for the MM diet. Apparent nitrogen (N) absorption and N retention were higher for the MM diet, even when values were expressed as a percentage to account for differences in N intake. Urinary pH, struvite activity product, number of struvite crystals in urine, and urinary sediment concentrations were not different between diets. Retention of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium was lower for the CGM diet, and cats lost body calcium and magnesium when fed the CGM diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Meat meal was superior to CGM as a protein source in dry foods formulated for cats, because dry-matter digestibility and N utilization were higher for the MM diet. In addition, net loss of body calcium and magnesium for the CGM diet suggests that mineral requirements increase when CGM is used as a protein source.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

Digestion of soybean meal and canola meal protein and amino acids in the digestive tract of young ruminants.

Eight male Holstein calves (body weight 68 +/- 5 kg; age 75 +/- 6 d), each with a permanent re-entrant pancreatic cannula and T-type ileal and duodenal cannulas, were used in a crossover design with four animals per group to determine amino acid kinetics and digestibilities in the digestive tract of calves fed soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) protein. The SBM and CM diets were fed twice daily at a level of 900 g at each feeding time (air-dry basis). With the exception of methionine, crude protein and amino acid flows at the proximal duodenum, expressed as a percentage of intake, were not influenced by dietary protein source. Apparent ileal and total tract digestibilities of CP and amino acids were reduced (P less than .05) by feeding CM compared to SBM, but apparent ileal digestibility of methionine was not affected by dietary protein source. Except for methionine, net disappearance of all amino acids in the small intestine, relative to the amount fed, was higher for the SBM diet than for the CM diet. Net disappearance or synthesis of amino acids in the large intestine were not affected by dietary protein source. Similarly, dietary protein source did not affect (P greater than .05) the secretion of pancreatic juice or concentrations of protein, chymotrypsin and trypsin in pancreatic juice. Soybean meal protein has higher ileal and total gastrointestinal tract digestibility than CM protein for young, growing calves.

Amino Acids↗