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PubMed1996

Population studies of mortality.

Population Studies has become the principal outlet for demographic research on mortality. Many of the advances in the measurement of mortality in data-poor countries were reported in its pages. It has also published most of the influential articles which attempted to make a broad-scale assessment of the sources of mortality change. These include special attention to developments in England and Wales and Sri Lanka. Capitalizing on the widespread availability of demographic surveys, articles in the 1980s featured careful analyses of the demographic correlates of child mortality. Such studies have passed the point of diminishing returns, and declines in child mortality have focused increased attention on conditions among adults. Unfortunately, demography has not developed the means for measuring and analysing adult mortality in underdeveloped countries that are equivalent in their power to methods for studying child mortality.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

Demographic expansion of parasitic nematodes of livestock based on mitochondrial DNA regions that conflict with the infinite-sites model.

Mitochondrial ND4 sequences of populations of four species of parasitic nematodes of livestock were subjected to demographic analyses. Deviation from selective neutrality was detectable using the frequency spectrum of segregating sites and highly negative neutrality statistics. However, the mitochondrial data sets do not comply with the infinite-sites model that underlies these tests, and as a consequence, it was not established whether these features are solely a result of population expansion, or whether aspects of the molecular evolution of these mitochondrial regions are also involved. Coalescent analyses based on Fu's Fs neutrality test, which incorporated estimates of rate heterogeneity, the transition-transversion ratio and nucleotide bias, as well as analyses that are fairly robust to deviations from the infinite-sites model supported population expansion. Also analyses that do not depend on the infinite-sites model suggested historical population expansion of these nematodes. The very similar time since expansion, the absence of signatures of positive selection in ND4 and the logical association with human demography imply that selective sweeps of mitochondrial variants are less probable, and that expansion is the most likely scenario for the parasitic nematodes of livestock. The methods used to characterize the expansion have different assumptions and emphasize different aspects of expansions. The resulting restrictions on the interpretation of expansions are outlined.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The method of expected number of deaths, 1786-1886-1986.

"The method of expected number of deaths is an integral part of standardization of vital rates, which is one of the oldest statistical techniques. The expected number of deaths was calculated in 18th century actuarial mathematics...but the method seems to have been forgotten, and was reinvented in connection with 19th century studies of geographical and occupational variations of mortality.... It is noted that standardization of rates is intimately connected to the study of relative mortality, and a short description of very recent developments in the methodology of that area is included." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed1986

Estimating the probability of emigration from individual-specific data: the case of Italy in the early twentieth century.

"This article develops a method for estimating the probability of emigration conditional on the observed characteristics of individuals. In addition, it is shown how to calculate the mean, standard error, and confidence intervals of the conditional probability of emigration given a random sample of emigrants. The technique is illustrated by providing statistically consistent estimates of the probability an Italian would emigrate to the United States in 1901 and 1911, conditional on personal attributes."

Americas↗
PubMed1985

Changing demographics of peptic ulcer disease.

The demography of peptic ulcer changed greatly and uniformly in western countries until the middle of this century. The demographic pattern reversed at about the turn of the century, duodenal ulcer becoming the predominant lesion, males the most often affected, and age-distribution shifting towards senior citizens. These changes have not continued beyond the 1950s, in fact a decline in the incidence of duodenal ulcer has been postulated. Although hospital admission rates have declined dramatically, there is no evidence of a general decline in the 'true' incidence of duodenal ulcer in the population. However, major changes are ongoing, but the pattern differs from country to country. These findings indicate that environmental factors other than those characterizing industrialized societies are actively involved in the etiology of peptic ulcer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[Causes of death and the relation between scientific and popular knowledge].

"The framework of this contribution is the nexus between scientific and popular knowledge, and their importance assessing diagnostical expressions when studying death causes in times prior to the setting of a standard for the definition of illness. By means of a particular example, the expression teething, we shall show some nuances concerning the loanwords and equivalences between popular and academic knowledge, and their deep, if sometimes hidden, influence upon the diagnostical expressions informing us about the death causes as shown in the records of life and death statistics." The geographical focus is on Spain. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1993

The contribution of existing sources to the dating of events: a survey in Mali's Bwa country.

"We exploited the sources of information already existing in Mali's Bwa country in order to facilitate the dating of biographical events. Their contribution was multiple: they gave an exact date for a substantial number of births (25%), they provided dating landmarks within the biographies (in two thirds of birth histories, at least one birth could thus be pinpointed), and they made it possible to construct sets of dating references at the family level (lineage calendars). Based on the same principle of chronological classification as the historical calendar, the lineage calendar improves the method by replacing public events by family events with which the respondents are more familiar (births and deaths of kin)."

Africa↗
PubMed2003

Historical demography and genetic structure of sister species: deermice (Peromyscus) in the North American temperate rain forest.

To investigate the evolutionary and biogeographical history of Peromyscus keeni and P. maniculatus within the coastal forest ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest of North America, we sampled 128 individuals from 43 localities from southeastern Alaska through Oregon. We analysed mitochondrial DNA variation using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b (cyt-b) gene and control region, and we found two distinct clades consistent with the morphological designation of the two species. The sequence divergence between the two clades was 0.0484 substitutions per site for cyt-b and 0.0396 for the control region, suggesting that divergence of the two clades occurred during the middle to late Pleistocene. We also examined the historical demography of the two clades using stepwise and exponential expansion models, both of which indicated recent rapid population growth. Furthermore, using the program migrate we found evidence of migration from populations north of the Fraser River (British Columbia) to the south in both clades. This study demonstrates the utility of these model-based demographic methods in illuminating the evolutionary and biogegographic history of natural systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Verification of two methods of indirectly estimating mortality].

"This paper examines two methods of indirectly estimating mortality: the Bourgeois-Pichat method (estimation of life expectancy at birth), and the Bourbeau and Legare method.... This last method consists of estimating various past mortality measures, for a given population, by examining these same measures as they were observed in certain other populations, during the period in question." These methods are applied to Norwegian data for 1826-1976. The results are then compared with data observed during the same period. The findings are used to evaluate the two methods and assess their advantages and disadvantages. However, the emphasis is on the Bourbeau and Legare method. (summary in ENG, SPA)

Demography↗
PubMed1998

Mapping and analysing 200 years of the census.

"The 10th of March 2001 will mark the two-hundredth anniversary of the first census of population and should be an opportunity to look back not merely at the history of census-gathering but at the development of the population, economy and society of the British Isles. [We describe] a major university-based project led by ourselves and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, the Leverhulme Trust and other bodies.... The project is supported by ONS [Office for National Statistics] and one of our central goals is to create an historical social atlas for publication at the bi-centenary."

Censuses↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inequality in mortality: measuring the contributions of various causes of death.

"Following earlier work on the decomposition of income inequality by population subgroup, a method is proposed to break down the inequality of the ages at death into three components: the contribution of the inequality of the ages at death for given causes of death; the role of the 'between causes' [of] inequality in the average ages at death; [and] an interaction term which measures the degree of overlapping between the distributions of ages at death for the various causes. An illustration based on Italian data for the period 1881-1964 is given...." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[What do age-specific growth rates reveal?].

"This paper summarizes a generalization of the stable population theory pioneered by S. H. Preston and A. J. Coale, and elaborates on a particular case of this generalization suggested by Horiuchi and Preston. Based on the properties of age-specific growth rates to reflect in an indirect manner past population dynamics, an attempt is made to shed light on some aspects of the population history of Bulgaria, which until now have been 'hidden' due to the lack, or the unreliability of the statistical data." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1989

A century of demographic and socio-economic dynamics in Egypt.

"The purpose of the present paper is to help elucidate the mechanisms and reasons behind demographic changes in Egypt during the century from 1882 to 1981 using the Box-Jenkins time series technique...." Projections of demographic and socioeconomic trends up to the year 2000 are also made.

Africa↗