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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

Use of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in assessing the need for orthodontic treatment pre- and post-appliance therapy.

The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to assess the need for orthodontic treatment before and after treatment, on a systematic sample of 1225 cases. On the whole, full upper and lower fixed appliances brought about a greater improvement in Aesthetics and Dental Health Components compared to other appliance techniques, and were less likely to make the occlusion worse. It was found that certain occlusal traits were more likely to be successfully treated than others. A common problem resulting from treatment was the development of a cross-bite.

Dental Health Surveys↗

PubMed1984

How do we know how much we need? Problems in determining need for long-term care.

As one solution to the widely perceived "crisis" in the long-term-care system, state and local agencies have developed methodologies which specify the amount and type of long-term-care services needed in an area. This article focuses on need-based methodologies, and criticizes the use of such formulae as a primary strategy to restructure the long-term-care system. The major weaknesses of this type of methodology are discussed, including faulty assumptions, lack of sufficient data, and the political character of the implementation process.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Determining the potential need for a bereavement follow-up program: how well are family and health care workers' needs currently being met?

The purpose of the study was to determine the need for a bereavement follow-up program for either the families of patients dying in a critical care unit or the health care workers who care for these patients. Two questionnaires, the first a telephone administered questionnaire to all consenting family members of patients dying in the critical care unit, and the second a self-administered questionnaire administered to all health care workers in the critical care unit, were developed and piloted for content validity and clarity. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Family members of 42 patients who died in the critical care unit were interviewed (54% response rate). During the critical care unit stay most family members obtained support from family and friends. While 70% listed health care workers as a source of support, 50% were satisfied with the support from staff. After a family member had died, 40% of those interviewed did not identify a specific source for support and 48% were interested in obtaining information on community resources available for aid in the bereavement process. The results from 117 (79% response rate) health care workers revealed that 30% were either uncomfortable or only somewhat comfortable with the dying process and the support available for them to deal with the death of their patients. The authors identified a need for bereavement follow-up programs for both the families of patients who die in the critical care unit and for the health care workers who care for these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Health care needs and their assessment. Part 1. The role of health needs in the development, regulation and evaluation of the health care system].

The authors draw attention to the fact that higher spending on health care will not necessarily translate into better health. They advocate the importance of theoretical conceptual work and research in the field of health care and health services management. The needs-based approach is recommended as an alternative to the current models based on patient-physician interactions. The relationships between health needs, demands and health services provided should be further explored and their potential role as a basis for health policy in the Czech Republic should be addressed.

Czech Republic↗

PubMed2000

[Comparative study of needs of transplanted patients or those waiting for an organ transplantation and the nurses' attitudes of these needs].

Literature has shown that information, education and support had a beneficial effect on how the patients and their family lived through the transplant process. In our daily practice, we are permanently confronted with requests for information and psychological adjustments from our patients. Do the needs of this population meet the representations of the care-takers? Our theoretical framework is based on the theories of Maslow and Callista Roy, on the concept of social representations according to Moscovici and on the steps of the transplant process. To carry out this survey, we used a questionnaire which we gave to the patients at the different phases of the graft and to the nurses of the services involved in the transplant. There was a similarity of the results between the two populations, despite some differences for certain items. The development of a programme for information and for education will enable an improvement of the care quality thanks to the adaptation of knowledge to the needs of the transplanted patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Conflict between the need to forage and the need to avoid competition: persistence of two-species model.

We consider a model in which the need to forage and the need to avoid a competitor are in conflict. The model is composed of two Lotka-Volterra patches. The system has two competitors; one can diffuse between two patches, but the other is confined to one of the patches and cannot diffuse. It is proved that the system can be made persistent under appropriate diffusion conditions that ensure the instability of boundary equilibria, even if the competitive patch is not persistent without diffusion. Further it is shown that the system is globally stable for any diffusion rate if the competition between the two species is weak.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Extrinsic occupational needs and the relationship between need for achievement and locus of control.

Because of contradictory correlations between occupational need for achievement (nAch) and locus of control (LOC), this study tested the extrinsic need for job security (nSec) as a moderator of the association. A total of 383 female subjects in two occupations were studied. A high level of nSec externalized internal LOC beliefs associated with a high level of nAch. Depending on occupational group, nSec, or its absence, could also be the sole predictor of LOC, thus also causing the positive correlation between nAch and LOC. In subjects over 50 years old, internal LOC was associated with presence of a high level of nSec. The correlational association between nAch and LOC is limited and misleading because of the contribution of nSec to the association between these two variables.

Achievement↗

PubMed1986

On whose needs does mother focus? Mother- or child-centered care and the self-other differentiation of maternal needs.

This is an attempt to describe a model for conceptualizing the mother-child relationship, based on the categorization of mothers according to the social-cognitive perspective of their need-centeredness and the self-other differentiation of these needs. Home observations of 14 multiple infants and their mothers were carried out during the first few years of the children's lives; special attention was given to the mother's physical, emotional and verbal contact with each child and the justification of her behavior, thereby enabling the observers to see the nature of the mother's social thought and the logic of her actions. Three maternal patterns which emerged are depicted: 1) mother-centered, 2) child-centered, 3) intermediate. Four detailed descriptions of mothers' behavior and verbalizations to their children, and the children's reactions to these, exemplify maternal patterns.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Iron needs during pregnancy: do we need to rethink our targets?

This paper argues that current estimates of the need for absorbed iron, estimates of iron absorption, and hence estimates of iron requirements for pregnant women greatly depend on what is determined as the desirable or target hemoglobin concentration (goal). The existing goal appears to be based on the maximal hemoglobin concentration that can be achieved with iron supplementation of well-nourished women; this is a situation that can be expected to minimize iron absorption efficiency. I am unaware of attempts to define hemoglobin or anemia goals based on functional criteria (health of infant or mother). The current approach may seriously overestimate iron need and discourage food-based programs; furthermore, it may declare operational iron supplementation programs to be failures when, in fact, many programs may be successful in preventing functional effects of iron deficiency anemia. This is illustrated with data from a completed comparative study of daily and weekly iron supplementation. The final plea is to set aside existing traditions and, instead, attempt to develop functional criteria for anemia and establish functional goals of hemoglobin concentrations to be achieved during pregnancy.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed2002

Educational issues in clinical pharmacology: who are our audiences and what are their specialized needs? One specialized need: "understanding the role of veterinary medicine in public health".

When considering educational issues and the need to update the curriculum for clinical pharmacologists for the new millennium, a number of questions must be raised. Who are our audiences? What are the specialized needs? This educational article identifies the audience, which includes those with diverse degrees such as MDs, PhDs, PharmDs, RNs, DVMs, and other non-MD prescribers working in academia, industry, clinical research organizations, and government in multifaceted disciplines requiring a knowledge base of physiology, pharmacology, biochemistry, anatomy, microbiology, pathology, medicine, and the drug development process of preclinical and clinical studies complete with protocols, pharmacokinetics, and statistics. One specialized current educational issue for clinical pharmacologists to understand is the impact of animal therapeutic and subtherapeutic use of antimicrobials on antibiotic use in human medicine.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed1995

"How many beds are needed?": evaluating bed need in managed care setting.

After downsizing, re-engineering, consolidating and merging, health care administrators are still asking the eternal question, "How many beds are needed in my hospital?" The significant capital and operating cost required to support a staffed bed warrants a thorough and in-depth examination of the factors leading to bed need, writes Steven D. Sauer, consultant with Hamilton/KSA.

Bed Occupancy↗

PubMed2004

Antibiotic prescription and dental practice within Saudi Arabia; the need to reinforce guidelines and implement specialty needs.

The aim of the present survey was to analyse the frequency and type of antibiotic prescriptions used in dental practice in Saudi Arabia, to assess the awareness of periodontal treatment need among dentists and specialists and to evaluate the distribution of dental specialties in Saudi Arabia. We distributed a questionnaire to 378 dentists including different specialists working in various major hospitals and dental departments. This same questionnaire was then redistributed, 3 years later, to 211 participants. Results from both surveys indicated that antibiotics were not always prescribed on a scientific basis. Cost was the most significant factor (p < 0.05). Interestingly, and although periodontal disease was included as one of the possible causes of infections, the penicillin group was shown to be the group of choice (p < 0.007) and was prescribed by 45% of all participants, metronidazole and tetracyclines followed and were the second most commonly prescribed antibiotics in both surveys (p < 0.05). It was further demonstrated that although the need for periodontics is present among patients and specialists, it is one of the least practised specialties (p < or = 0.008) along with oral surgery (p < or = 0.36).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1992

No need for needs norms--why central planning cannot work for health care.

It is widely recognised that South Africa, like other countries, has inequities in health and in access to health care. Centralised formal planning is used by the Department of National Health and Population Development and advocated by others as the approach to social justice and equitable distribution of health care resources. This approach is typical of the central planning of command economies. The reasons why central planning cannot work for health care are explained and an alternative approach is suggested which emphasises decentralised management. This is in line with recent policy statements by the Minister of Health that place a high priority on decentralisation and democratisation. The proposal has important implications for the way in which information systems are developed and used. Much information that central planners say they need is also required for effective management, but with some crucial differences. Planners use ad hoc historical information with little understanding of the local context. Managers, in contrast, regularly need current information for use within the local context. It is therefore recommended that efforts by central planners to acquire information be redirected towards building the capabilities of the health care services to provide and use information for management at all levels.

Health Planning↗

PubMed1993

[Needs of caregivers and needs of the dying regarding food].

The need for food in dying patients varies from one individual to the next. This requires the nursing staff to establish a precise history of the eating and drinking habits of these patients and their families. The necessary care is based on this history, on the professional knowledge of the nursing personnel, and on the ethical guidelines of the Swiss Association of Nursing Personnel, published in 1990. Care and nutrition programs must be reevaluated daily and adapted to the changing situation of the patient. The paper presents six major strategies drawn up by Brown and Chekryn in 1987 in order to assist nursing staff in coping with dehydration problems. Five (non-representative) interviews with experienced nurses throw light on the importance of giving special consideration to the nutritional needs of dying patients.

Attitude↗

PubMed1996

Adolescent assault victim needs: a review of issues and a model protocol. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Adolescent Assault Victim Needs.

For many years, it has been routine to treat victims of child abuse, suicide attempts, and sexual assault via multidisciplinary care protocols. Although violently injured adolescents have become commonplace in our nation's emergency departments, no care guidelines exist that address the unique needs of these patients. The American Academy of Pediatrics convened a task force to develop such guidelines for providers of hospital-based pediatric emergency and trauma care. The work of the task force was guided by the premise that comprehensive care of violently injured adolescents must address their psychosocial needs as well as their physical injuries. This task force report summarizes the epidemiology of violent injury in adolescence and its physical and emotional consequences ("Part I"), and it outlines appropriate care for the victims from their arrival in the emergency department to their discharge from the hospital ("Part II"). Care of violently injured adolescents that follows these guidelines is likely to promote full recovery and to reduce the risks of reinjury and reactive perpetration.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Identifying the need for curriculum change. When a rural training program needs reform.

OBJECTIVE: To identify what changes should be made in the University of British Columbia's rural family practice training program curriculum to help graduates be better prepared to practice. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional surveys via mailed questionnaires: one designed to measure physicians' self-reported preparedness for practice and the other to measure the importance of various rural family medicine components. SETTING: Rural training program graduates and preceptors representing rural communities in British Columbia. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-nine graduates of the rural training program between 1982 and 1991 and 14 community-based rural training program preceptors representing eight communities throughout the province participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage of graduates of the rural program who reported themselves to be underprepared on each family practice item and preceptors' mean scores for the attributed importance to rural practice of each item on this questionnaire. RESULTS: A list of curriculum areas most in need of reform was created. This list included trauma, counseling skills, radiology, vacuum extraction, fracture care, exercising community leadership, cost-effective use of diagnostic tests, using community health resources, obtaining hospital privileges, ophthalmology, dermatology, otolaryngology, personal and professional growth, relationships with other physicians, and personnel issues. CONCLUSIONS: Using both the level of graduates' self-reported underpreparedness and the attributed importance of elements of rural practice, as indicated by the preceptor survey, we developed a list of the areas of the rural training program curriculum most in need of reform.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The "carers' needs assessment for Schizophrenia": an instrument to assess the needs of relatives caring for schizophrenia patients.

OBJECTIVE: For the purpose of service planning, an instrument was developed for the systematic assessment of interventions needed by the caregivers of schizophrenia patients. METHOD: The development of this instrument was based on in-depth interviews and focus groups. It consists of 18 areas describing common problems of schizophrenia caregivers. For each of these problem areas several possible interventions are offered. Concurrent validity, inter-rater and retest reliability were tested among 50 caregivers. RESULTS: The kappa values for the inter-rater reliability are predominantly excellent (kappa > 0.75). The values for the retest reliability show a wide range between excellent (kappa > 0.75) and fair agreement (kappa 0.40-0.60). The significant correlations found between summary scores of this new instrument and several sub-scales of the Family Problem Questionnaire support the assumption that the concurrent validity is satisfactory. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that this instrument is both valid and reliable.

Caregivers↗

PubMed1998

Epilepsy needs revisited: a revised epilepsy needs document for the UK.

We revisit epilepsy needs in the United Kingdom, and update our previous publication to take into account new epidemiological data, changes in investigation and treatment and trends in the organization of health and other caring agencies. This document attempts to define and quantify the scope, content and standards of services required, from primary care settings to specialized centres. Reference is also made to the role of other agencies.

Adult↗