PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “New approach methodologies”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Assessing cell K physiology in hypertensive patients. A new clinical and methodologic approach.

The assessment of potassium (K) effects in hypertension involves a history of complex research in cell K function and body K homeostasis. These studies provide evidence for the role of K ions in vascular and renal function, insulin resistance, glucose uptake, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; and there have been an impressive number of clinical and epidemiologic research relating dietary intake K and regulation of blood pressure. However, the usual technique by which K metabolism is assessed in clinical practice (plasma or serum K) provides no useful data for estimating disorders in cell K transport that occurs in hypertensive patients or that may follow the administration of diuretics, beta-blockers, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This fact becomes more crucial if associated with the physiologic decline in body K stores occurring after the age of 30 years, which may impair the long-term treatment of hypertensive individuals. In this context, this article presents a review of the clinical and research methods that can be used to assess more accurately K metabolism and cell K physiology in hypertensive patients, including a heritable defect in red blood cell K transport.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1989

New diagnostic tools and methodological approaches: an outlook to the future.

In spite of recent progress, the aetio-pathogenesis of a large number of osteoarticular diseases is as yet not well known. This is apparent for commonly occurring diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type I osteoporosis (post-menopausal) and type II osteoporosis (senile). As a result of the lack of knowledge about these pathogenic factors, therapeutics often remain symptomatic and not completely satisfactory. Nowadays there is a need for methodological tools to explore the causes or pathogenic factors of these conditions. Moreover, in OA, there is at present no way to predict the development of this disease and to follow its evolution, hence, there is a need for specific markers. These biological and methodological developments are useful for searching for new molecules able to compensate for the pathogenic anomalies demonstrated in RA and OA. In this paper, we will discuss some of the methodological developments now in progress which may provide solutions to some of the aetiopathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic problems related to RA and OA.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1980

The emerging ability to comprehend language: an experimental approach.

A new methodology was introduced to study the emergence of language comprehension. 30 infants 9--17 months of age received naturalistic training on the name of a salient object in experiment 1 (e.g., live rabbit) and on the name of a simple action inexperiment 2 (e.g; pressing to activate a toy). In both experiments, infants were subsequently probed for recognition of the previously unfamiliar trained name, and responses were videotaped and scored for gaze, gesture, and vocalization. Comprehension was estimated for each individual on the basis of the infant's distribution of target, baseline, and false positive responses to target and control probes. Developmental change in the ability to comprehend trained names was analyzed across 3 age groups: 9--11 months, 12--14 months, and 15--17 months. Cross-sectional and longitudinal results from experiments 1 and 2 all demonstrate dramatic improvement in receptive language capacity over the age range studied. Discrepancies between the comprehension and production of trained names are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1993

[Technical and methodologic considerations on a new approach to the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt].

The authors report their experience with 10 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in nine patients with severe portal hypertension; indications were rebleeding after sclerosing treatment in 8 cases and unmanageable ascitis in one case. The passage of the needle from the hepatic venous system into the portal venous system during the procedure may be technically difficult with both skin markers and US guidance, and several passages through liver parenchyma may be needed: this step is certainly the most critical one, for maneuver duration--and therefore risks--depend on it. Thus, in the last 6 patients a new method was used to easily identify portal bifurcation: a thin stainless platinum-tip guide-wire (0.018-inch diameter) was inserted, by epigastric approach under US guidance, through a fine Chiba needle (22 G) in the left main portal branch, dramatically reducing the number of failed punctures and maneuver duration. Both the above goals are to be reached to make TIPS easier and therefore advantage both patients and interventional radiologists.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2004

Clinical trials in late life: new science in old paradigms.

This article, based on a Lawton Award Lecture, addresses the subject of the need to enhance the evidence base in our field in order to influence processes of policy development. Four issues are identified as critical to this: theory-driven targets of public health significance, use of appropriate and sophisticated approaches to research design and statistical modeling, development of instruments and measures, and conclusions that make a difference. Incentives are discussed with particular attention to regulatory approaches. A broad view of research is taken, with examples from studies of Alzheimer's disease and depression in late life. I conclude that new approaches to methodology will enhance our capacity to translate exciting new findings from the basic sciences into the development of therapeutics and that this will, in turn, enhance our capacity to inform the development of public policy.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Teaching young children about HIV and AIDS.

AIDS education initiatives need to begin early, within the elementary grades, to be effective. We should no longer underestimate the capacity of young children to understand and benefit from this instruction. In addition, we should not overestimate the impact of brief interventions, and should plan for continued AIDS prevention instruction throughout the school years, involving sequential, developmentally appropriate curricula that respond to the preadolescent's and adolescent's changing cognitive capabilities, social skills, and expanding exposure to sexual experiences. We should require that new approaches and methodologies for AIDS prevention education be developed and evaluated rigorously for efficacy with the same fervor required for the development and evaluation of new drugs to combat this illness on the biologic front. New modalities and approaches should be integrated with those that have already been shown to be effective, creating multimodal and comprehensive educational initiatives comparable to the multidrug treatment regimens. We should be skeptical of those who are satisfied with the implementation of one interesting and simplistic slogan for health promotion efforts for children (e.g., "Just say no"). Even if such efforts were effective in the short term, sole reliance on this approach is likely to result in the development of resistance. As the field of AIDS prevention looks for novel approaches and theoretic constructs, it should borrow ideas from other fields of study and foster interdisciplinary collaborations with professionals from complementary fields. In this manner, educational interventions can move beyond the individual context to begin to address the social influences on sexual behaviors. Sexual behavior is interpersonal and occurs in a social context. Programs must therefore address peer and social pressures to engage in sexual activity. Although attempts are being made to address the social network of children through such efforts as peer education, we cannot ignore the broader social context (e.g., poverty) within which these behaviors occur. For example, efforts to promote increased condom usage will be ineffective until we learn more about why significant numbers of adolescents practice unprotected sex. We are unlikely to affect behavioral change unless we understand fully the motivation for such behavior. We must also recognize that children are more than what they do and study outcomes other than behavior. There is a need for further research on the development of attitudes, fears, stigma, and coping in children, as well as means of promoting the development of healthy sexual relationships.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Malondialdehyde-protein adducts in the spleens of aniline-treated rats: immunochemical detection and localization.

Previously it was reported that aniline exposure in rats induces increased lipid peroxidation and formation of malondialdehyde (MDA)-protein adducts in the spleen. In order to further elucidate the role of MDA-protein adducts in the splenic toxicity of aniline, studies were conducted to detect and localize these adducts in the spleen. Rabbit polyclonal antisera to MDA-keyhole limpet hemocyanin were employed for immunohistochemical localization and Western blot analyses of MDA-protein adducts in the spleens of aniline-treated (65 mg/kg/d aniline in the drinking water for 30 d) and control rats. For immunohistochemical localization of MDA-protein adducts in the spleen, a new approach using alkaline phosphatase-fast red (red color) to demonstrate bound primary antibodies was adopted, providing a sharper and increased contrast compared to horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (brown color) methodology. This new approach allowed us to differentiate the changes in aniline-treated spleens, which had extensive brownish deposits of iron proteins. Spleens from aniline-treated rats showed intense staining for these adducts in the red pulp areas (where iron was also localized), especially within the sinusoidal macrophages. Spleens from control rats showed only mild staining for adducts and only traces of iron. Western blot analyses of splenic microsomal proteins from aniline-treated and control rats showed the presence of 13 different MDA-modified proteins. However, 26-, 32-, and 14-kD proteins were more prominent in the aniline-treated rats. The colocalization of MDA-protein adducts with iron in the red pulp of the spleen suggests that iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation leading to formation of MDA-protein adducts could be a potential mechanism for splenic toxicity of aniline.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Ashkenazi Jews and breast cancer: the consequences of linking ethnic identity to genetic disease.

We explored the advantages and disadvantages of using ethnic categories in genetic research. With the discovery that certain breast cancer gene mutations appeared to be more prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews, breast cancer researchers moved their focus from high-risk families to ethnicity. The concept of Ashkenazi Jews as genetically unique, a legacy of Tay-Sachs disease research and a particular reading of history, shaped this new approach even as methodological imprecision and new genetic and historical research challenged it. Our findings cast doubt on the accuracy and desirability of linking ethnic groups to genetic disease. Such linkages exaggerate genetic differences among ethnic groups and lead to unequal access to testing and therapy.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of the human saliva proteome.

Interest in the characterization of the salivary proteome has increased in the last few years. This review discusses the different techniques and methodologies applied to the separation and identification of salivary proteins. Nowadays, proteomic techniques are the state of the art for the analysis of biologic materials and saliva is no exception. 2D electrophoresis and tryptic digest analysis by mass spectrometry are the typical methodology, but new approaches using 2D liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methods have already been introduced for saliva analysis. Due to their important physiologic role in the oral cavity, low-molecular-weight proteins and peptides are also included in this article and the methodologies discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Olfactory control of mosquito behaviour.

The following papers will tell us much about our current knowledge of certain aspects of the olfactory control of mosquito behaviour-specifically host-locating behaviour. More importantly, as we read the papers, we should pay attention to the insights they will provide about what is not known and to the questions that our lack of knowledge should raise. The authors will also provide us with some new approaches and methodologies that we can apply to the study of mosquito physiology and behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Simultaneous detection of multiple cytokines from conditioned media and patient's sera by an antibody-based protein array system.

We have developed a novel technique for high-throughput simultaneous screening of multiple cytokine expression based on a protein array system. Our method has the advantage of showing the specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, sensitivity of enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL), and high-throughput of microspot. In this system, the cytokine array membranes were created by spotting capture antibodies onto the membranes. The membranes were then incubated with biological samples such as conditioned media and patient's sera. The bound proteins were then recognized by biotin-conjugated antibodies and detected by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin coupled with ECL. Experiments demonstrated that 24 cytokines from conditioned media and patient's sera could be simultaneously detected using this new approach. This methodology should allow us to develop many high-density protein array systems to detect a variety of proteins. To validate and quantitate the expression of key molecules in a wide range of samples, we have developed conditioned medium arrays to evaluate hundreds and even thousands of samples from individual cells and patients in a single microarray. The combinations of protein arrays and conditioned medium arrays or serum arrays will provide a powerful tool to identify the protein expression profiles and rapidly validate their expression in many types and numbers of samples.

Antibodies↗