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PubMedDate not supplied

The immunogenetics of susceptibility and resistance to murine experimental allergic orchitis.

The results of both clinical and experimental studies suggest that immunologic mechanisms may be significant in the pathogenesis of idiopathic infertility. We have defined and preliminarily characterized a number of immunoregulatory genes which control the phenotypic expression of infertility associated with autoimmune disease of the testis. Our studies utilizing the murine model of experimental allergic orchitis have clearly demonstrated that both classical (class II antigens) and nonclassical major histocompatibility complex-linked immune response genes play a central role in controlling disease susceptibility. We have mapped one nonclassical immune response gene, orchitis susceptibility gene-1 (Orch-1), to an interval of ca. 100 kilobases within the H-2S-H-2D region. In addition, immunogenetic analyses have identified two immune suppression genes, Orch-2 and Orch-3, which control active immunoregulatory mechanisms governing the phenotypic expression of disease resistance. The genetic control of autoimmune infertility in this model therefore appears to be polygenic.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of immunological orchitis on sperm specific enzyme and fertility].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of immunological orchitis on spermatic specific enzyme and fertility. METHODS: Experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) model of guinea pigs was duplicated. The histological and morphological changes of spermatic acrosomal protease and hyaluronidase, lactate dehydrogenase, sperm in epididymis and testes were observed by means of enzyme kinetical spectrophotometry and gelatin fixation of substrate thin membrane. RESULTS: The activity of acrosomal protease, hyaluronidase and spermatic cytoplasmic lactic dehydrogenase in the epididymis acrosomal enzyme system became low, and so did the quality of sperm in epididymis. Remarkable morphological changes of spermatogenic cells developed in the convoluted seminiferous tubules. CONCLUSIONS: EAO remarkably affects the fertility of male guinea pigs. The orchis and epididymal sperms might be the sites of action.

Acrosin↗
PubMed1992

Prevention of ischemic orchitis during inguinal hernioplasty.

Ischemic orchitis and testicular atrophy remain the most dreaded complications of inguinal hernioplasties. The current study examines these complications in a series of hernia repairs during a period of 20 years. The incidence of the complications in the ten year period from 1971 to 1981 was compared with the experience since 1981, from which time all distal indirect hernia sacs were left in place and increasing experience was gained in properitoneal repairs of recurrent hernias. The incidence of ischemic orchitis in primary hernia repairs was reduced from 0.65 per cent (11 instances in 1,682 repairs) to 0.03 per cent (one in 3,634 repairs). The incidence in recurrent hernia repairs was reduced from 2.25 per cent (seven in 311 repairs) to 0.97 per cent (eight in 827 repairs). These data have led us to emphasize the importance of minimizing cord dissection by leaving intact all significant distal hernia sacs and not dissecting beyond the pubic tubercle. Additionally, properitoneal repairs should be considered for repairs of recurrent hernias not only to reduce further recurrences but also to avoid testicular complications.

Atrophy↗
PubMed1992

Establishment of an experimental model of autoimmune epididymo-orchitis induced by the transfer of a T-cell line in mice.

A murine T-cell line derived from BALB/c mice (designated B.T.1) was established which was capable of adoptively transferring experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in normal recipients. The protocol consisted of preparing lymphocytes obtained from the mice that were immunized with syngenetic testicular germ cells (TGC) and the subsequent repeated selection of the lymphocytes in vitro by stimulation with murine testicular antigens (mTA). Phenotypic analysis revealed that B.T.1 cells were CD4+ T-cells. Intra-peritoneal inoculation of as few as 1 x 10(5) B.T.1 cells, that were stimulated in vitro with mTA before the inoculation, was capable of transferring EAO to naive recipients. In the latter, both delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and humoral responses to TGC were augmented. The transferred lesion was characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into the epididymis and rete testis and widespread aspermatogenesis in the testis. The transfer of EAO was unsuccessful when the recipients received B.T.1 cells that were maintained in culture medium without stimulation with mTA. In these recipients, anti-TC DTH was not detected, although the specific humoral response was observed. In-vitro characterization of the biological activity of B.T.1 cells revealed that the line had no cytolytic activity against TGC but the culture supernatant had macrophage migration inhibitory activity involved in the DTH response. Therefore, the DTH responsiveness transferred by B.T.1 cells was found to correlate with their orchitis-inducing capacity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Brucellar orchitis with abscess].

A clinical case of orchitis with brucellosis etiology is presented. Testicular symptomatology appeared from the beginning of the brucellosis's general clinical picture. It envolved painfully and increased the testicular size, with no mictional symptoms, expanding progressively in spite of specific brucellosis therapy given from the beginning, towards formation of an intratesticular abscess which required orchiectomy, a way of progression we have not found in the related literature. The main differential diagnosis must be done with tuberculosis orchitis. Since our country had the largest incidence of brucellosis in Europe, and it is possible that in many cases a orchiepididymarial condition can become apparent in the initial phases, this is an etiology that should be taken into account among specific orchiepididymitis.

Abscess↗
PubMed1990

[Mumps orchitis--symptoms and treatment possibilities].

It is reported on 7 patients after mumps orchitis. In 7 out of 9 affected testes an atrophy was found. Because of this high atrophy rate the current therapeutic measures are discussed and a systemic immunoglobulin prophylaxis and corticosteroid therapy is emphasized. As an orchitis prophylaxis the application of mumps immunoglobulin in males aged from 12 to 20 years with mumps exposition is postulated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[A case of granulomatous orchitis in a hemodialysis patient].

A case of granulomatous orchitis in a 47-year-old patient is described. He had a history of recurrent pyelonephritis and subsequent chronic renal failure, and was under treatment with hemodialysis therapy. He presented with painful swelling of the right scrotal contents accompanied by fever. After the unsuccessful treatment with antibiotics, an exploration of the right scrotal contents revealed the testis replaced by a hard yellow mass. An orchiectomy was performed and granulomatous orchitis was diagnosed pathologically. The clinical and etiological aspects of this rare inflammatory disease of the testis are reviewed. It is important to recognize this disease, because this is often initially thought to be neoplastic. Although the cause of this disease is still controversial, it is supposed to be associated with sperm extravasation caused by urinary tract infection or trauma.

Granuloma↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiology of acute epididymo-orchitis in Singapore.

A prospective study on 55 patients with acute epididymo-orchitis was studied. Their ages ranged from 15 to 65 years. Thirty-three (60%) were within the 20-29 year age group and 9 were above 35 years of age. 69% cited prostitutes as the source of sexual contact. Twenty-six patients did not receive and 29 patients received antibiotic therapy before recruitment. In the former untreated group, 6 patients (23%) had gonococcal urethritis, 3 patients (11%) had chlamydial urethritis and 2 patients (8%) had combined gonococcal and chlamydial urethritis. No pathogens were isolated from the urethra from the remaining 15 (58%) patients, 8 of whom had nonspecific urethritis. In the latter treated group, 4 patients (14%) had gonococcal urethritis and no organisms were isolated from the remaining 25 (86%) of whom 6 had non-specific urethritis. None of the 55 patients had urinary tract infections. Forty-three patients (78%) had unilateral involvement of both the testis and epididymis, and 4 patients (7%) had bilateral epididymo-orchitis. Semen analysis was performed on 13 patients of whom 8 showed pyospermia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Filarial orchitis: a cause of male infertility in the tropics--case report from Nigeria.

A young Nigerian male, previously well, presented with a three month history of unilateral orchitis and testicular pain which had failed to respond to conventional antimicrobial therapy. Exploration revealed non-specific epididymo-orchitis. Histology of testicles and peritesticular tissue/nodules showed testicular atrophy and granulomatous changes suggestive of filarial genital infection. There was marked spermatogenic arrest, and oligoasthenozoospermia. His blood contained microfilaria loa loa, and marked eosinophilia which returned to normal following diethylcarbamazine (DEC) therapy. His seminal fluid also showed improvement following this therapy. Evidence is presented from the literature for a possible link between filariasis and infertility in males.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[A case of syphilitic orchitis with aortic aneurysm].

A case of syphilitic orchitis with aortic aneurysm is presented. The patient was a 72-year-old man who was diagnosed as having aortic aneurysm of thorax and abdomen by angiography. He visited our clinic with the complaint of swelling of the scrotal contents with tenderness after aneurysmectomy. Antibiotics were not effective against the swelling or tenderness, and right orchiectomy was performed. Histological diagnosis was syphilitic orchitis and aortitis.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis.

A case of granulomatous orchitis in a 52-year old negro male is reported. The distinction between granulomatous orchitis and cancer is important in particular in coloured people where the former is not rare while testicular cancer is uncommon.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1978

Effect of uranium on the induction and course of experimental autoimmune orchitis and thyroiditis.

The influence of acute and chronic uranium poisoning on the induction and course of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and orchitis was studied. It has been demonstrated that the testes and thyroid gland are involved in the general pathological process in uranium poisoning. Autoantibodies to the testes and to the thyroid gland were found to circulate in the blood of the poisoned animals. Uranium poisoning caused destructive changes in the testes and in the thyroid, similar to the picture of an autoimmune process. No summation of the effect was observed in the synthesis of autoantibodies during the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and orchitis on the background of chronic uranium poisoning although the most conspicuous histological changes were found in these groups and were characteristic of a pronounced autoimmune process.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Testicular underlying pathology, especially mumps orchitis in patients developing testicular tumors (author's transl)].

From 1966 to 1976, 502 patients with testicular tumors were treated in Hamburg. This represents a morbidity of 3 cases in 100,000 of the male population. Increase in morbidity was noticed. The average age for patients with seminomas was 37.7 years, for patients with teratoid carcinomas 28.3 years and with mixed tumors 29.2 years. Two patients had mumps orchitis in their history. Because of the long interval between mumps orchitis and development of tumor a causal realtionship was considered unlikely. 4.8% of the patients had a history of epididymitis on the side where the tumor developed later. Epididymitis may be the only symptom of mumps and mumps therefore still be of importance in the development of testicular tumors. Postorchitic testicular atrophy may form the basis for tumor development. The high incidence of undescended testicles, orchidopexy and inguinal hernia operations in the history of these patients is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Immunopathology of murine experimental allergic orchitis.

Experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) was induced consistently in BALB/c mice by immunization with homologous testicular tissue homogenate emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) providing that the animals had received simultaneously at least 1 microgram of an extract of Bordetella pertussis rich in pertussigen. All animals thus treated developed orchitis and serum antibody to testicular antigens within 20 days after immunization. The lesions were located in testis (100%), rete testis (37%), cauda epididymis (21%), and vas deferens (37%). Ductus efferentes and caput epididymis were only rarely affected. Early lesions in the seminiferous tubules were characterized by peritubular and/or intratubular accumulation of eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages. This was followed by aspermatogenesis. Late lesions included massive necrosis and extensive fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules. Disruption of blood-testis barrier on day 20 was evidenced by the detection of 1) perfused lanthanum deposits between Sertoli cells and surrounding inflammatory cells inside the seminiferous tubules, 2) deposits of endogenous mouse IgG in germinal epithelium, and 3) probable immune complexes (granular C3) surrounding seminiferous tubules. Murine EAO differed from that of the guinea pig in the lack of involvement of the ductus efferentes, the extensive necrosis, the abundant polymorphonuclear eosinophils in the lesion, and the exquisite requirement of concomitant injection of B. pertussis extract.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[A comparison of submicroscopic changes in the testes of rams after experimental ischemia with findings in orchitis in breeding rams].

Submicroscopic changes in the testes of rams were studied after experimental ischaemia induced by ligature on a. testicularis. The obtained findings were compared with those after traumatic orchitis in breeding rams. Both groups of animals showed marked changes in the germinal as well as Sertoli cells, which were characterized by generalized vacuolization of cell cytoplasm, accompanied by cell caryolysis. The Sertoli cells showed lipid cumulation and glycogen multiplication. The tubule wall had undulated layers. A pronounced reduplication of the lamellar layer of the tubule wall was recorded in the rams with orchitis. The interstitial tissue shows multiplication of collagenous fibres. The findings warn against traumatic injury of testes. The disordered spermiogenesis is irreversible.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Allergic orchitis in animals caused by streptococcal sensitization].

Guinea pigs and mice develop orchitis after immunization with killed streptococcus groups A (type 12) cells in complete adjuvant. In guinea pigs the process is characterized by the atrophy of spermatogenous epithelium of the testicles, and in mice by the disappearance of mature spermia from convoluted seminiferous tubules. Globulin fixed on spermia was detected in testicles of the immunized mice. Guinea pigs and mouse sera contained antibodies reacting with spermatid and spermatozoid structures of normal testicles. Immunized guinea pigs showed positive reactions of blast-transformation of lymphocytes and skin reactions of the delayed type to testicle antigens. The development of orchitis in guinea pigs and mice correlates in time with the appearance of antibodies and the development of the delayed type hyperseusitivity to the testicle antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Evaluation of 18 epididymo-orchitis cases].

Eighteen patients with epididymo-orchitis were reviewed clinically, microbiologically and serologically. While there were positive urine culture in 5 patients before treatment, only one of them had positive culture in the epididymal aspirate. The epididymo-orchitis in two patients was the complications of the brucellosis. Ofloxacin or doxycycline was used in the treatment of 16 patients for 2-3 weeks and all, except one patient were recovered completely. The cases secondary to the brucellosis were treated with rifampicin plus doxycycline combination for 6 weeks. After treatment, no positive urine cultures were noted in all patients. As a result the epididymal aspiration to clarify etiological agent is not necessarily needed and empirical treatment may be generally curative.

Adolescent↗