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PubMed2003

Histomorphology of angiogenesis in human perinatal orbitofrontal cortex: a Golgi and electron microscopic study of anastomosis formation.

We demonstrate here for the first time the formation of vascular anastomoses in the human neocortex. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of the perinatal human brain is structurally immature, so that the maturation of neurons, neuroglia and intracortical capillaries can be conveniently studied by comparison with these elements in motor and striatal cortex of the same brain. In OFC of the perinatal human brain, indication of prominent anastomosis formation in the upper layers (lamina II and III) is observed. Golgi silver impregnation and electron microscopic techniques were employed to demonstrate individual stages of vascular anastomosis development. Along with capillary angiogenesis, vascular anastomosis formation is of major importance for the ontogenesis of neuronal and glial elements of the CNS, particularly with respect to optimal metabolic support of structural elements of the mature brain. In the neocortex of the adult human brain, a characteristic three-dimensional capillary angioarchitecture is observed, contrasting with the two-dimensional arrangement in the immature perinatal cortex. Abnormal OFC angioarchitecture was also found in 14% of histomorphologically investigated brains from persons with endogenous psychoses. For the pathogenesis of functional disorders of the human brain, including endogenous psychoses, knowledge about the processes of structural maturation of neurons and neuroglia, but also of capillary architecture, is essential.

Arteriovenous Anastomosis↗
PubMed1992

The image of self and of the environment in drug abusers: a comparative study using the TAT.

This study attempted to add to our understanding of the heroin abusers' identity problems, using images of the self and the environment. Murray's Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was applied to a group of male drug users undergoing withdrawal treatment with methadone and also to a group of male, non-drug using controls. The needs of the subjects and the demands of the environment, plus interaction between the two, were compared between the two groups to obtain information about the self and lifestyle. Among the data which emerged, is an increased need for destructive aggression and an environment experienced as coercive and emarginating. Among the interactions we observed coerced imagination, difficulties in identification, personal relationships based on abandonment with persecutory projection of the female figure and a tendency toward immature defences such as avoidance, denial and acting out. This information is discussed in relation to possible means of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Folliculitis decalvans and human T cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) can be associated with either adult T-cell leukemia or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic progressive immune-mediated myelopathy. Skin manifestations such as xerosis and erythema may be associated with HAM/TSP. Infective dermatitis due to Staphylococcus aureus or beta-hemolytic Streptococcus has recently been described as a marker for HTLV-I infection and as a probable risk factor for the development of adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma in Jamaican children. We report a case of folliculitis decalvans, a rare chronic follicular inflammatory process of bacterial origin that is extremely resistant to treatment, in a patient with HAM/TSP. This case suggests the possibility that the disturbance of the immune system that was observed in patients with HAM/TSP can play a role in the persistence of this severe skin lesion. In addition, the findings of our case cast doubt on the hypothesis that the cause of infective dermatitis in persons infected with HTLV-I is immunosuppression due to congenital or perinatal infection of the immature immune system.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Benign chondroblastoma of the occipital bone. A case report].

Benign chondroblastoma is a rare bone tumor of immature cartilage cell derivation. This lesion classically occur at the ends of long bones in young persons. Chondroblastoma arising from the occipital bone is extremely rare. We report the case of a 16 year old girl with a benign condroblastoma in the occipital bone, and discuss the clinical, radiological and treatment aspects of this tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Defense mechanisms and self-reported violence toward strangers.

College men who reported committing violence toward strangers (N = 30) and nonviolent college men (N = 30) completed Thematic Apperception Test cards (TAT) and responded to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Defense mechanisms were coded from the TAT responses with the Defense Mechanism Manual (DMM). The men who reported violence toward strangers had higher DMM Denial scores and higher MMPI-2 Antisocial Practices scores than the nonviolent men. Student violence toward strangers seems to reflect immaturity rather than psychopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Temperament and character in pathological gambling.

OBJECTIVE: We have studied temperament and character in pathological gambling (PG). METHODS: Thirty-eight DSM-IV verified pathological gamblers (31 males and 7 females; mean age 35.4 +/- 10.4 years) were tested with Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Matched controls were chosen from the normal population. RESULTS: Pathological gamblers scored higher on the temperament factors novelty seeking (NS) and harm avoidance (HA). The most pronounced difference was found in the character factor self-directedness (SD). The pathological gamblers differed from controls in cooperativeness and self-transcendence. A personality disorder was found in 29% of the pathological gamblers 84% of whom scored either low on SD and high on impulsivity or had a more dishonest behaviour. Two-thirds of pathological gamblers showed immature character with or without high HA in temperament. The other third showed normal-character extravagant behaviour (86%), high impulsivity (36%) and less responsibility (50%) being the most common personality traits. CONCLUSION: HA and NS might be trait-like characteristics in PG.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Corrective social interaction therapy: role modeling.

This paper describes an experimental clinical approach to the problem child and his family, in which parents are trained to provide corrective social interaction experiences for the child. Negative interaction patterns are modified by teaching specific techniques of expressing warmth. Results of a pilot study indicate the technique is effective in working with immature and antisocial children who are hospitalized.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychological findings in a group of patients with perioral dermatitis].

Female patients suffering from perioral dermatitis were given the Raven Test, two personality inventories (MMPI and FPI) and the Rorschach Test. The results of these four tests show statistically significant differences from controls, indicating emotional immaturity combined with high intelligence level, inability to achieve satisfactory interpersonal relationships contrasting with an overemphasis upon social conformity, and a tendency to 'hysteriform' reactions.

Dermatitis↗
PubMed2002

Defense mechanisms, behavior, and affect in young adulthood.

The relationship between defense mechanism use, observed behavior, and affect was investigated in a sample of 91 young adults. Defense mechanisms were assessed using Cramer's (1991a) Defense Mechanism Manual for TAT stories; behavior was based on observer Q-sort ratings (Block, 1978). The findings show that men and women who rely on the immature defense of denial at age 23 show multiple signs of behavioral immaturity, as well as anxiety. In contrast, extensive use of projection was related to a suspicious, hyperalert personality style, including anxiety and depression, in men, but to a sociable, nonwary, nondepressed style in women. The use of the mature defense of identification, by women, was related to behavior characterized by maturity, social competence, and the absence of depressive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rationalizing criminal behaviour: the influence of criminal sentiments on sociomoral development in violent offenders and nonoffenders.

Cognitive developmental theory suggests that mature-level sociomoral reasoning (Stages 3 and 4) can provide a protective factor, or buffer, against antisocial and violent criminal behavior. This study explored whether the influence of internalised criminal sentiments could undermine this buffer. The sample was high-risk men and women offenders (n = 99) convicted of serious violent index offences, and men and women nonoffender university students (n = 101). Moral reasoning was measured using the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form, whereas criminal sentiments were assessed using the Criminal Sentiments Scale. Based on moral reasoning development level the sample was classified into groups: mature- or immature-level moral reasoners. The results suggested that mature-level sociomoral development might not protect a person from identifying with criminal others, and that law violation could be rationalized regardless of sociomoral level. Gender differences were neither expected nor found. The applied implications of the findings are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology.

It is often not just life stress but also a person's idiosyncratic response to life stress that leads to psychopathology. Thus, despite problems in reliability, the validity of defenses makes them a valuable diagnostic axis for understanding psychopathology. By including a patient's defensive style as part of the diagnostic formulation, the clinician is better able to comprehend what seems initially most unreasonable about the patient and to appreciate what is adaptive as well as maladaptive about the patient's defensive distortions of inner and outer reality. Clinical appreciation of the immature defenses (e.g., hypochondriasis, fantasy, dissociation, acting out, projection, and passive aggression) is particularly useful in classifying and caring for individuals with personality disorders.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of myeloperoxidase deficiency: population studies using Bayer-Technicon automated hematology.

The Bayer-Technicon hematological devices differentiate leukocytes by their peroxidase activity and their volume, displaying them as separate clusters. Peroxidase deficiencies are manifested by the irregular location of these clusters. This makes it possible to identify persons totally or partially lacking myeloperoxidase. The deficiency is quantified by the myeloperoxidase index, which is expressed for every routine analysis and for which normal values were determined. Values of the myeloperoxidase index confirm varying degrees of deficiency and prevalence. Family studies using these degrees show that the hereditary pattern must be more complicated than the classical autosomal-recessive mode. A bigenic mode is suggested. While about half of the totally deficient individuals detected were free of typical symptoms, in the other half we found infectious complications that were sometimes life-threatening. The hematological devices allow the identification of persons suffering from eosinoperoxidase deficiency and from MPO deficiency of the monocytes. The latter symptom seems to indicate immaturity of these cells and may lead to unexpected diagnosis of malignancy.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Coping with chronic pain. Some patients suffer more.

BACKGROUND: A multi-dimensional approach was used to examine coping in chronic pain. The following hypotheses were tested: (a) patients who cope maladaptively also cope generally in a similar way; (b) patients' maladaptive coping is associated with childhood adversity. METHOD: Cross-sectional and retrospective data were collected from 68 consecutive patients (aged 18-70) at a pain clinic where their disease was non-systemic and the pain had lasted for at least three months. Sixty-one patients were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, and the Measure of Parental Care in Childhood. All patients completed questionnaires on their pain and personality. RESULTS: Two coping styles emerged from factor analysis. One was associated with chronicity, psychiatric morbidity, harm avoidance, immature defence style and reporting parental indifference. CONCLUSION: Patients may be predisposed to cope maladaptively after the experience of parental indifference in early life. Such coping is likely to reflect more general patterns.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

[Muscle cramps: mechanism , etiology and current treatment].

Spasms of skeletal muscles occur in healthy individuals or in the course of functional disorders of the peripheral motor neuron or its axons. Like fasciculations, they are a motor manifestation, but a painful one. Cramps evoke the notion of ephapsis and of immature terminal axons. There are, however, also other responsible regulatory systems, mostly the sensible and spinal ones. Three personal observations are used to illustrate the various triggering mechanisms. A review of the literature on this subject is added. Symptomatic treatment has not changed over past decades: Quinidine remains the treatment of choice. Other stabilizers of cell membranes are actually available, whose usefulness varies as a function of the cause of cramps.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Bruxism and psychobiological model of personality.

Bruxism is an abnormal activity of the masticatory system, caused by both psychological and occlusal factors. The aim of the study was to determine the possible correlation between the temperament and character of patients and bruxism. Personality profile of 35 bruxism patients, with no history of psychiatric disorder, was studied by means of Cloninger's seven factor model of temperament and character. For diagnosis of bruxism, muscle activity was analysed and occlusal interferences and facets were registered by clinical functional analysis. Temperament and Character Inventory assesses four dimensions of temperament and three dimensions of character. Results suggest that bruxism patients can have following personality traits: exploratory, impulsive, extravagant and irritable, pessimistic, fearful, shy and fatigable, critical, aloof, detached and independent, lazy, spoiled, underachiever and pragmatist. Combined scores of character dimension indicate immature dimensions of character. Inventory is not standardized for the Croatian population, therefore the result should be taken with caution.

Bruxism↗
PubMed2006

The rise of the boy-genius: psychological neoteny, science and modern life.

The mid-20th century saw the rise of the boy-genius, probably because a personality type characterized by prolonged youthfulness is advantageous both in science and modern life generally. This is the evolution of 'psychological neoteny', in which ever-more people retain for ever-longer the characteristic behaviours and attitudes of earlier developmental stages. Whereas traditional societies are characterized by initiation ceremonies marking the advent of adulthood, these have now dwindled and disappeared. In a psychological sense, some contemporary individuals never actually become adults. A child-like flexibility of attitudes, behaviours and knowledge is probably adaptive in modern society because people need repeatedly to change jobs, learn new skills, move to new places and make new friends. It seems that this adaptation is achieved by the expedient of postponing cognitive maturation - a process that could be termed psychological neoteny. ('Neoteny' refers to the biological phenomenon whereby development is delayed such that juvenile characteristics are retained into maturity.) Psychological neoteny is probably caused by the prolonged average duration of formal education, since students' minds are in a significant sense 'unfinished'. Since modern cultures favour cognitive flexibility, 'immature' people tend to thrive and succeed, and have set the tone of contemporary life: the greatest praise of an elderly person is to state that they retain the characteristics of youth. But the faults of youth are retained with well as its virtues: short attention span, sensation- and novelty-seeking, short cycles of arbitrary fashion and a sense of cultural shallowness. Nonetheless, as health gets better and cosmetic technologies improve, future humans may become somewhat like an axolotl - the cave-dwelling salamander which retains its larval form until death.

Beginning of Human Life↗