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PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic problems with imported cases of mycetoma in The Netherlands.

Eight cases of imported mycetomata in The Netherlands are reviewed. Seven of these were cultured; only one isolate, Actinomadura madurae, belonged to a species commonly known as an agent of mycetoma. The remaining strains either belonged to very rare species, such as Phialophora cyanescens, or could not be identified at all. The list of possible agents of mycetoma apparently needs to be expanded. In addition, the concept of endemic occurrence of aetiological agents of eumycetoma needs revision. Divergent saprophytes may be involved which are able to survive in human tissue.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Calcium regulates in vitro dimorphism in chromoblastomycotic fungi.

Cladosporium carrionii, Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Phialophora verrucosa, the three most important agents of chromoblastomycosis, produced large numbers of sclerotic bodies at 25 degrees C, and greater numbers at 37 degrees C, after inoculation into a defined pH 2.5 medium containing 0.1 mmol l-1 Ca2+. Higher concentrations of Ca2+ reversed this tendency and promoted maintenance of hyphal growth. Addition of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA to the same medium buffered at pH 6.5 also induced sclerotic bodies, but in a more concentration-dependent fashion. EGTA at 0.5-1.0 mmol l-1 induced maximum numbers of sclerotic bodies in Cl. carrionii, whereas 2 and 8 mmol l-1 concentrations were required for the same results with F. pedrosoi and P. verrucosa, respectively. These findings suggest that Ca2+ concentrations in human tissue may play a paramount role in the dimorphic switching between hyphae and sclerotic bodies among chromoblastomycotic agents during infection.

Calcium↗
PubMed1965

APPLICATION OF FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY PROCEDURES TO THE STUDY OF PATHOGENIC DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI.II. SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUS FONSECAEA.

Gordon, Morris A. (New York State Department of Health, Albany), and Yousef Al-Doory. Application of fluorescent-antibody procedures to the study of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi. II. Serological relationships of the genus Fonsecaea. J. Bacteriol. 89:551-556. 1965.-The staining spectra of fluorescein-labeled antiglobulins to Fonsecaea compactum, F. dermatitidis, and F. pedrosoi were determined with respect to 71 strains of morphologically related and 21 miscellaneous molds (including so-called "black yeasts"). All three conjugates showed considerable reaction with saprophytic Cladosporium spp. F. dermatitidis appeared to be most closely related serologically to the genus Cladosporium; F. compactum conjugate was fairly specific; and the few non-specific reactions of diluted F. pedrosoi reagent were almost unexceptionally with species of Fonsecaea and Cladosporium. Most strains of F. pedrosoi were unstained by F. compactum conjugate, and there was very little relationship shown between either of these species and Phialophora verrucosa. Conjugates of two strains of P. verrucosa failed to react with any of the three species of Fonsecaea. The possible significance of these results for classification of the "black yeasts" and other dematiaceous molds is discussed.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of proteolytic activity to differentiate some dematiaceous fungi.

A total of 123 isolates of Cladosporium spp., Exophiala spp., Fonsecaea spp., Lecythophora hoffmannii, Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, Phialophora spp., Wangiella dermatitidis, and Xylohypha bantiana were tested for proteolytic activity by using 26 different formulations of gelatin, milk, casein, and Loeffler media. Other physiological properties examined included hydrolysis of tyrosine and xanthine, sodium nitrate utilization in Czapek Dox agar, and thermotolerance. Isolates of Exophiala jeanselmei, Fonsecaea compacta, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, W. dermatitidis, and X. bantiana lacked proteolytic activity. Proteolytic activity was variable among the remaining species, depending on the type of medium used. Thermotolerance had value in distinguishing some taxa.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phaeoacremonium inflatipes.

Phaeoacremonium inflatipes, one of three species previously classified as strains of Phialophora parasitica, was identified as the causal agent of a subcutaneous infection of the left foot of an 83-year-old woman from South Carolina. The patient had a granulomatous growth over the anteromedial aspect of her left foot. It was surgically excised, which led to complete healing without complications. Tissue sections of the excised mass stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gomori's methenamine silver strains showed many septate hyphal elements of various lengths, some exhibiting brownish pigment in the cell walls of the hyphae. Portions of the tissue, when cultured, yielded many colonies which were initially glabrous, off white becoming velvety, greyish brown on aging. Microscopically, their hyphae were septate, branched, and phaeoid and bore lateral and terminal, erect, septate conidiophores. The conidiogenous cells (phialides) were terminal or lateral, mostly monophialidic, subcylindrical to spinelike in shape, and constricted at their bases and bore funnel-shaped, inconspicuous collarettes at their tips. The conidia were subhyaline, oblong, and ellipsoid to allantoid.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Fungal infection following renal transplantation.

Twenty-seven deep fungal infections developed in 22 of 171 patients following renal transplantation. These infections included cryptococcosis (ten), nocardiosis (seven), candidiasis (four), aspergillosis (two), phycomycosis (two), chromomycosis (one), and subcutaneous infection with Phialophora gougeroti (one). Twelve infections occurred in living-related and ten in cadaveric recipients. Nineteen of the 22 patients were male. Infections occurred from 0 to 61 months after transplantation. Complicating non-fungal infections were present concomitantly in 15 patients. Thirteen patients died, eight probably as a result of fungal infection. Appropriate diagnostic procedures yielded a diagnosis in 20 of 27 infections, and therapy was begun in 18 patients. Serologic, culture, and biopsy procedures useful in making rapid diagnoses are advocated in the hope of increasing survival.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes in autofluorescent hyphomycetes.

We used digoxigenin-labeled probes for in situ hybridization of hyphomycetes to replace the commonly used fluorescent proof of probe binding by a colorimetric reaction. The resulting blue-purple, intracellular precipitate could be easily detected by light microscopy, and thus presented a promising method to overcome autofluorescence of fungal material and substratum. Optimal cell fixation and permeabilization procedures, as well as hybridization conditions were developed on the example of two different hyphomycetes: Phialophora sp. and Cartapip, a colorless mutant of Ophiostoma piliferum (Agra Sol).

Chemical Precipitation↗
PubMed1989

The mucilage secreted by roots and its possible role in cell-cell recognition for the adhesion of fungal pathogens to root surfaces of Zea mays L.

The outer cells of the roots of plants secrete a mucilage which lubricates the root and keeps it moist. The mucilage is secreted from the Golgi apparatus in vesicles which fuse at the plasma membrane. In maize roots a complex of at least three polysaccharides and glycoproteins are formed, some of which have a large proportion of fucose in their composition. The synthesis of these compounds can be readily monitored because fucose can be easily identified, and especially because exogenous fucose is not catabolized but is incorporated intact into the polymers. The synthesis of the polymers seems to be initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum in conjunction with polyprenoid oligosaccharides that contain fucose. Lipid-oligosaccharides of nine sugar residues can be obtained from the membrane preparations of the root cells. These compounds are polyprenyl diphosphate derivatives. A GDP-fucose:polyprenyl phosphate transfucosylase occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas fucosyl transferase that transfers fucose to a polymer occurs mainly in the Golgi apparatus. The indirect evidence suggests that oligosaccharides of polyprenyl diphosphate compounds are transferred to proteins, elaborated in the Golgi apparatus, and large molecular weight polysaccharides are finally exported as the mucus. Part of the mucus is acidic and in some respects resembles pectin. The presence of fucose in such large quantities in maize root mucilage suggested that this might have some significance for the recognition of these plants by parasitic root fungi. The adsorption of mucilage by pathogenic fungi was investigated with two types of fungi, a highly specialized ectotrophic root-infecting fungus, e.g. Phialophora radicicola and a vascular wilt fungus capable of attacking a great variety of tissues, e.g. Fusarium moniliforme. The adsorption of radioactively labelled and fluorescently labelled polymers by the pathogenic fungi was investigated. The character and proportion of fungal surfaces present in vitro were standardised by the production and semi-synchronous germination of populations of conidia. Changes in appearance of fungal walls, present before and after germination, were examined ultrastructurally. There was polyanionic material on hyphal but less on conidial surfaces of the ectotrophic root-infecting fungi. In contrast this material was present to similar extents on both hyphal and conidial surfaces of F. moniliforme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adhesives↗
PubMed1988

Phaeomycotic cyst (chromoblastomycosis) of the neck.

An unusual fungal infection of the neck caused by Phialophora verrucosa (chromoblastomycosis) is presented. The patient acquired this fungus by cutting his chin on a wooden floor. Surgical and medical therapy of this unusual disease is discussed.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1997

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in fungal infections.

To evaluate the role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in diagnosis of fungal infections, a retrospective analysis of 26 cases of fungal infection is described. The spectrum of various fungi encountered on cytologic microscopy of aspirated material and fungal culture was as follows: Aspergillus sp (16 cases), Cryptococcus neoformans (six cases), Mucorales (one case), Candida sp (one case), Phialophora parasiticus (one case), Sporothrix schenkii and Cladosporium sp (the last two isolated from a single case). In majority (71%) of cases, fungal infection was not clinically suspected but was picked up on cytologic material in all the cases. An accurate diagnosis based on morphology could be made in 21 cases (80%). Predisposing factor was found in three patients, two of them had diabetes mellitus and one was on immunosuppression. HIV serology was negative in seven cases tested. Commonest tissue reaction (75%) was foreign body giant cells with foamy macrophages and variable amount of necrosis. Although FNAB is helpful in the rapid diagnosis of fungal infections, culture is essential for more accurate identification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Messenger RNA intron in the nuclear 18s ribosomal RNA gene of deuteromycetes.

Introns within messenger RNA genes have characteristic border sequences and a conserved region near the 3' end of the intron. All are involved in splicing to produce the mature mRNA. Introns in ribosomal RNA genes have less well-defined borders and contain no internal conservation. We report here mRNA-type introns located near the 3' end of the 18s rRNA genes of the deuteromycetes Phialophora americana and Cenococcum geophilum. Inserted sequences of various sizes have also been located at the same point in several other deuteromycete species.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1987

In vitro sensitivity of environmental isolates of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi to azole compounds and a phenylpropyl-morpholine derivative.

The in vitro sensitivity (minimum inhibitory concentrations; MICs) of 42 environmental isolates of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi to 7 azole compounds, viz. thiabendazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, econazole bifonazole, Bay n 7133, Bay 1 9139 and phenylpropyl-morpholine derivative, Ro14-4767/002 was studied by an agar dilution method using Emmon's Sabouraud dextrose agar (ESDA) as the culture medium. The isolates of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Cladosporium carrionii, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ramichloridium subulatum were most sensitive to bifonazole with mean MICs of 0.06 microgram/ml or less; Phialophora verrucosa had an MIC of 0.05 microgram/ml to ketoconazole and Ro14-4767/002, respectively. Ochroconis sp had an MIC of 0.025 microgram/ml to Ro14-4767/002 and Cladosporium tennuisimum 0.39 microgram/ml to ketoconazole. Econazole and thiabendazole also showed good antifungal activity. The fungi were relatively resistant to the more recently developed azoles, viz. Bay n 7133 and Bay 1 9139, the later failing to inhibit C. tennuisimum at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of the drugs were mostly within 2 to 8 fold of the MICs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fungal biodiversity in the air of Turin.

The qualitative fungal composition of Turin's atmospheric environment was surveyed, carrying out a twelve-month study and collecting with a single stage volumetric sieve sampler on Dermasel agar supplemented with 0.4 g l-1 cycloheximide and 0.05 g l-1 chloramphenicol. We isolated 165 species and 2 varieties of mesophilic fungi from 58 genera and 26 thermotolerant species from 12 genera. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Acremonium, Chrysosporium, Scopulariopsis, Malbranchea, Paecilomyces, Phialophora and Cladosporium were in sequence the genera most rich in mesophilic species; Aspergillus, Penicillium, Chrysosporium and Scopulariopsis the most rich in thermotolerant species. Many of the species isolated are rarely or never recorded in the atmospheric environment. Cycloheximide can thus be said to select among airborne fungi, giving a characteristic picture.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1976

Effect of carbon source on conidiogenesis in Fonsecaea dermatitidis, agent of chromomycosis.

Hormiscium dermatitidis Kano is a well known etiological agent of cutaneous and generalized chromomycosis. However, the generic designation of this fungus has long been a much debated question. The results of the present study of the type culture ATCC 28869 indicate that the fungus is polymorphic, producing a Phialophora state in media containing glucose or maltose and a Cladosporium state in media containing galactose or melibiose. Morphologically and developmentally this chromomycotic agent is closely related to Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Brumpt) Negroni and should be classified as Fonsecaes dermatitidis (Kano) Carrion.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1981

Serological cross-reactivity between Sporothrix schenckii and various unrelated fungi.

The serological cross-reactivity of Sporothrix schenckii with various unrelated fungi was investigated by use of immunodiffusion tests. A rabbit anti S. schenckii serum was obtained, which reacted with Cladosporium werneckii, C. carrionii, C. bantianum, Coccidioides immitis, Phialophora jeanselmei, P. gougerotii, P. dermatitidis, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Aspergillus fumigatus, Histoplasma capsulatum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, but not with Saccharomyces cerevisiae antigens. The serological determinants responsible for the cross-reactions were suggested to be D-galactosyl residues.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed1995

Fruiting studies in species of Capronia (Herpotrichiellaceae).

A recently described protocol for the in vitro production of ascomata was employed to determine the sexual incompatibility systems of five species of Capronia. The formation of mature ascomata in isolates derived from single ascospores demonstrated that C. epimyces, C. mansonii, and C. munkii n. sp. are homothallic. In contrast, fertile ascomata were observed only in mass-ascospore isolates and pairwise crosses between specific single-ascospore isolates in C. dactylotricha n. sp. and C. moravica. The Exophiala anamorphs of C. dactylotricha and C. munkii are described and a Phialophora-like synanamorph is reported for the former species. Germinating ascospores of C. munkii formed conidiogenous cells directly, while the ascospores of the remaining species germinated to produce germ tubes and hyphae. The application of the terms 'microcyclic conidiation' to secondary conidium production and 'sclerotial body' and 'stroma' to the multicellular structures produced by species of Capronia and Exophiala are discussed.

Ascomycota↗