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PubMed2004

Low-density lipoprotein particle size and coronary atherosclerosis in subjects belonging to hypertensive sibships.

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia in hypertensive sibships may be characterized by atherogenic small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Whether LDL particle size is associated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis in hypertensive sibships is unknown. METHODS: Subjects (n = 792, mean age 62 years, 60% women) were ascertained through sibships containing at least two individuals with essential hypertension diagnosed before age 60 years. The LDL particle size was measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) was measured noninvasively by electron beam computed tomography, and CAC score was calculated using the method of Agatston et al. Sex-specific multiple regression models were used to assess independent predictors of LDL particle size and the association of LDL particle size with CAC. RESULTS: In all, 76% of women and 77% of men were hypertensive. In each sex, independent predictors of smaller LDL particle size were total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lower HDL cholesterol. In women, greater age was an additional predictor of smaller LDL particle size. After adjustment for age and statin use, LDL particle size was significantly associated with the amount of CAC in women but not in men. After further adjustment for HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension, LDL particle size was not independently associated with CAC in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: After adjustment for age and statin use, LDL particle size was found to be significantly related to CAC quantity in women but not in men belonging to hypertensive sibships. In women, LDL particle size may mediate some of the atherogenic effects of low-HDL cholesterol-high-triglyceride dyslipidemia, but does not appear to be independently associated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis in either sex.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Role of particle size and forage quality in digestion and passage by cattle and sheep.

Diminution of forage particles includes mastication, chewing, and digestion. In rumen of cattle and sheep fed all forage diets, particle size can range from 200 to over 1200 microns. Particle size reduction to about less than 1200 microns must occur before passage. Dietary particle size may influence rumen particle size, but mastication and rumination minimizes differences among diets. Ruminants expend considerable effort to move digesta. Density, cell wall percentage, osmotic pressure, and pH may affect propulsion. Dense particles may sink to the bottom and resist escape. Cell wall may reduce digestion and passage. Osmotic pressure or pH may affect digestive efficiency and rhythm of intestinal tract muscles. Chewing, exercise, physiological functions, and body size may also affect the reduction of forage particle size. More effort is necessary to chew high than low fiber diets. Young cattle (less than 225 kg) lack rumination capability and body size to process forage particles efficiently. Exercised sheep (26,400 kg-m/d) ate less forage and ruminated less than controls. Other body functions, such as lactation, appear to influence chewing patterns and rumination. These relationships are poorly understood at best and need additional intensive examination.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2007

Effect of particle size based separation of milled corn stover on AFEX pretreatment and enzymatic digestibility.

Particle size and compositional variance are found to have a substantial influence on ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Corn stover was milled and fractionated into particle sizes of varying composition. The larger particle size fractions (rich in corn cob and stalk portions) were found to be more recalcitrant to hydrolysis compared to the smaller size fractions (rich in leaves and husk portion). Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for biomass surface and bulk compositional analysis, respectively. The ESCA results showed a 15-30% decrease in the O/C (oxygen to carbon) ratio after the pretreatment indicating an increase in the hydrophobic nature of biomass surface. FTIR results confirmed cleavage of the lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) for the AFEX-treated fractions. The spectroscopic results indicate the extraction of cleaved lignin phenolic fragments and other cell wall extractives to the biomass surface upon AFEX. Water washing of AFEX-treated fractions removed some of the hydrophobic extractives resulting in a 13% weight loss (dry weight basis). Phenolic content of wash stream was evaluated by the modified Prussian blue (MPB) method. Removal of ligno-phenolic extractives from the AFEX-treated biomass by water washing vastly improved the glucan conversion as compared to the unwashed samples. Reduction in substrate particle size was found to affect the AFEX process and rate of hydrolysis as well. Implications of the stover particle size, composition, and inhibitory role of the phenolic fragments on an integrated biorefinery are discussed.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2004

Effects of alfalfa particle size and specific gravity on chewing activity, digestibility, and performance of Holstein dairy cows.

Two experiments were carried out to test the effects of alfalfa particle size and functional specific gravity (FSG) on chewing activity, digestibility, rumen kinetics, and production of lactating dairy cows fed corn silage based rations. In experiment 1, water-holding capacity (WHC), insoluble dry matter, hydration rate, and FSG changes were determined in alfalfa hay (varying in particle size) and corn silage. Reduction of particle size increased bulk density, FSG, and the rate of hydration, and decreased WHC of alfalfa. In experiment 2, 9 midlactation Holstein dairy cows fed total mixed rations containing 3 sizes of alfalfa hay (with geometric mean 7.83, 4.04, and 1.14 mm) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. The diets contained 20, 20, 35, 7, 7.5, 10, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.1% of DM alfalfa, corn silage, barley, soybean meal, beet pulp, wheat bran, dicalcium phosphate, vitamin premix, and salt, respectively. The geometric means (GM) of rations were 3.34, 2.47, and 1.66 mm in long, medium, and fine alfalfa treatments, respectively. Reduction of particle size increased daily NDF intake (kg), but decreased the proportion of physically effective factor (pef) and physically effective NDF (peNDF) in the ingested rations. Reduction of particle size increased the FSG of rations and intake of DM but reduced digestibility of NDF and ash. Reduction of particle size decreased ruminal mean retention time (RMRT), but increased the ruminal particulate passage rate. Milk and FCM yield were not affected by treatments. The rumen pH, total chewing activity, rumination, eating time, and milk fat were reduced as particle size decreased, but milk protein increased. This study showed that reduction of forage particle size increased bulk density, FSG, and hydration rate of alfalfa and was the most influential factor affecting DMI, milk composition, and chewing behavior. Reduction of forage particle size had minimal impact on digestibility and milk production.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1980

Dust in dental laboratories. Part II: Measurement of particle size distributions.

It has been demonstrated in a previous study that threshold limit values of various elements or compounds could be considerably exceeded in various work operations in the dental laboratories when appropriate ventilation systems were not used. This refers to working with chromium-cobalt alloys, amalgam dies, porcelain, and gypsum. In the present study, size distributions of particles arising from cutting, grinding, or polishing of alloys, gypsum, porcelain, or denture base material in dental laboratories have been measured. The particle size distributions were evaluated by means of light and electron microscopy as well as by coulter-counting techniques. The measurements revealed the occurrence of a high proportion of respirable dust associated with these operations. consequently, the use of efficient ventilation systems is strictly necessary to ensure industrial safety with respect to air pollution in the working environment of dental laboratories.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2000

The particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment in the Humber and Tweed catchments, UK

This paper presents information on the absolute (chemically-dispersed) particle size characteristics of the suspended sediment transported by rivers in the Humber and Tweed basins during the period 1994-1998. For most of the rivers, > 95% of the suspended sediment load at the time of sampling was < 63 microm (i.e. silt- and clay-sized material) and < 5% was > 63 microm (i.e. sand-sized material). The < 2 microm fraction (i.e. clay-sized material) typically ranged between 15 and 25%. The average median (d50) particle size for the individual rivers ranged between 4.1 and 13.5 microm. Generally, the particle size characteristics of suspended sediment transported in the two basins were similar. There were, however, noticeable spatial variations in the particle size composition of suspended sediment within the study basins, which reflected the particle size of the sediment sources and their spatial variation, and the selectivity of the sediment mobilization and delivery processes. When particle size parameters were plotted against discharge, there were no significant relationships, although there was some evidence of trends varying between sites. The lack of significant relationships with discharge reflects the fact that sediment particle size is largely supply-controlled, rather than a function of flow and hydraulics. When particle size variations were examined during individual storm events, there was evidence of a pulse of coarse sediment on the rising limb of the hydrograph. This may reflect the remobilization of coarse channel bed sediment as flow velocity and shear stress increase. Finer sediment was transported subsequently during the hydrograph peak and on the falling limb. The findings reported have important implications for understanding and modelling suspended sediment, and associated contaminant, dynamics in river basins.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

Colloidal particle-size determination by gel filtration.

The particle sizes of technetium-99m sulfur colloid and technetium-99m antimony sulfide colloid are determined by gel filtration. These results are compared with those obtained by electron microscopy and by ultrafiltration. It is shown that gel filtration is suitable for particle-size determination below 100 nm, whereas above this size ultrafiltration provides the most convenient method.

Chromatography, Gel↗

PubMed2002

Genetic influences contributing to LDL particle size in familial combined hyperlipidaemia.

The nature of the genetic and environmental factors influencing low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size in patients with familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCHL) is under debate. We measured LDL peak particle size in 553 subjects belonging to 48 Finnish FCHL families. Individuals with high triglyceride (TG) concentrations (phenotype IV) or combined hyperlipidaemia (phenotype IIB) had significantly smaller LDL particles than those with hypercholesterolaemia (phenotype IIA) or unaffected subjects (P<0.001). In stepwise regression analyses, serum TGs (r(2)=43%, P<0.001) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r(2)=4.5%, P<0.001) were the only significant predictors of LDL peak particle size. Familial correlations support the conclusion that LDL peak particle size is familial, and most probably influenced by genes in these families. Segregation analysis of LDL peak particle size, a quantitative trait, was performed to model this genetic influence. Our results suggest a polygenic background for LDL size with a recessive major gene that may contribute to large LDL peak particle size in women. Serum TG and HDL-C concentrations predict the majority of variations in LDL particle size.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A method to control particle size of cellulose acetate trimellitate microspheres.

A method for controlling microsphere particle size by regulating the ratio of polymer to solvent concentration and volume fraction, for an emulsion-solvent removal type of microencapsulation system, has been investigated. Viscosity of the external phase was kept constant by using light mineral oil in all experiments. Viscosity of the polymer solution, the internal phase, was modified by changing the ratio of the polymer to solvent concentration. Microspheres were obtained by adding the internal phase to the external phase and stirring the mixture for 30 min. A non-solvent was then added to the system to harden the polymer and recover the microspheres. Polymer concentration was modified by adding extra solvent to the mineral oil, just before the addition of the internal phase and also by adding extra solvent to the polymer phase. Similar, but not identical, results were obtained in both of these systems. A plot of particle size versus polymer to the solvent ratio resulted in sigmoidal curves. The term solvent means the solvent available to the polymer after mixing with mineral oil. A separate curve was obtained for each polymer concentration used in the experiments. When the internal phase volume fraction was incorporated as a variable in the plot of particle size, the three sigmoidal curves merged into a single curve, irrespective of the polymer concentration. The equation developed for controlling the particle size, as a function of polymer and solvent concentration and phase volume ratio, also was tested in systems that contained tartrazine as a model drug. Dissolution experiments were carried out and dissolution rate was correlated to particle size. Microspheres size was controlled by polymer and solvent concentration and phase volume ratio.

Benzoates↗

PubMed2003

Effect of soybean meal particle size on amino acid and energy digestibility in grower-finisher swine.

A study was conducted using the ileal digestibility technique with grower-finisher pigs to evaluate the effects of particle size reduction of soybean meal (SBM) on amino acid and energy digestibility. Soybean meal was processed through a hammer mill to achieve average particle sizes of 900, 600, 300, and 150 microm. The treatments included the use of two soybean meal sources and soy protein concentrate. One source of SBM was ground to four different particle sizes (i.e., 949, 600, 389, 185); a second source was a common SBM source used in other trials (i.e., 800 microm). The soy protein concentrate had an average particle size of 385 microm. A low-protein (5% casein) diet was fed to determine endogenous amino acid losses. This experiment was conducted in a 7 x 7 Latin Square design in two replicates using 14 crossbred barrows ([Landrace x Yorkshire] x Duroc) that averaged 28 kg BW and 60 d of age. Animals were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Treatment diets were fed in meal form, initially at 0.09 kg BW(0.75) and at graded increases at each subsequent period. Pigs within replicate were fed a constant quantity of their treatment diet for a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta samples. Apparent and true digestibility of amino acids was calculated by use of chromic oxide (0.5%) as an indigestible marker. Apparent digestibility of isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine increased linearly (P < 0.05) as particle size decreased. True digestibility of isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine increased linearly (P < 0.05) as particle size decreased. When the essential amino acids were averaged, apparent digestibility increased (P < 0.10) from 83.5% to 84.9% as particle size decreased, whereas, nonessential amino acid digestibility increased only slightly (P > 0.15). Essential amino acid true digestibility increased numerically from 91.0% to 92.4% as particle size decreased. Energy digestibility was not affected by particle size (P > 0.15). These results suggest that a reduction in particle size of soybean meal resulted in a small increase in the digestibility of its amino acids with the essential amino acids being affected more than the nonessential amino acids. The largest improvement in digestibility, however, was obtained when the particle size was reduced to 600 microm.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1982

An investigation of the relationship between particle size and compression during capsule filling with an instrumented mG2 simulator.

An instrumented mG2 capsule filling machine simulator has been employed to study the effects of the amount of compression (compression ratio) on the capsule fill weight uniformity and measured compression and ejection stresses. Four size fractions of lactose were studied (mean particle sizes 15.6, 17.8, 37.5 and 155.2 micron). The range of compression over which satisfactory filling could be achieved was large for fine, cohesive powders but decreased with increasing particle size. The lower limit of filling ability was the ability to retain the powder and the amount of compression needed to achieve retention increased with increasing particle size. The upper limit on compression, was the compaction of the powder which prevented the piston acting to cause retention. Large particle sizes were able to undergo only a small change in volume before compaction occurred whilst fine, cohesive powders were considerably more compressible and hence could be filled satisfactorily at higher compression settings.

Capsules↗

PubMed2000

Relation between RLP-triglyceride to RLP-cholesterol ratio and particle size distribution in RLP-cholesterol profiles by HPLC.

Remnant-Like Particles (RLP) isolated by an immunoseparation method are heterogeneous in their physical and biochemical properties. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between RLP-triglyceride (RLP-TG) to RLP-cholesterol (RLP-C) ratio and particle size distribution in RLP-C profiles from patients with hyperlipoproteinemia by HPLC. RLP were isolated from serum samples from 147 subjects. RLP-C and RLP-TG were quantified by respective enzymatic methods. Particle sizes of the RLP were measured using HPLC with 4 connected TSKgel LipopropakXL columns. Based on HPLC profiles of RLP-C from individual subjects, three different types were classified: predominantly LDL, predominantly VLDL, and mostly VLDL types. All patients with type III hyperlipidemia were mostly VLDL type but with smaller particle size of VLDL (32 nm) than other subjects. Severe hypertriglyceridemic (TG>4.52 mmoll(-1)) subjects were mostly VLDL type with large particle size (41 nm). As for all subjects (n=105) without predominantly LDL type, a significant correlation between RLP particle size and RLP-TG to RLP-C ratio (r=0. 432, P<0.001) was obtained, but not in case of serum TG to RLP-C ratio (r=0.062). It suggests that RLP-TG to RLP-C ratio might be used for discrimination of atherogenic smaller-sized lipoprotein from larger-sized TG-rich lipoprotein remnants.

Apolipoproteins↗

PubMed2004

Particle size reduction and encapsulation affect the bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in rats.

Particle size is an important determinant of Fe absorption from poorly soluble Fe compounds in foods. Decreasing the particle size of elemental iron powders increases their absorption. The effect of a reduction in particle size on the bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is unclear. Encapsulation of iron compounds for food fortification may protect against adverse sensory changes, but at the same time may reduce bioavailability. The hemoglobin (Hb) repletion method in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 100) was used to compare the relative bioavailability (RBV) of 4 forms of FePP: 1) regular FePP [mean particle size (MPS) approximately 21 microm]; 2) MPS approximately 2.5 microm; 3) MPS approximately 2.5 microm encapsulated in hydrogenated palm oil; and 4) MPS approximately 0.5 microm with emulsifiers. The RBV compared with ferrous sulfate was calculated by the slope-ratio technique. The RBV was 43% for encapsulated MPS approximately 2.5 microm, significantly lower than the other FePP compounds (P < 0.05), 59% for the regular FePP, and 69% for MPS approximately 2.5 microm, not different from each other but significantly lower than ferrous sulfate (P < 0.05), and 95% for emulsified MPS approximately 0.5 microm, comparable to ferrous sulfate. Encapsulation of FePP with hydrogenated palm oil at a capsule:substrate ratio of 60:40 decreased RBV. Particle size reduction increases the RBV of FePP and may make this compound more useful for food fortification.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance of nursery pigs.

We used 360 nursery pigs (35 +/- 3 d of age) in two 21-d growth assays to determine the effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance. In both trials, there were six pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and fed the same phase I diet for 7 d after weaning, followed by a phase II diet from d 7 to 14. On d 14, all pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments. Experimental diets contained 61.9% corn, 34.4% soybean meal, and 3.7% vitamins and minerals. In Exp. 1, 90 barrows and 90 gilts (9.2 +/- 2.3 kg BW) were fed diets containing extruded-expelled soybean meal ground to 965, 742, or 639 microm, which resulted in whole-diet particle sizes of 728, 719, and 697 microm, respectively. Reducing extruded-expelled soybean meal particle size from 965 or 742 to 639 microm in the diet did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG (541, 538, and 542 g/d), ADFI (886, 875, and 855 g/d; as-fed basis), or gain:feed ratio (0.61, 0.61, 0.64), respectively. In Exp. 2, 90 barrows and 90 gilts (9.9 +/- 2.6 kg BW) were fed diets containing solvent-extracted soybean meal ground to 1,226, 797, or 444 microm, which resulted in whole-diet particle sizes of 732, 681, and 629 microns, respectively. Like Exp. 1, reducing particle size of solvent-extracted soybean meal did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG (482, 487, and 484 g/d), ADFI (738, 742, and 736 g/d; as-fed), or gain:feed (0.65, 0.65, and 0.65). Reducing particle size of extruded-expelled soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal increased the angle of repose (maximum degree at which a pile of material retains its slope), indicating that as particle size decreased, flowability characteristics decreased. However, the angle of repose of the complete diets was greater than that for the soybean meals, which indicates that decreasing the particle size of soybean meal had minimal effects on flow characteristics of the complete diet. Previous research has shown that decreasing grain particle size improves digestibility and feed efficiency, and decreased soybean meal particle size has resulted in improved amino acid digestibility. However, the results of our experiments suggest decreasing particle size of either extruded-expelled soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal does not affect nursery pig growth performance.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2000

Enzyme supplementation and particle size of wheat in diets for nursery and finishing pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of enzyme supplementation and particle size of wheat-based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 180 weaned pigs (5.7 kg and 21 d of age) were fed diets in a 35-d growth assay without or with a Trichoderma longibrachiatium enzyme product (4,000 units of xylanase activity per gram of product) and with wheat ground to mean particle sizes of 1,300, 600, or 400 microm. Enzyme supplementation had no effect on ADG or gain/feed (P > 0.32), but there was a trend (P < 0.10) for greater digestibility of DM (d 6) in enzyme-supplemented diets. A particle size of 600 microm supported the greatest overall gain/feed (quadratic effect, P < 0.01). An interaction of enzyme supplementation with particle size occurred; gain/feed was improved (P < 0.01) with enzyme supplementation at the coarse (1,300 microm) particle size but not when the wheat was ground to 600 or 400 microm. In Exp. 2, 160 finishing pigs (67 kg) were fed a diet without or with the same enzyme used in Exp. 1 and wheat ground to 1,300 or 600 microm. No interactions occurred between enzyme supplementation and particle size of the wheat (P > 0.15). However, there were trends for greater gain/feed (P < 0.10) during the 67- to 93-kg phase of the experiment and for greater digestibility of DM (P < 0.10) and N (P < 0.07) with enzyme supplementation. When particle size was reduced from 1,300 to 600 microm, gain/feed was improved (P < 0.03) for the 93- to 114-kg phase of the growth assay, and digestibilities of DM (P < 0.02) and N (P < 0.04) were greater. In Exp. 3, 160 finishing pigs (63 kg) were given diets without or with the enzyme product and wheat ground to 600 or 400 microm. Enzyme supplementation improved ADG (P < 0.04) in the 90- to 115-kg phase but otherwise did not affect growth performance, carcass measurements, or stomach lesions. A particle size of 400 microm increased overall gain/feed (P < 0.04), digestibilities of DM and N (P < 0.01), and development of stomach lesions (P < 0.01). In conclusion, pigs did not benefit consistently from enzyme supplementation. However, wheat particle sizes of 600 and 400 microm supported the best overall performance in nursery and finishing pigs, respectively.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Particle size distribution in effluent of trickling filters and in humus tanks.

Particles and aggregates from trickling filters must be eliminated from wastewater. Usually this happens through sedimentation in humus tanks. Investigations to characterize these solids by way of particle size measurements, image analysis and particle charge measurements (zeta potential) are made within the scope of Research Center for Science and Technology "Fundamentals of Aerobic biological wastewater treatment" (SFB 411). The particle size measuring results given within this report were obtained at the Ingolstadt wastewater treatment plant, Germany, which served as an example. They have been confirmed by similar results from other facilities. Particles flushed out from trickling filters will be partially destroyed on their way to the humus tank. A large amount of small particles is to be found there. On average 90% of the particles are smaller than 30 microm. Particle size plays a decisive role in the sedimentation behaviour of solids. Small particles need sedimentation times that cannot be provided in settling tanks. As a result they cause turbidity in the final effluent. Therefore quality of sewage discharge suffers, and there are hardly advantages of the fixed film reactor treatment compared to the activated sludge process regarding sedimentation behaviour.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed1992

Low density lipoprotein particle size and coronary artery disease.

Decreased plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size has been associated with premature coronary artery disease (CAD). We examined LDL particle size by 2-16% gradient gel electrophoresis in 275 men with CAD (greater than 75% cross-sectional-area stenosis) and 822 controls. Seven major LDL size bands (with LDL-1 [d = 1.025-1.033 g/ml] being the largest and LDL-7 [d = 1.050-1.063 g/ml, the smallest]) were identified. Because most subjects had two or more adjacent LDL bands, an LDL score was calculated for each subject, with the relative area in each band taken into consideration. Four major LDL particle size groups were classified in the present studies: large LDL, intermediate LDL, small LDL, and very small LDL. The use of beta-blockers was significantly associated with smaller LDL particles. After adjusting for use of this medication, small LDL particles were still more prevalent in CAD patients (39%) compared with controls (27%). The prevalence of large LDL particles was lower in CAD patients (3%) than in controls (24%). Intermediate LDL particles were the most prevalent in both groups, 49% in CAD patients and 46% in controls. The difference in LDL particle size between CAD patients and controls was not independent but was highly associated (p less than 0.0001) with elevated triglyceride levels and decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Significantly higher LDL cholesterol levels were found in subjects with intermediate and small LDL particles than in those with large or very small LDL particles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effect of particle size on the performance of batchwise centrifugal filtration.

The effect of particle size distribution on the performance of batchwise centrifugal filtration is studied. By analyzing the velocity of particles in a filter, a numerical program is designed for simulating the migration and deposition of particles. The particle size distributions and the average specific filtration resistances of cake are then estimated under various rotating speeds of the centrifuge. A large deviation of particle concentration profiles in the filter chamber will occur if the particle size distribution is not taken into consideration. A more heterogeneous cake will form under a lower rotating speed due to the sedimentation effect of particles. The predicted results of particle size distribution and average specific filtration resistance of cake agree well with the available experimental data.

Centrifugation↗