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PubMed1979

Measurement of the heparin neutralizing capacity of protamine.

Several methods of estimating the heparin neutralizing capacity of protamine were investigated for their reliability and practicability. The results from two chemical methods were compared with those from two in vitro biological assays, one of which was the method of the British Pharmacopoeia (1973). An in vivo method using mice was used to assess the accuracy of the in vitro test methods. Three standard heparin preparations were tested against the W.H.O. 1st International Reference Preparation for Protamine. Two of the heparin preparations were of mucosal origin, one of which was the 3rd International Standard, and the third heparin preparation was of lung origin (the 2nd International Standard for Heparin). The mean neutralization values (all methods) of heparin by protamine for a House Reference Preparation and the 3rd and 2nd International Standards for Heparin were 95.8, 109.8 and 89.9 units per mg of Protamine, respectively. All methods read the House Reference Preparation to have a lower value than the 3rd International Standard, which had a higher value than the 2nd International Standard for Heparin. There was a constant relationship between the results of any one method and those of another. The chemical and in vitro biological methods gave results of comparable precision although the latter required a greater degree of technical skill and time to perform.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Isoflavones from red clover improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal women.

The possibility that the heightened cardiovascular risk associated with the menopause can be reduced by increasing dietary isoflavone intake was tested in 17 women by measuring arterial compliance, an index of the elasticity of large arteries such as the thoracic aorta. Compliance diminishes with age and menopause. An initial 3- to 4-week run-in period and a 5-week placebo period were followed by two 5-week periods of active treatment with 40 mg and then 80 mg isoflavones derived from red clover containing genistein, daidzein, biochanin, and formononetin in 14 and 13 women, respectively, with 3 others serving as placebo controls throughout. Arterial compliance, measured by ultrasound as a pressure (carotid artery) and volume (outflow into aorta) relationship, was determined after each period; plasma lipids were measured twice during each period. Urinary output of isoflavones was also determined. Arterial compliance rose by 23% relative to that during the placebo period with the 80-mg isoflavone dose and slightly less with the 40-mg dose (mean +/- SEM: placebo, .197 +/- .015; 40 mg, .237 +/- 0.007; 80 mg, .244 +/- .014). In the three women receiving continuous placebo, compliance was .16 +/- .022, similar to that during the run-in period for the remaining subjects (.17 +/- .021) [corrected]. ANOVA showed a significant (P = < 0.001) difference between treatments; by Bonferroni multiple comparisons and by paired t test, differences were significant between placebo and 40- and 80-mg isoflavone doses (by paired t test: P = 0.039 for placebo vs. 40 mg; P = 0.018 for placebo vs. 80 mg). Plasma lipids were not significantly affected. An important cardiovascular risk factor, arterial compliance, which diminishes with menopause, was significantly improved with red clover isoflavones. As diminished compliance leads to systolic hypertension and may increase left ventricular work, the findings indicate a potential new therapeutic approach for improved cardiovascular function after menopause.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of virulence index tests for avian influenza viruses.

The intravenous and intracerebral pathogenicity index tests normally used for Newcastle disease virus isolates were used to measure the virulence of 13 avian influenza viruses. The tests allowed quantitative measurements of the virulence of the avian influenza viruses, and the results confirmed the range in virulence, between the two extremes, of the avian influenza viruses and demonstrated the lack of correlation between virulence and antigenic type.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on the lipoprotein profiles of post menopausal women with mild to moderate hypercholesterolaemia.

The effects of dietary isoflavone supplementation using a purified extract of red clover containing approximately biochanin A 26 mg, formononetin 16 mg, daidzein 0.5 mg and genistein 1 mg per tablet at doses of one or two tablets per day were compared to placebo in a three-period, randomised, double blind, ascending dose study in 66 post menopausal women with plasma cholesterol levels between 5.0 and 9.0 mmol/l. Each treatment period lasted 4 weeks and a further nine women received placebo for the full 12-week period. All women consumed a low isoflavone diet for 2 weeks preceding the commencement of the study and for the 12-week study period. Urinary isoflavone excretion was very low in subjects receiving placebo but increased in a dose-dependent manner during therapy with one and two of isoflavone tablets. Dietary supplementation with isoflavones did not significantly alter total plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol or plasma triglyceride levels. However, inverse correlations were found between urinary genistein excretion and plasma triglyceride levels and between urinary O-DMA excretion (an isoflavone metabolite) and plasma triglyceride levels in subjects receiving one isoflavone tablet, suggesting a weak relationship between isoflavone intake and plasma triglycerides which may be influenced by individual differences in isoflavone absorption or metabolism. The results suggest that isoflavone phytoestrogens from red clover in the proportions and quantities studied do not significantly alter plasma lipids in post menopausal women with moderately elevated plasma cholesterol levels.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans.

BACKGROUND: n-3 Fatty acids influence vascular function, but the effect of individual fatty acids on systemic arterial compliance (SAC) has not been reported. SAC, which reflects arterial elasticity, is emerging as a new cardiovascular risk factor and appears to predict future cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: We tested whether the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improve SAC in dyslipidemic subjects. DESIGN: Thirty-eight dyslipidemic subjects were randomly assigned to receive 3 g EPA/d (n = 12), 3 g DHA/d (n = 12), or a placebo (n = 14) in a 7-wk parallel, double-blind trial. Arterial functions were measured at the beginning and end of the interventions. Plasma lipids and plasma fatty acids were also measured. RESULTS: Consumption of the n-3 fatty acids significantly increased SAC, whereas consumption of the placebo did not (P = 0.043; repeated-measures analysis of variance across the 3 groups); the increase was 36% with EPA and 27% with DHA. The major components contributing to the increase in SAC (systolic and pulse pressures and total vascular resistance) tended to decrease but not significantly. Plasma total and VLDL triacylglycerol were significantly lower in the n-3 fatty acid groups (P = 0.026 and 0.006, respectively; repeated-measures analysis of variance) than in the placebo group. CONCLUSION: EPA and DHA increase SAC and tend to reduce pulse pressure and total vascular resistance, effects that may reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cytomegalovirus: epidemiology and infection control.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes asymptomatic infection in most individuals but can produce devastating illness in immunocompromised hosts and in a small proportion of congenitally infected babies. New techniques in molecular biology have provided insights into the epidemiology and transmission of CMV. Children in day care, their parents, and sexually active individuals, especially homosexual men, are now known to be at particular risk for acquiring CMV. Recent studies show that the risk of CMV acquisition by health care workers is similar to the risk to the general public. Health care workers should be aware of the wide range of clinical manifestations, methods of laboratory diagnosis, and current limitations of treatment of CMV. Careful handwashing and avoidance of excretions and secretions are recommended to decrease the transmission of CMV in the hospital.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effect of surgical sterilization on ovarian function: a rat model.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of various methods of sterilization on ovarian function, in a rat model. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-eight female Whistar albino rats weighing 200-250g are divided equally into four groups. All rats underwent laparotomy, while no specific intervention was made to the first group. Bilateral tubal ligation by Pomeroy's technique, unipolar and bipolar cautery was done to the second, third and fourth groups, respectively. All rats were then individually caged and fed on demand for 6 months. Afterwards, the rats were sacrificed and underwent bilateral oophorectomy. A pathologist blinded to the groups made histological examination by counting number of healthy tertiary follicles and corpora lutea in each ovary. The results of the groups were statistically compared by one-way ANOVA using post-hoc Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Rats in group 1 had significantly higher number of healthy tertiary follicles than every other group. Rats in group 1 also had significantly more corpora lutea than those in group 3. CONCLUSION: Tubal ligation may affect ovarian function, which in turn may reflect to ovarian histology in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Does lofepramine have fewer side effects than amitriptyline? Results of a comparative trial.

A double blind trial was carried out comparing the tricyclic antidepressant lofepramine with amitriptyline in the treatment of patients suffering from moderate to markedly severe depression. No difference was demonstrated between the two drugs in terms of their antidepressant effect, but patients treated with lofepramine suffered from significantly less side effects than patients treated with amitriptyline. Both groups of patients had a high drop out rate but this was less marked in the groups of patients treated with lofepramine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

An evaluation of the British Pharmacopoeial assay of heparin: a comparison with other methods.

The potencies of six commercially manufactured heparins have been measured by the British Pharmacopoeial (BP) assay and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), protamine sulphate, and anti-Xa assays. The APTT/BP potency ratios were found to vary with the preparation but this was not dependent on the tissue source of heparin. For mucosal heparins, the anti-Xa/BP potency ratios were close to unity, but for heparin of lung origin the anti-Xa potency was approximately one-quarter of the BP potency. Four heparin fractions prepared by column gel chromatography of a commercial heparin were similarly examined by all four assays, and there was a wide divergence between the BP potency estimates and those obtained with the other methods. The degree of divergence was found to depend on the molecular size of the fraction.

Biopharmaceutics↗
PubMed1996

Doppler colour flow analysis of uterine and ovarian arteries prior to and after surgery for tubal sterilization: a prospective study.

Female sterilization by tubal ligation is a very common method of birth control. A relationship between tubal sterilization and subsequent development of menstrual disorders has been described in the literature but a biological mechanism explaining such an association has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of tubal ligation by the Pomeroy technique on ovarian and uterine artery blood flow using pre- and post-surgical Doppler assessments. We studied prospectively 20 patients undergoing laparotomy for tubal ligation. All patients had a Doppler blood flow assessment before and after surgery, conducted in the mid-follicular phase of their cycle. The pulsatility index (PI) of the right uterine artery ranged from 1.44 to 3.86 (mean 2. 23) when measured prior to surgery and from 1.36 to 2.85 (mean 2.13) when measured after surgery. In the left uterine artery, the PI ranged from 1.67 to 3.17 (mean 2.17) and from 1.69 to 2.88 (mean 2. 22) before and after surgery respectively. The difference was not statistically significant. The PI of the right ovarian artery ranged from 1.38 to 3.48 (mean 2.41) prior to surgery and from 1.48 to 3.23 (mean 2.29) after surgery. In the left ovarian artery, the PI ranged from 1.36 to 3.62 (mean 2.54) and from 1.85 to 4.00 (mean 2.61) before and after surgery respectively. Again, the difference was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that tubal sterilization performed by Pomeroy's technique does not induce immediate alterations in the vascular flow of either ovarian or uterine arteries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct immunofluorescent technique in diagnosis of experimental salmonellosis of turkeys.

Young turkey poults were experimentally infected with Salmonella heidelberg to evaluate the standard tube agglutination test (TAT) and direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), and to correlate results of these procedures with the spread pattern of the organisms in the feces using conventional culture procedures for the detection and isolation of S heidelberg from cloacal swabs. The DFAT test detected fecal excretors considerably longer than bacterial isolation and gave better results. The cultural method was not the most reliable and sensitive method, especially when compared with the DFAT. All control birds remained negative bacteriologically serologically, and with the DFAT during the observation period.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

Intrauterine contraception of tubal pathology.

The intrauterine device (IUD) is the second most common temporary physician-associated contraceptive method employed today. Because of the low motivation required for its use, it could be the ideal contraceptive method, were it not for certain associated complications, especially septic, that have led in some instances to sterility and even death. In order to investigate the relationship between tubal inflammatory changes and the use of IUDs, two hundred patients admitted to Mount Sinai Hospital Medical Center of Chicago for sterilization by the Pomeroy procedure were studied. The subjects were selected for study as follows: the first 50 patients using oral contraceptives, the first patients using IUDs, the first 50 patients using no contraceptives, and the first 50 women who were pregnant. All the subjects were young, sexually active, and similar in other parameters. To prevent any bias due to foreknowledge of IUD use, their tubal specimens were submitted to blind evaluation and then compared to clinical data. The highest incidence of inflammatory change was found among the IUD wearers, but oral contraceptives users and postpregnant women exhibited similar changes. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant. This does not confirm previous studies by other investigators, based on a different methodology, in which positive association is found between the use of IUDs and tubal sepsis. Thus, further blind studies may be required to clarify the relationship between the use of IUDs and tubal histological changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Bilateral tubal occlusion by postpartum mini-laparotomy under local anesthesia and sedation].

The first 1000 cases of tubal sterilization post-delivery by minilaparotomy with sedation and local anesthetic, were reviewed; these procedures were realized at the Hospital of Zona Francisco del Paso y Troncoso of the IMSS, in México City, during the period comprehended between December 1990 and October 1991. The greatest group of cases by age corresponded to the period between 20 to 29 years in 52.3%. 65% of the women had 3 or 4 children alive. The range of the diastolic blood pressure was between 70-80 mmHg in 66.3%. 19.7% with a value of hemoglobin less than 10 g. 2.3% of the patients with 100-120 kgs. of weight. The contraceptive method used previously with greatest frequency was the DIU in 40.6%. In all of the cases the indication was satisfied parenthood. In 100% of the cases the same drug was used for sedation, diazepam (oral) and chlorhydrate of nalbulfine, with simple lidocaine as a local anesthetic. Likewise in all the cases the Pomeroy technique was performed. The time between the childbirth and the surgery was less than 12 hours in 92.9% of the cases. And the time between the surgery and the recuperation reset was of 12-34 hours in 96%. In 0.8% of the cases the transoperatory complication of the surgery was the bleeding as a result of tearing of the mesosalpinx. The postoperatory complications after one week were the formation of hematoma and/or abscess at the site of the incision representing 0.5% of the cases. All these procedures are realized at a unit that was created especially for this kind of surgery and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Detection of bovine leukemia virus in B-lymphocytes by the syncytia induction assay.

Bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) from 3 cows and 1 steer infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) were separated by fractionation through nylon wool columns into nylon-adherent and nonadherent cell populations. Nylon-adherent cells were enriched in B-lymphocytes, as determined by the presence of surface membrane immunoglobulins (slg), whereas nylon-nonadherent cells or "non-B-lymphocytes" contained few slg-bearing cells. PBL's and separated B- and non-B-lymphocyte populations were assayed for the presence of BLV by the induction of syncytia in bovine embryonic spleen cells. PBL's and B-lymphocyte populations both produced many syncytia, whereas non-B-lymphocytes yielded few or no syncytia. The specificity of syncytia formation by anti-BLV serum. PBL's from 2 control animals were negative for syncytia induction. This study presents further evidence that B-lymphocytes are the target cells for BLV infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phage-typing system for Salmonella hadar of animal origin.

A phage-typing system for Salmonella hadar was developed. Fifteen phages isolated from untreated sewage were used to phage-type 55 isolates of S. hadar recovered from avian and other animal species. Twenty-four distinct phage types of S. hadar were established based on lysis patterns. Methods involved in the isolation for bacteriophages for a particular serotype and the importance of bacteriophage typing is discussed in the context of the importance of S. hadar.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Immunofluorescent studies on localization of secretory immunoglobulins in the intestines of turkeys recovered from turkey coronaviral enteritis.

The present study concerns the production of specific secretory antibodies in turkeys orally inoculated with turkey coronavirus (TCV). Tissue localization of secretory antibodies in the intestines of recovered birds 4 and 5 months later was demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique. Intestinal sections were stained by sandwich method, using concentrated TCV antigen and anti-TCV conjugate. It was suggested that local synthesis of antibody might be responsible for life-long immunity seen in these birds after recovery from infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

An exploration of the effects of weighted garments on balance and gait of stroke patients with residual disability.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of weighted garments on the balance and gait of stroke patients. DESIGN: A pilot randomized controlled study with blinded measurement. SETTING: Weighted garments were worn by patients living in the community and measurement was made in a hospital-based gait laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four adults who were at least six months post stroke and were able to walk 10 metres with or without assistance or a walking aid. INTERVENTION: The six-week treatment-phase subjects were given a set of weighted garments which they were shown how to apply and instructed to wear on their paretic side. Subjects randomly allocated to the six-week control phase were not given any weighted garments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Balance was measured with the Berg Balance Scale. Gait was measured using GaitMat II, an instrumented walkway. Gait parameters of interest were velocity and symmetry of: step length; single support time; double support time; and support base width. Measures were made at baseline before randomization (baseline) and at the end of the six weeks of intervention (outcome). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at outcome for balance (Mann-Whitney U-test; p = 0.74), gait velocity (p = 0.68) or symmetry of gait parameters (p = 0.33 to p = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence to support the clinical use of these weighted garments for stroke survivors.

Activities of Daily Living↗