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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Opposite effects of depression and antidepressants on processing speed and error rate.

Depressions increase reaction times and antidepressant treatment decreases them. Is it possible to get information, how these two conditions affect the stimulus-response pathway? Therefore, auditory and visual, left-hand and right-hand, simple and choice reaction times were measured in 38 patients with depression and 30 healthy control subjects. From these data, the minimal reaction times and the error rates were calculated. In the first study, the reaction times and error rates of patients with depression were correlated with the antidepressant doses. In the second study, the differences between medicated, depressive patients and healthy control subjects were investigated. The result of the first study was that antidepressant doses correlated negatively with reaction times but positively with error rates. In the second study, the patients with depression showed increased reaction times but reduced error rates compared to healthy control subjects. The auditory tasks were more affected than the visual tasks and the minimal reaction times more than the median reaction times. Therefore, we concluded that depression and antidepressant treatment had opposite effects on reaction times and error rates. The findings in minimal reaction times and auditory tasks suggest a special involvement of early cortical auditory processing in depression and antidepressant treatment.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Effects of donepezil on central processing speed and attentional measures in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies.

BACKGROUND: We examined attention-enhancing effects of the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil in Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) by means of open label study. METHODS: 22 DLBs and 23 PDDs were assessed over 20 weeks using the Cognitive Drug Research Computerized Attentional Tasks. We examined how much closer our patients moved towards being normal for their age by comparing them to a non-demented elderly control sample (n = 183, aged 71-75 years). RESULTS: Donepezil treatment improved power of attention, continuity of attention and reaction time variability. The deficit in responses was moved towards normal by 38 and 56% for power of attention and 22 and 10% for continuity of attention in PDD and DLB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in attention were found with donepezil in PDD and DLB.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Effects of processing speed on cerebral asymmetry for left- and right-oriented faces.

A free-vision chimeric facial emotion judgment task and a tachistoscopic face-recognition reaction time task were administered to 20 male right-handed subjects. The tachistoscopic task involved judgments of whether a poser in the centrally presented full-face photograph was the same or different poser than in a profile photograph presented in the left or right visual field (LVF, RVF). The free-vision task was that used by J. Levy, W. Heller, M. Banich, and L. Burton (1983, Brain and Cognition, 2, 404-419) and involved judging which of two chimeric faces appeared happier, in which the two chimeras were mirror images of each other and each chimera consisted of a smiling half-face joined at the midline to a neutral half-face of the same poser. For the tachistoscopic task, subjects were divided into groups of Fast and Slow responders by a median split of the mean reaction times. For the Fast subjects, judgments were faster in the LVF than in the RVF, and there was a significant interaction between visual field and profile direction, such that responses were faster for medially oriented profiles; i.e., LVF responses were faster for right-facing than for left-facing profiles, with the reverse relationship in the RVF. The Slow responders did not show these effects. Only the Fast group showed the bias for choosing the chimera with the smile on the left as happier, and mean response speed and the LVF advantage on the tachistoscopic test correlated with the leftward bias on the free-vision task for all subjects combined. It was suggested that overall response speed on the face-matching task reflected the extent to which specialized and more efficient right hemisphere functions were activated.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Processing speed in the cerebral cortex and the neurophysiology of visual masking.

In experiments to investigate the duration of the time for which cortical neurons respond when the identification of a visual stimulus is just possible, we presented a test face stimulus for 16 ms, and followed it at different intervals by a masking stimulus (either an N-O pattern or a face) while recording from single neurons in the temporal visual cortex of macaques. When there was no mask the cells responded to the 16 ms of the test stimulus for 200-300 ms, far longer than the presentation time. We suggest that this reflects the operation of a short-term memory system implemented in cortical circuitry. If the mask was a stimulus which did not stimulate the cells (either a non-face pattern or a face which was a non-effective stimulus for that cell), then, as the interval between the onset of the test stimulus and the onset of the mask stimulus (the stimulus onset asynchrony) was reduced, the length of time for which the cells fired in response to the test stimulus was reduced. It is suggested that this is due to the mask stimulating adjacent cells in the cortex which by lateral inhibition reduce the responses of the cells activated by the test stimulus. When the stimulus onset asynchrony was 20 ms, face-selective neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of macaques responded for a period of 20-30 ms before their firing was interrupted by the mask. With the same test-mask stimulus onset asynchrony of 20 ms, humans could just identify which of six faces was shown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sustained attention, visual processing speed, and IQ in children and adolescents with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorder and Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified.

To investigate the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders and Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, 22 child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients and day-hospital patients at a state psychiatric hospital with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders, 30 with Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, and 130 with other psychiatric disorders, ages 8 to 17 years, were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III for psychological assessment at admission. The Performance IQs of the ADHD and the Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder groups were significantly higher than those of the Schizophrenia Spectrum and the Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified groups, and the Full Scale IQs of the Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder group were significantly higher than those of the Schizophrenia Spectrum group and the Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified group. The Coding scores of the ADHD group were significantly higher than those of the Schizophrenia Spectrum, the Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, and the Bipolar Disorder groups. There was a significant negative correlation between age and Digit Span for the Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Comment on IQ, sustained attention, and visual processing speed in children and adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

This paper is intended to lend support to the 2005 findings of McCarthy, Kraseski, Schvartz, Mercado, Daisy, Tobing, and Ryan in relation to the WISC-III performance of children and adolescents with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Relevant evidence from the literature and recent studies conducted by our group at the Institute of Psychiatry, UK, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effects of training in monitoring accuracy on processing speed in mental retardation.

Monitoring accuracy during choice RT allows subjects to maintain fast, safe RT bands and avoid overly fast, unsafe RT bands. 5 retarded adults received trial-by-trial feedback on accuracy over a number of sessions to train monitoring of accuracy and to improve RT performance. Training was introduced according to a multiple-baseline-across-subjects (with reversal) design. Training had no significant effect on subsequent RT performance, suggesting that inefficient monitoring of accuracy may be a structural characteristic of mental retardation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Claims processing speeds up.

Healthcare providers, payors and patients alike are somewhat dubious about using the Web to administer transactions. Everyone agrees that it would save time and money. But the real-time exchange of funds inherent to e-business would require payors and patients to settle up front. And technology can make employees uncomfortable, not to mention obsolete.

Efficiency, Organizational↗