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PubMed1983

Dermatitis from propolis.

22 patients with dermatitis from propolis were studied. In all the 21 tests with propolis were positive, and in 19 they were also positive to balsam of Peru. The chromatogram of the balsam and propolis show marked similarity and 3 identical peaks could be recognised in both substances. Among the patients sensitive to balsam of Peru and propolis, 12 were tested with some common components; 3 were positive to cinnamyl cinnamate, 2 to vanillin and 1 to benzyl cinnamate. Chromatograms of the 3 propolis samples from the Warsaw region were very similar, but not identical. Some of the patients were tested with 35 essential oils and eugenol. Sensitivity to clove oil was common.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Propolis allergy. (I). Origin, properties, usage and literature review.

Propolis or bee-glue, a resinous bee-hive product, is the cause of an increasing number of cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Formerly only observed in bee-keepers, propolis allergy today is mainly seen in individuals who use propolis in bio-cosmetics and self treatment of various diseases. Nearly 200 cases are summarized in an overview, including the first description of 'poplar bud' contact dermatitis from 1887. As practically all flavonoid aglycones and most of the other phenolics present in propolis are identical with the bud secretion of poplars, evidence is given that the poplar bud constituents are responsible for propolis hypersensitivity.

Cosmetics↗

PubMed1987

Propolis allergy. (II). The sensitizing properties of 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeic acid ester.

As shown in the preceding paper, propolis or bee-glue is the cause of an increasing number of allergic reactions in persons using it in external preparations and cosmetics. Propolis and its main contact allergen, 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeic acid ester, designated LB-1, show strong sensitizing properties in patients as well as in guinea pig experiments. 9 patients have been patch tested with this compound, 8 of whom reacted strongly. Chemical separation of different propolis samples and poplar bud extracts reveal that LB-1 is always present. Poplar bud secretion is the bee's major source for propolis and hence the origin of LB-1. A warning is indicated, in agreement with several other authors, that propolis should not be used in topical products because of its strong sensitizing properties.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A quantitative analysis of Propolis: a promising new storage media following avulsion.

Both length of extra-alveolar time and type of storage media are significant factors that can affect the long-term prognosis of replanted teeth. Numerous studies have examined various media in an attempt to determine the ideal material for storage of the avulsed tooth. The purpose of this study was to use a Collagenase-Dispase assay to investigate the potential of a new storage media, Propolis, in maintaining viable periodontal ligament (PDL) cells on simulated avulsed teeth. Seventy freshly extracted human teeth were divided into five experimental groups and two control groups. The positive and negative controls corresponded to 0-min and an 8-h dry time, respectively. The experimental teeth were stored dry for 30 min and then immersed in one of the five media (Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), milk, saline, Propolis 50%, and Propolis 100% for 45 min). The teeth were then treated with dispase grade II and collagenase for 30 min. The number of viable PDL cells were counted with a hemocytometer and analyzed. Statistical analysis demonstrated that both Propolis groups kept significantly more PDL cells viable compared to either milk, saline, or HBSS. Within the parameters of this study, it appears that Propolis may be a better alternative to HBSS, milk, or saline in terms of maintaining PDL cell viability after avulsion and storage.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1997

The hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of propolis ethanol extract on chronic alcohol-induced liver injuries.

Propolis designates a mixture of gums, resins and balms, of viscous consistency, which are gathered on certain parts (buds and bark, mainly) of vegetables (especially coniferous trees) by honeybees. They bring this back to the hive, where it is modified and mixed with other substances (essentially their own wax and salivary secretions). In this study, the hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of propolis ethanol extract on chronic alcohol-induced liver injuries were investigated in rats. 3.125 ml of 99.5% alcohol was added to animal's daily diet for four weeks to induce chronic alcohol liver injuries. After sacrifice, serum transaminases (GOT, GPT), triacylglyceride and hepatic triacylglyceride (HTG) concentration were assayed to observe liver injuries induced by chronic alcohol abuse. In addition, the phenomenon of alcohol induced fatty liver were also observed by histopathological changes. Different doses of propolis ethanol extract were p.o. administered three times per day for three days, after four weeks' alcohol administration. It was found that 10 mg/kg of propolis ethanol extract significantly decreased the elevations of serum GOT, GPT, TG and HTG. In histopathological examination, 30 mg/kg of propolis ethanol extract also remarkably decreased the hepatocellular fatty degeneration, apparent as vacuolization, induced by chronic alcohol abuse.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of Apis mellifera propolis from two Brazilian regions on caries development in desalivated rats.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Apis mellifera propolis collected from two regions of Brazil on caries development in desalivated rats. Ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared from crude propolis samples collected in Minas Gerais state (MG), southeastern Brazil, and Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil. The flavonoid composition of EEP was analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For the animal study, 30 specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 and surgically desalivated. The rats were randomly divided into three groups which were treated with 80% ethanol (control), EEP from MG and EEP from RS. The animals were placed in a König-Höfer programmed feeder and received 17 meals of diet 2000 daily at hourly intervals. The solutions were applied on the rat molars (25 microl on molars of each quadrant) twice a day, by using graduate syringes. After 3 weeks, the animals were killed by CO(2) asphyxiation. For microbial assessment, the left jaw was removed and sonicated in 154 mM NaCl solution. Dental caries was evaluated according to Larson's modification of Keyes' system. The HPTLC patterns and HPLC profiles demonstrated that both quality and quantity of flavonoid aglycones of EEP from MG were different compared to EEP from RS. In general, it is apparent that EEP from RS contained the highest concentrations of pinocembrin, chrysin, acacetin and galangin. The group of animals treated with EEP from RS showed the lowest smooth-surface and sulcal caries scores as well as less caries severity in smooth-surface and sulcal lesions, and these data were statistically different when compared with the control group. The group treated with EEP from MG only demonstrated a significant difference in the severity of sulcal lesions when compared to the control group. The percentage of S. sobrinus was lower in the groups treated with EEP, but did not differ statistically from the control group. The results showed that the cariostatic effect of propolis depends on its composition, and consequently the region of collection of propolis samples.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Topically applied water extract of propolis to suppress corneal neovascularization in rabbits.

PURPOSE: Propolis, a natural honey bee hive product, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. We aimed to assess the possible contribution of topically applied propolis to the suppression of corneal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS: The effect of a water extract of propolis (WEP) 1% drops (group 1) in comparison with dexamethasone 0.1% (group 2) and saline (group 3) on CNV was tested in rabbit corneas injured by silver nitrate cauterization. The extent of CNV was quantitated as the area of CNV and the percent area of CNV for each cornea of the three groups (12 right eyes per group) in the first week of the treatment. The mean percent CNV was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The corneas treated with the topical WEP 1% had an almost equal percent CNV as compared with the corneas treated with topical dexamethasone 0.1% and had less percent CNV than the control eyes. The quantitative analysis in groups 1, 2 and 3 revealed that the mean percent CNV was 41.0 +/- 14.1, 39.4 +/- 11.0 and 56.9 +/- 18.4, respectively. The differences between both groups 1 and 3 as well as groups 2 and 3 were statistically significant (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively), whereas the difference between groups 1 and 2 was not significant (p = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: The topical application of a WEP 1% has an inhibitory effect on CNV in the rabbit's cornea. The inhibitory effect of propolis was shown to be comparable to that of topical dexamethasone 0.1%, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. We suggest that the effect of propolis may partially be due to its inhibitory effect on the activity of both cyclo-oxygenase and lipo-oxygenase.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of propolis extract in experimental chemical corneal injury.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of propolis, a natural resin produced by honeybees, in the treatment of alkali-injured rabbit eyes. METHOD: A corneal alkali burn was induced by applying filter paper immersed in 1 N NaOH on the central axis of the right corneas of 24 rabbits for 30 s. The animals were divided into three treatment groups: group 1 (control) was given 0.3% tobramycin and phosphate-buffered solution; group 2 was treated with antibiotic coverage and topical 1% ethanolic extract of propolis; group 3 received antibiotic coverage and topical 1% dexamethasone. The dexamethasone-treated group was maintained as the positive control. Drugs were instilled 4 times a day for 7 days. The corneal inflammation was evaluated by calculating the average inflammatory index obtained from clinical observation of the ciliary hyperemia, central and peripheral corneal edema at 24 h, 48 h, on day 5 and day 7, before sacrificing the animals. Then, the corneas underwent routine histological examination. RESULTS: The effects of dexamethasone and propolis on healing of injured corneas were similar (p>0.05) and significantly better than controls at 24 h (p<0.01, p< 0.05, respectively), and on day 7 (p<0.05) with respect to the inflammatory index. On histological observation, inflammatory cell infiltration was lower as compared to control in both the dexamethasone and propolis groups (p<0.001) and similar with each other (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that propolis has an anti-inflammatory effect comparable to dexamethasone in chemical corneal injury.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2003

Effect of propolis on virulence factors of Candida albicans.

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from plant sources. Its antimicrobial activity has been well documented but little is specifically known about its activity on virulence factors of Candida albicans. The aim of this work was therefore to evaluate in vitro the propolis effect on yeast-mycelial conversion (Y-M), extracellular phospholipase activity and fungal adhesion to epithelial cells. The two propolis samples used significantly inhibited the C. albicans strains tested, showing a rapid (between 30 seconds and 15 minutes), dose-dependent cytocidal activity and an inhibitory effect on Y-M conversion at a concentration of 0.22 mg/ml. Moreover, the hyphal length was reduced even at lower propolis concentration. Propolis also caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of phospholipase activity. No clear effect was shown on adherence to buccal epithelial cells and surface structure hydrophobicity, but damage to the plasma membrane structure was demonstrated with the Propidium Iodide test.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2006

Antibacterial activity of propolis and its active principles alone and in combination with macrolides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones against microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections.

Propolis is produced by bees and is reported to have several pharmaceutical properties. Its antibacterial activity against strains causing upper respiratory tract infections is particularly important: propolis might be used as a therapeutic agent to prevent the bacterial infections that sometimes overlap viral infections. In this study the in vitro activity of both an alcoholic solution and a hydroglyceric extract of propolis, as well as its active principles, was tested against bacteria responsible for respiratory infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes). We also evaluated the in vitro activity of a combination of propolis and its active principles and some beta-lactams, macrolides and fluoroquinolones. Our results, though not demonstrating a clearly synergistic activity between antibiotics and propolis and its constituents, show the possibility of using natural preparations, due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, to enhance antibacterial therapy.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2000

Modifying effects of propolis on MeIQx promotion of rat hepatocarcinogenesis and in a female rat two-stage carcinogenesis model after multiple carcinogen initiation.

The modifying effects of the dietary administration of water- and ethanol-extracted propolis produced in Brazil (WB and EB, respectively) on 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) promotion of rat hepatocarcinogenesis were investigated in a medium-term liver bioassay system with use of male Fischer 344 rats. The number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci in rats given 0.5% WB were significantly increased compared with the group given MeIQx alone. Furthermore, the numbers of GST-P-positive foci were higher in rats given 0.1% WB or EB than in those given the basal diet alone. The modifying effects of propolis on other organs were also examined in female Fischer 344 rats given multiple carcinogens for initiation. Rats received water- and ethanol-extracted propolis produced in Brazil and Uruguay (WB, EB, WU, and EU, respectively) in the diet after exposure to three different carcinogens. The incidence of total mammary tumors was significantly lower in rats given EU than in the control group. These results indicate that a water extract of propolis exerts a cocarcinogenic effect on MeIQx hepatocarcinogenesis while promoting the effect at low dose in a two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model. Moreover, they suggest that ethanol-extracted propolis may be an inhibitor of mammary gland carcinogenesis.

Alkylating Agents↗

PubMed2003

Direct evidence for the plant origin of Brazilian propolis by the observation of honeybee behavior and phytochemical analysis.

To identify the plant origin of Brazilian propolis directly, we observed the behavior of honeybees in Minas Gerais State of Brazil. Honeybee workers bit and chewed leaves of the plant, Baccharis dracunculifolia, packed the material into their pollen basket, brought it back to their nest, and used it as propolis. We collected the leaves of B. dracunculifolia and propolis, and compared their constituents by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. There was no difference between the chemical constituents of the ethanol extracts of B. dracunculifolia and those of propolis. This indicates directly that the plant origin of Brazilian propolis is B. dracunculifolia.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of chemical composition of Turkish propolis.

The aim of the present work is to study the chemical composition of Turkish propolis. Propolis samples were collected from different regions of Turkey (Bursa, Erzurum-Askale, Gumushane-Sogutagil and Trabzon-Caglayan) in 1999. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared for chemical analysis, using gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our findings show that propolis samples from Trabzon and Gumushane region have a similar chemical composition. In both samples aromatic acids, aliphatic acids and their esters, and also ketone derivatives are the main compound groups. The chemical composition of the single sample that was collected from Erzurum region shows a very different pattern than the other two samples. In this propolis, the main compounds are aromatic acid esters and alcohols. However, it contains a high amount of amino acids compared to the other samples. The other samples collected from three different region of Bursa City are rich with flavavones, aromatic acids and their esters, terpenoids, flavones and ketones.

Alcohols↗

PubMed2000

[Determination of effective components in propolis].

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by bees. Propolis is a complex mixture of phenols, acids, alcohol and flavonoids. The aim of the present work is to study the effective components present in propolis and to confirm its biological activities. Four extracts from propolis were obtained by using different organic solutions. Further separation and identification were carried out by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry(CGC/MS). The CGC/MS analysis on propolis extracted by different solvents resulted in more than 80 compounds being separated. Another 38 bioactive materials, including 6 alcohol, 5 phenols, 6 acids, 6 flavonoids and 13 others, have been identified.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Autosensitization dermatitis associated with propolis-induced allergic contact dermatitis.

Propolis is a beehive product known for its anti-inflammatory properties. With its growing use, propolis-induced contact dermatitis is increasing. While the dermatitis mostly occurs on areas directly exposed to propolis, our case presented an additional eczema at a site distant from the primary propolis-induced contact dermatitis twice in the same individual. We diagnosed it as an autosensitization dermatitis associated with propolis-induced allergic contact dermatitis.

Autoimmunity↗

PubMed1990

[Propolis allergy].

The incidence of propolis contact sensitivity was 1.2-3.3% among 7483 hospital patients during the period 1981-1987, while the prevalence among 1,558 healthy volunteers was 0.64%. A group of 26 patients with contact allergy to propolis was challenged with identified substances isolated from propolis. The mixture of 3-methyl-2-butenylester (3M2B) and 3-methyl-3-butenylester (3M3B) from caffeic acid caused a positive reaction in 7 patients, and in 5 of 9 patients there was a positive reaction to the mixture of 3M2B and 3M3B from diacetyl-caffeic acid. Among the 19 patients challenged with the flavonoid group, 3 had positive reactions, and individual derivatives of cinnamic acid caused positive reactions in 3 and 4 patients each. When five components taken from poplar buds were tested, the one that provoked the largest number of positive reactions was the methanol component (15 of 19 patients). The results show that propolis contact allergy is not caused by one main allergen, but by several allergens varying in chemical composition; the presence of these in propolis depends on the nature of the source plant and the place and time of collection by the bees.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis.

Propolis is a hive product containing chiefly beeswax and plant-derived substances such as resin and volatile compounds. Propolis has been used as an antiseptic and wound healer since ancient times and interest for the product has increased recently. Probably few plant species contribute as major resin sources. Green propolis derives mainly from vegetative apices of Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim plants). However, wide variation detected in the chemical composition suggests contributions from alternative resin plant sources. Predominant components of the resin of green propolis are cinnamic acids, chiefly compounds bearing prenyl groups. Terpenoid compounds, such as sesqui, di and pentacyclic triterpenoids, have been detected in many, but not all, samples investigated. Propolis research has uncovered potentialities of substances previously isolated from plants and has detected constituents of plant origin that would hardly be known otherwise.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Neuroprotection by Brazilian Green Propolis against In vitro and In vivo Ischemic Neuronal Damage.

We examined whether Brazilian green propolis, a widely used folk medicine, has a neuroprotective function in vitro and/or in vivo. In vitro, propolis significantly inhibited neurotoxicity induced in neuronally differentiated PC12 cell cultures by either 24 h hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) exposure or 48 h serum deprivation. Regarding the possible underlying mechanism, propolis protected against oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) in mouse forebrain homogenates and scavenged free radicals [induced by diphenyl-p-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In mice in vivo, propolis [30 or 100 mg/kg; intraperitoneally administered four times (at 2 days, 1 day and 60 min before, and at 4 h after induction of focal cerebral ischemia by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion)] reduced brain infarction at 24 h after the occlusion. Thus, a propolis-induced inhibition of oxidative stress may be partly responsible for its neuroprotective function against in vitro cell death and in vivo focal cerebral ischemia.

Journal Article↗