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PubMedDate not supplied

The sun protection factor (SPF) inadequately defines broad spectrum photoprotection: demonstration using skin reconstructed in vitro exposed to UVA, UVBor UV-solar simulated radiation.

Wavelength specific biological damage has been previously identified in human skin reconstructed in vitro. Sunburn cell and pyrimidine dimers were found after UVB exposure, and alterations of dermal fibroblasts after UVA exposure. These damages permitted us to discriminate UVB and UVA single absorbers. The present study shows that these biological effects can be obtained simultaneously by a combined UVB + UVA exposure using ultraviolet solar simulated light (UV-SSR), which represents a relevant UV source. In addition, the protection afforded by two broad spectrum sunscreen complex formulations was assessed after topical application. These two formulations displayed the same sun protection factor but different UVA protection factors determined by the persistent pigment darkening (PPD) method. Dose response experiments of UVA or UV-SSR showed that the preparation with the highest PF-UVA provided a better protection with regard to dermal damage compared to the other formulation. Using an original UVB source to obtain the UVB portion of SSR spectrum, the preparations provided the same protection. This study strikingly illustrates the fact that the photoprotection afforded by two sunscreen formulations having similar SPF values is not equal with regard to dermal damage related to photoaging.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed2000

Health-compromising behaviors: why do adolescents smoke or drink?: identifying underlying risk and protective factors.

OBJECTIVES: To better understand the motivation for adolescent smoking and drinking and to identify the underlying risk and protective factors associated with these behaviors among adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, school-based survey of students in grades 5 through 12. PARTICIPANTS: A nationally representative sample of 2574 boys and 2939 girls in grades 7 through 12 from 297 public, private, and parochial schools across the United States who participated in The Commonwealth Fund Survey of the Health of Adolescent Girls and Boys in 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sex-specific adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing self-reported regular smokers and regular drinkers by risk and protective factors with adolescents reporting none of these behaviors. RESULTS: Adolescent boys and girls were equally likely to be regular smokers (11.2%). The prevalence rate of regular drinking was only slightly higher for boys (22.4%) than it was for girls (19.3%). The rates of both health-risk behaviors were significantly higher for those reporting risk factors, and the strengths of associations varied by sex. Sex differences also emerged in motivation for engaging in these behaviors. When we adjusted for demographic characteristics, exposure to childhood abuse (RR, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.4-7.0) and stressful life events (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.4) were strongly associated with increased risk for boys' regular smoking. Similar associations were found for regular drinking. For girls, a history of abuse (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8), violence within the family (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-3.2), depressive symptoms (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.4), and stressful life events (RR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.8-5.6) were significantly associated with increased risk for regular smoking. Similar associations were again found for regular drinking. Parental support was protective against both health-risk behaviors for both sexes. Participation in extracurricular activities was associated with lower risk for regular smoking for boys (RR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7) and for girls (RR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5); however, there was no significant association between drinking behavior and participation in activities. CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk for regular smoking and regular drinking among adolescents with a history of abuse, family violence, depressive symptoms, and stressful life events suggests that routine screening for abuse, violence, and other family experiences should be an essential component of adolescent health care visits. Effective prevention programs to reduce smoking and drinking among adolescents should recognize that health-risk behaviors may be associated with other negative life experiences and that the strength of these associations differs by sex.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Risk and protective factors for drug abuse in adolescents. A longitudinal research.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to identify possible risk and protective factors for the development of problems with the use of drugs in adolescents. METHODS: A two years follow-up was carried out (from the 2nd to the 4th year of the Compulsory Secondary Education). Sociodemographic variables, general and eating psychopathology, family functioning and patterns of drugs use were assessed in 1,076 students. RESULTS: After controlling the effect of having problems with the use of drugs at the beginning, cigarettes smoking at the age of 13 years predicted the consumption of alcohol 2 years later and vice versa. Independently of the effect of this association, general psychopathology, body image dissatisfaction and self-harm at the beginning were risk factors for alcohol consumption 2 years later. Moreover, besides female gender and high academic achievements, normal family functioning was a protective factor against the fact of suffering problems with drugs later on. CONCLUSIONS: These present findings might have relevance in the development of preventive strategies for the use of drugs in adolescent population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Health risk behaviors and associated risk and protective factors among Brazilian adolescents in Santos, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of health risk behaviors and identify risk and protective factors that are associated with several health risk behaviors (cigarette smoking, drug use, onset of sexual intercourse before age 15, pregnancy, gun-carrying, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts) among adolescents in Brazil, as well as to explore gender differences. METHODS: We estimated prevalence rates, evaluated bivariate associations, and explored multivariate analyses using logistic regression on data from a 1997 survey of adolescent health among 2059 eighth- and 10(th)-grade students in Santos, Brazil. RESULTS: Youth in Santos, Brazil report high rates of gun-carrying, suicidal thoughts and attempts, sexual intercourse, and pregnancy. Factors associated with diminished involvement for nearly all health risk behaviors, for both boys and girls, included having good family relationships, and feeling liked by friends and teachers. Factors associated with increases in nearly all health risk behaviors were: gun-carrying and gun availability in the home, drug use, and sexual abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Factors that are associated with a wide range of health risk behaviors among adolescents in Brazil appear to parallel those found in industrialized countries: access to guns, substance use, and sexual abuse. Likewise, connectedness to family, school, and peers is consistently the protective factor associated with diminished risky behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Protective factors for iron deficiency anemia: prospective study in low-income infants].

This study was performed to assess both risk and protective factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in 130 infants with age below 24 months, with low socio-economic status and followed since their births by a primary health care program in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Growth, morbidity and dietary factors were analysed as well as hemoglobin levels (Hb) at regular intervals (6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months). The portable Hemocue photometer was employed to measure hemoglobin levels and anemia was considered when Hb values were below 11 g/dL. Simple logistic regression was used with socio-economic variables, age group, nutritional status, morbidity, breastfeeding and food intake. Risk factors for anemia in the studied group were intake of cow's milk at 4 months and who has 3 or more old brothers (OR approximately = 2). The protective factors for anemia were age between 18 and 24 months and intake of infant formula, vitamin C, meat and beans at 6 months (OR approximately = 0.5). The prevention of iron deficiency anemia includes encouraging healthy feeding practices starting at 6 months of life.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed1998

Psychosocial risk and protective factors for condom use among female injection drug users.

The authors examined the influences of domains of psychosocial risk and protective factors on male-partner condom use in a cobort of 209 female HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) injection drug users (IDUs) by use of a cross-sectional, retrospective design. Information collected from a structured questionnaire included data on psychosocial risk and protective factors in the personality, family, and peer domains; HIV status; and condom use. Among HIV+ IDUs, personality risk factors (e.g., unconventionality), family (e.g., low maternal identification), and peer factors were related to less male-partner condom use. Resources and condom availability were associated with greater male condom use with both HIV+ and HIV- IDUs. The psychosocial domains affected male condom use with both HIV+ and HIV- female IDU patients via two different mediational models. The findings suggest the need to use specific psychosocial interventions for risky sexual behavior among HIV+ and HIV- female IDUs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Risk and protective factors associated with screening for complications of diabetes in a health maintenance organization setting.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk and protective factors associated with screening for complications of diabetes, we performed a cross-sectional study of 3,612 diabetic members enrolled in CaliforniaCare, a large network-model health maintenance organization (HMO). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used the Health Plan and Employer Data Information Set (HEDIS) 3.0 technical definition to identify all members (aged > or = 31 years) receiving any diabetes medication(s) during a 12-month period. Using a telephone survey instrument, identified members were interviewed about their diabetes care and screening, patient, and provider history. Survey data were supplemented with HMO claims and demographic information. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify demographic, clinical, and utilization characteristics that affect the odds of diabetic members receiving annual retinal examination, foot examination, and HbA1c testing. RESULTS: While results varied by screening category, the odds of obtaining screening were higher for diabetic members who were older, spoke English, received diabetes nutrition counseling, visited a diabetes specialist physician, belonged to a diabetes association or support group, used insulin, performed glycemic level self-examination at least once a day, and had higher overall prescription drug use (suggesting higher comorbidity). Since this study is a cross-sectional review, these results do not imply a cause-and-effect relationship between dependent and independent variables. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest barriers, risks, and protective factors associated with screening for complications of diabetes. Diabetic members who do not possess these characteristics may be at increased risk.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Simulated workplace protection factor study of powered air-purifying and supplied air respirators.

A study protocol was developed to obtain simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF) data for eleven models of powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) and supplied-air respirators (SAR) with hoods and helmets. Respirators were tested in a chamber that allowed the simulation of 12 exercises, including 2 exercises of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Each respirator was tested by 12 volunteers, and a total of 144 sets of test results were obtained for each device. The testing protocol allowed SWPFs up to 250,000 to be measured (limit of quantification). Median SWPFs for all respirators, except one SAR, were at or above this reporting limit. Lower fifth percentiles were above 100,000, except for one SAR previously noted. An assigned protection factor (APF) was estimated for each respirator by dividing the lower fifth percentile by a safety factor of 25. APFs ranged from 6000-10,000 for PAPRs (including one loose-fitting PAPR) and 3400-10,000 for SARs, with one exception. This SAR had a lower fifth percentile of less than 20 and an estimated APF of 1. Results indicated that most respirators tested could provide a high degree of protection for workers, although one National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health-approved SAR provided minimal, if any, protection. Direct testing in a simulated workplace seems the only method that will assure employers of choosing an adequate SAR. This may be true for other classes of respirators. Furthermore, the historical approach of establishing APFs for classes of respirators, rather than individual models, may not provide adequate protection to the wearer. This is also a serious problem for regulatory agencies seeking to promulgate respirator standard provisions such as APFs for classes of respirators.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

2005 Shneidman Award Address. Integratively assessing risk and protective factors for adolescent suicide.

This article briefly reviews key issues in adolescent suicide risk assessment and proposes that assessing risk and protective factors in combination has the best probability of informing the field's understanding of this complex problem. Several newer measures are described along with summaries of their psychometric properties. A recommended protocol utilizing 4 developmentally appropriate, valid, and reliable self-report measures is suggested as a parsimonious way of gathering information on the range of risk and protective factors. Finally, a novel approach of employing short-term longitudinal studies to test models of adolescent suicide attempts is described along with a rationale for not focusing research efforts on completed suicide. Implications of this approach for prevention efforts conclude the article.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning in U.S. households.

BACKGROUND: More needs to be known about the prevalence of risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning in U.S. households. METHODS: A random-digit-dial survey was conducted about home safety with 1003 respondents representing households in the continental United States. Descriptive statistics assess the prevalence of risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide overall, and by demographic characteristics, household structure, region, and residential tenure. The data were weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to reflect the U.S. population. RESULTS: Although most respondents reported having a smoke alarm (97%), and 80% reported having one on each level of their home, <20% reported checking the alarm at least every 3 months. Seventy-one percent reported having a fire extinguisher, 29% had a carbon monoxide detector, and 51% of those living with at least one other person had a fire escape plan. Few could report the temperature of their hot water at the tap (9%), or the setting on the hot water heater (25%). Only 6% had an antiscald device. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that there is much room for improvement regarding adoption of measures to prevent fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning. Further investigations of the efficacy of carbon monoxide detectors, fire extinguishers, and escape plans, as well as effectiveness studies of fire and burn-prevention efforts are needed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The impact of complex trauma and depression on parenting: an exploration of mediating risk and protective factors.

The current study examined (a) maternal depression as a mediator between mothers' complex trauma exposure and parenting difficulties and (b) protective factors within a sample of adult survivors of complex child and adult trauma. Participants were a sample of 152 women selected from 174 women interviewed in the third wave of a longitudinal study of a hospital sample of girls. The women in the current study represent a subsample that includes all participants who had given birth to a child. Measures included assessments of women's own trauma history and parenting outcomes. Higher rates of trauma exposure were related to decreased parenting satisfaction, reports of child neglect, use of physical punishment, and a history of protective service reports. These links were partially mediated by the relationship between trauma exposure and increased maternal depression. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to examine protective factors for fewer parenting problems within a further subsample of trauma survivors.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Estimated workplace protection factors for positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

An analytical model is presented that estimates the distribution of workplace protection factor (WPF) values for positive-pressure respirators. Input for the model is (1) the instantaneous facepiece pressure measured as a function of time and (2) the distribution of WPF values for a negative-pressure version of the respirator. As an example application, the model was applied to 57 measurements of facepiece pressure made in a previous National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health study called "Firesmoke." That study involved professional firefighters wearing positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). During Firesmoke, there were four donnings in which facepiece pressure momentarily went negative one or more times during use. The purpose of the effort described here was to assess the significance of these momentary, negative excursions in facepiece pressure. To that end, an analytical model was developed that estimates the ratio of the mass of contaminant that enters the facepiece during these negative excursions to that which would be expected to enter a negative-pressure respirator utilizing the same facepiece. Thus, the performance of a positive-pressure SCBA can be determined relative to the performance of a negative-pressure respirator with the same facepiece--either a negative-pressure SCBA or a negative pressure air-purifying respirator. The NIOSH-assigned protection factor (APF) for a negative-pressure full facepiece is 50; the APF for a positive-pressure SCBA is 10,000. The results of the application of this analytical model are consistent with the current NIOSH APF for a positive-pressure SCBA.

Equipment Design↗

PubMed2004

Risk and protective factors for sexual risk taking among adolescents involved in Prime Time.

This article describes a preliminary qualitative evaluation of risk and protective factors associated with consistent contraceptive use and healthy sexual decision-making among ten of the first participants in the Prime Time intervention study. Prime Time is an 18-month intervention including one-on-one case management and peer educator training targeting sexually active 13-17-year-old girls who are recruited from health care clinics. Using an approach grounded in findings from previous research, social cognitive theory, and the social development model, Prime Time aims to improve participants' contraceptive use consistency, reduce number of sexual partners, and reduce unwanted sexual activity. Findings from this preliminary evaluation alert health care providers to the complex and dynamic nature of adolescent girls' sexual behaviors and to a broad range of risk and protective factors within individuals and their environments that may influence adolescent girls' sexual behaviors and contraceptive use. Findings suggest that an ongoing, supportive relationship with a case manager who is able to pace and tailor an intervention to the individual young person can have positive effects on adolescent girls' sexual behaviors and contraceptive use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Workplace protection factors of HSE approved negative pressure full-facepiece dust respirators during asbestos stripping: preliminary findings.

This research was designed to evaluate the workplace protection factors of Health and Safety Executive Approved, negative pressure full-facepiece dust respirators, during asbestos stripping. A standard method to measure the concentration of asbestos fibres inside full-facepiece respirators has been developed and the workplace protection factors have been calculated from the data obtained. The respirators in this study are approved for use by the Health and Safety Executive in concentrations of up 900 times the Control Limit [HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE, Guidance Note EH 41 (1985)] but the preliminary test results suggest that this level is inappropriately high for this type of respiratory protective equipment.

Asbestos↗

PubMed2006

Risk and protective factors for medically serious suicide attempts: a comparison of hospital-based with population-based samples of young adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk and protective factors for medically serious suicide attempts among young Australian adults. METHOD: The study used a case-control design. A clinical sample of 18-24 year olds was recruited via the emergency department of a large public hospital following a suicide attempt (n=95) and was compared to a sample of 18-24 year olds who participated in a population-based survey (n=380). RESULTS: Risk factors for medically serious suicide attempts included early school leaving, parental divorce (males only), distress due to problems with parents (females only), distress due to problems with friends, distress due to the break-up of a romantic relationship, tobacco use, high alcohol use, current depressive symptomatology and a previous diagnosis of depression. Protective factors included social connectedness, problem-solving confidence and locus of control. There was a trend for social connectedness to be more protective among those with high rather than low levels of depressive symptomatology, and among smokers rather than non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed in terms of designing evidence-based suicide prevention activities for young adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Modulation of cross-protection factor(s) of avian Pasteurella multocida.

Cross-protection factor(s) (CPF) of Pasteurella multocida were maintained in vitro through at least 9 serial passages. Different growth media and temperatures enhanced or repressed the ability of P. multocida to produce CPF. Certain amino acids were innoculous to expression of CPF. B-vitamins enhanced CPF, whereas certain inorganic salts repressed CPF. The plasma of normal tuekeys contained a compound or compounds that were responsible for expression and maintenance of CPF.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Having a good relationship with their mother: a protective factor against sexual risk behavior among adolescent females?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess whether having a good relationship with their mother was a protective factor against risky sexual behavior for female adolescents and whether it was independent of family structure. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of in-school adolescents aged 14-19 years. SETTING: Catalonia, in northeast Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3677 females divided according on whether they had a good (n=3335) or a bad (n=342) relationship with their mother. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of sexual activity and sexual behavior. RESULTS: Adolescents in the good relationship group were significantly younger, more likely to live in an intact family, to have a good relationship with their father and siblings, and to talk about sexuality and their partner with their mother. They were also less likely to have ever had sexual intercourse. Among those sexually experienced, they were significantly older at first intercourse and less likely to have multiple partners or a history of STI. After adjusting for potential confounders, females in the good relationship group were less likely to be sexually active and to have had multiple partners, independently of family structure. CONCLUSIONS: Having a good relationship with their mother is a protective factor against sexual intercourse and having multiple sexual partners independently of family structure. Communication between generations and having a good relationship with their father and siblings also play an important role.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Protection factors and risks associated with alcohol use in adolescents with alcohol-addicted parents in Peru].

This research aimed to identify and analyze the protection factors and risks associated with alcohol use in adolescents between 12 and 18 years old, whose parents are addicted to alcohol. This is a quantitative and exploratory study. Data were collected by means of the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI), which to quantify and categorize substance abuse indices with respect to physical, work and family conditions; peer relations and relation with the academician. Adolescents whose parents are addicted to alcohol demonstrated and in some cases even intoxication, but without a frequent use pattern. The risks and protection factors with respect to alcohol use among adolescents are associated, to a lesser or greater extent, with the behavior of family members and friends, as well as with the social context the youngsters are inserted in.

Adolescent↗