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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effect of intranasal vaccination against bovine enteric coronavirus on the occurrence of respiratory tract disease in a commercial backgrounding feedlot.

OBJECTIVE: To measure antibody titers against bovine coronavirus (BCV), determine frequency of BCV in nasal swab specimens, and compare calves treated for bovine respiratory tract disease (BRD) between those given an intranasally administered vaccine and control calves. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: 414 heifer calves. PROCEDURE: Intranasal BCV antigen concentration and antibody titer against BCV were measured on entry to a feedlot. Calves were randomly assigned to receive 3.0 mL of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine enteric coronavirus and rotavirus or 3.0 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Calves were confined to 1 of 2 pens, depending on vaccination status, for a minimum of 17 days of observation (range, 17 to 99). Selection of calves for treatment of BRD and scoring for severity of disease were done by veterinarians unaware of treatment status. RESULTS: Intranasal BCV (125/407 [31%]) and serum antibody titers > or = 20 against BCV (246/396 [62%]) were identified in calves entering the feedlot. Vaccination was associated with significant decrease in risk of treatment for BRD; intranasal BCV on entry to the feedlot was associated with increased risk of treatment. Univariate analysis revealed that control calves with intranasal BRD on entry to the feedlot and those with antibody titer < 20 were significantly more likely to be treated for BRD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data provide further evidence of an association between BCV and respiratory tract disease in feedlot calves. An intranasally administered vaccine appeared to reduce risk of treatment for BRD.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2004

Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and young children referred to the emergency departments for lower respiratory tract diseases in Italy.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of emergency visits and hospitalization for acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants and young children worldwide. To collect specific epidemiological data on the incidence of RSV infection among infants referred to Emergency Departments (ED) for LRTI in a Mediterranean country, an Italian multicenter epidemiological surveillance program was established. METHODS: Eight pediatric centers throughout Italy participated in this study. The study population included 272 children < or =4 years of age, admitted to the ED between October 2000 and April 2001 for respiratory problems that might be possibly related to LRTI. 152 children were <1 year of age, 50 between 1 and 2 years, and 70 >2 years of age. Data regarding medical history and physical examination were recorded for each child, whereas an immunoenzymatic RSV test (TestPack RSV, Abbott) was performed on nasal and pharyngeal secretions. RESULTS: Out of 272 tested children, 85 were positive for RSV. The peak of the RSV epidemic occurred in February, with an earlier start and end of the RSV season in the northern and central regions, compared to the southern regions. Major risk factors for RSV infection were younger age (p<0.05) and low weight at birth (p<0.05). Among children positive for RSV infection, 55.2% were <1 year of age, 18.3% were between 1 and 2 years, and 25.7% were > 2 years of age. RSV positivity was associated with a higher rate of hospitalization in the whole study population (p<0.01) and especially in the children < or =12 months of age (p<0.01). Clinical evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement, was also more frequently observed in RSV positive than in RSV negative children, both in the whole study population (p<0.01) and in the < or =12 months of age subgroup (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: These data confirm that the patterns of RSV infection in Italy are similar to those reported for other countries in the northern hemisphere: RSV is associated with a higher risk of hospitalization and clinically evident LRTI involvement than respiratory infections of other etiologies, especially in infants.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise in the western Mojave Desert of California.

Several factors have combined with an upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) to produce declines on some population numbers of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the western USA. This study was designed to determine the seroepidemiology of URTD in a population of wild adult tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA) study site in Kern County (California, USA). Prior to initiation of the study, there was a dramatic decline in the number of individuals in this population. At each individual time point, samples were obtained from 12 to 20 tortoises with radiotransmitters during winter, spring, summer, and fall from 1992 through 1995. During the course of the study, 35 animals were sampled at one or more times. Only 10 animals were available for consistent monitoring throughout the 4 yr period. Specific antibody (Ab) levels to Mycoplasma agassizii were determined for individual tortoises by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Specific Ab levels were not influenced by the gender of the tortoise. Levels of Ab and distribution of ELISA+, ELISA- and suspect animals were not consistently affected by season within a single year or for a season among the study years. Significantly more tortoises presented with clinical signs in 1992 and 1995. The profile of ELISA+ animals with clinical signs shifted from 5% (1992) to 42% (1995). In 1992, 52% of tortoises lacked clinical signs and were ELISA-. In 1995, this category accounted for only 19% of tortoises. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that URTD was present in this population as evidenced by the presence of ELISA+ individual animals, and that the infectious agent is still present as evidenced by seroconversion of previously ELISA- animals during the course of the study. There is evidence to suggest that animals may remain ELISA+ without showing overt disease, a clinical pattern consistent with the chronic nature of most mycoplasmal infections. Further, there are trends suggesting that the clinical expression of disease may be cyclical. Continued monitoring of this population could provide valuable information concerning the spread of URTD in wild tortoise populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Incidence, diagnosis and therapy of acute respiratory tract diseases caused by influenza viruses, Mycoplasma, Legionella and Chlamydia].

Epidemiology, diagnostics and specific therapy of the infections of the respiratory organs by influenza viruses, mycoplasmas, legionellae and chlamydia are represented at the example of the so-called atypical pneumonias. Among our own hospitalized patients by means of bacteriological and serological methods the proportion of the pathogen agents mentioned in acute diseases of the respiratory tract was established. In more than 30% of the cases cared for, in pneumonias even in 50%, an etiologic clarification was possible. The results render probable that in adult patients who are hospitalized with acute infections of the respiratory system in the winter half-year in 25% is to be reckoned with an influenza virus infection, in 10% with an infection by mycoplasma pneumoniae and in 15% with a legionellosis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Epidemiology of equine upper respiratory tract disease on standardbred racetracks.

The outbreaks of upper respiratory tract infections in horses at Standardbred racetracks were investigated over a three year period. The most serious epidemics of respiratory disease occurred in the winter and spring seasons. Both influenza viruses and equine herpesvirus 1 were shown to be present in the horse population. The herpesvirus was associated with respiratory disease particularly in the winter but the equine influenza viruses apparently were responsible for the major epidemics of respiratory disease at these tracks. Younger horses, two or three years of age, were particularly susceptible to upper respiratory disease and showed the greatest rate of seroconversion to influenza viruses. Major outbreaks of respiratory disease occurred when the proportion of young horses which had not previously been exposed to epidemics of respiratory disease reached 30 to 40% of the population at the track. Most horses over four years of age appeared to develop resistance to the infections.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

[Microflora of the upper respiratory tract of normal young children and in respiratory tract diseases. Normal microflora and dysbiosis at different levels of the upper respiratory tract in healthy children and pneumonia patients].

Material obtained from the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract (the anterior section of the nasal cavity, the fauces) in young children, both healthy and suffering with different forms of acute pneumonia, has been analyzed with due regard to the structure of the microflora, its specific composition and the size of populations formed by different species constituting the microflora. This analysis has made it possible to determine the species constituting normal microflora, to detect its dysbiotic changes, and to determine their degree (partial or complete dysbacteriosis). The degree of pathologic changes in the microecological balance of the upper respiratory tract has been shown to reflect the severity of acute pneumonia and to be determined by the characteristics of the natural resistance system in young children.

Bacteria↗